bio exam 1 study guide
How many people in the United States are diagnosed with cancer each year? How many die from cancer?
1.76 million diagnosed. 606,880 will die every year.
What is the difference between a hematoma versus a tumor?
A hematoma is a bruise, a tumor is a swelling or neoplasm.
How are tumors classified?
Appearance and growth pattern, and type of body tissue from which they arise
Be able to name at 6 causes of human disease?
Heredity, trauma, inflammation/infection, hyperplasia/neoplasms, nutritional imbalance, impaired immunity.
What is meant by the term homeostasis and how does it pertain to human health and disease?
Homeostasis is the state of normalcy or sameness. When a body doesn't maintain homeostasis, the body is diseased or "not at ease."
Be able to describe the difference between a benign versus a malignant tumor?
Malignant is cancerous, benign is not. benign is limited growth, malignant is uncontrolled growth.
What are the two types of immunity (see Figure 4-1)? Provide some different examples of each type.
Non-specific and specific. non-specific immunity does not identify an enemy and can lead to inflammation, infection. Specificities mane response identifies the enemies to alert the T-cells to help the b-cells kill the virus.
What is meant by the term pathology? What does a pathologist do?
Pathology is the study of disease. A pathologist studies disease.
When are tumors that result from cancer considered deadly?
Tumors are deadly when they become malignant.
What is meant by a congenital hereditary disease?
When a disease is present at birth.
What is the difference between hyperplasia cells versus dysplasia cells? What is the consequence if cells from a malignant and dysplasic tumor become metastatic?
a hyperplasia is an increase in cell number that is commonly due to hormonal stimulation, a dysplasia is an alteration is size. dysplasia cells might change back to the normal cell structure if the irritant or stimulus is removed, but usually, these cells progress to neoplasia.
Be able to define the term inflammation. What are some requirement for inflammation?
a protective immune response triggered by an injury or irritant. non-specific
describe some conditions of the inflammatory process?
cells release histamines, resulting in an increase of blood flow to the area. The increase in blood flow leads to redness and heat in the area
What happens to a person when they have a nutritional imbalance? What is cachexia?
nutritional imbalance can cause impaired growth, physical and mental. Cachexia refers to ill- and sick-looking.
What is the study of cancer called?
oncology
What are some examples of exudates that result from inflammation?
serous, fibrinous, purulent
What is a hyperplasia? Neoplasm?
A hyperplasia is an overgrowth in response to stimulus, and a neoplasm is a tumor.
What is a pathogen and was is meant by the term pathogenic?
A pathogen a microorganism or agent that causes disease. Pathogenic refers to a virus that can cause disease.
Be able to list some factors that predispose someone to disease?
Age, sex, lifestyle, heredity, environment.
What is one of the most common disease of aging? What leads to people who are older having a higher incidence of disease?
Alzheimer's. Body's ability to repair and replace itself slows down with aging process
Why are the major diseases in the United States mostly lifestyle diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer where in the developed world there are more cases of infectious disease that lead to death
America is a rich country; we have money and access to good treatment for big diseases. Developing countries don't necessarily have this yet.
Be able to distinguish the difference between an acute versus chronic disease? What are some examples of each type of disease?
An acute disease is short term, chronic is long term. A cold is acute, hypertension or high blood pressure is chronic.
From the cellular perspective what is cancer?
An overgrowth of cells.
What is the difference between a benign versus malignant tumor in terms what could happen to the cells from a malignant tumor? Provide some specific examples from table 18.1 in the PowerPoint lecture?
Benign tumors are encapsulated and easier to remove, but malignant are not encapsulated and spread fast.
What is the leading cause of death in the United States? Worldwide?
Cardiovascular disease
What are factors that can lead to cancer? Be able to describe examples of each.
Chemical carcinogens, hormones, radiation, viruses, genetic predisposition. Tobacco use, high estrogen/progesterone levels, sunlight or UV light, AIDS, genetics.
What is meant by the term etiology? Idiopathic? Nosocomial?
Etiology is the cause of disease. Idiopathic is when the disease has an unknown cause. Nosocomial is when the disease is from a hospital setting.
Be able to describe the difference between infection and inflammation?
Inflammation is an immune response from injury or irritant, and infection is an invasion of microorganisms into tissues causing cell or tissue injury.
What are the two types of mutations that can occur in the cells that can lead to a normal cell becoming a cancer cell? Which ones are considered the "brakes" of the cell versus the "gas pedal" of the cell?
Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes are the gas pedals, and tumor suppressors are the brakes.
What is the difference between palliative versus preventative care?
Preventive care is when care is given to prevent a disease, palliative is care given to ease the disease, but not cure it.
Why is impaired immunity something that can lead to disease? What are the different types of general conditions that result from impaired immunity?
impaired immunity can lead to disease because Infection will usually lead to an immune response, and if there is impaired or no immune response, the infection will just get worse.
What is the leading factor that leads to lung cancer?
smoking
Give some examples of a genetic disease? What causes Down Syndrome? Patau Syndrome?
Downs syndrome is trisomy 21, Patau syndrome is trisomy 13.