BIO Exam 2

What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season?

The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells.

A tube with a membrane covering the bottom is placed in a beaker. The membrane allows water to flow through but not salt or glucose. The tube contains an aqueous solution with 4% salt and 20% glucose and the beaker contains an aqueous solution with 12% salt and 6% glucose. In terms of osmosis, how would you describe the solution in the tube compared to the solution in the beaker?

The solution in the tube is hypertonic to the solution in the beaker.

When glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O, ________energy is released and converted into ________

chemical; ATP

As climate change leads to drier summers in the southeastern United States, more homeowners find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. This is because

crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in hot, dry climates.

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it

does not require energy from the cell

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

energy can be changed from one form to another

When neurons release their neurotransmitters, they release them in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. What type of cellular transport is this?

exocytosis

Energy of activation

is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.

If the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as it is in the surrounding solution, the cell is in a(n) ________ environment

isotonic

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?

mitochondria

What process allows water to move across a cell membrane?

osmosis

The final acceptor for electrons in aerobic cellular respiration is ________

oxygen

A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a bacterial cell. This process is called

phagocytosis

Which of the following is the opposite of cellular respiration?

photosynthesis

Where do the electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

During an osmosis experiment, you place some plant cells under the microscope. You notice the cells seem very swollen. What type of solution were the cells immersed in?

hypotonic

The innermost compartment of a chloroplast formed by the interconnected thylakoids is the

thylakoid space.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment?

hot, dry

During an osmosis experiment in class, you look at some cells under the microscope. You notice the cells look crenated. What type of solution were the cells immersed in?

hypertonic

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into ________

ATP

Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities?

ATP

In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell?

ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.

Your friend has been on a diet and loses 15 pounds of fat. After studying cellular respiration, you explain to her that the fat was converted to ________

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

The three stages of the Calvin cycle reactions are

CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.

Yeast is used to make bread rise by producing ________

CO2 gas

A family took their newborn baby to the doctor. They were worried something was wrong because the baby seemed to be in constant pain. After medical tests revealed the baby had large amounts of lactic acid accumulating in his muscle cells, doctors diagnosed the child with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. How might the lack of mitochondria explain the large amounts of lactic acid in the baby's muscle cells?

Without mitochondria, the muscle cells are going through fermentation to produce energy. This leads to an accumulation of lactic acid.

The product of the preparatory reaction is ________

acetyl-CoA

The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the

active site

The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. Which of the following processes could the cell use to obtain more calcium?

active transport

Which of these words should be classified separately from the others?

active transport

Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme?

c

In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________

capture solar energy to produce ATP and NADPH; uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar

By-products of cellular respiration include ________

carbon dioxide and water

Where in a chloroplast does ATP and NADPH reduce CO2 to G3P?

stroma

The products of photosynthesis are

sugar and oxygen.

If blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, the cells will

swell due to osmosis.

Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from

the H+ gradient.

The energy source that drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation is the ________

the diffusion of H+ (hydrogen protons) down their electrochemical gradient

In cellular respiration, the majority of ATP are produced during ________

the electron transport chain

Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the

thylakoid membrane

The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle releases ________ , which return to the light reactions.

ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP

Susan suffered from a heart attack. When the doctors tested her heart muscle, they found that she had an increased ratio of lactic acid to pyruvate in her heart. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the skewed ratio?

The heart cells had not received enough oxygen.

Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a carrier protein in

facilitated diffusion

What function do the carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane serve?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is a passive process?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is an example of osmosis?

Cells in our kidneys reabsorb water to reduce the amount of water lost in our urine.