Bio exam 2

Which term is best associated with a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes? a.the mitotic spindleb.a tetradc.unpackaged DNAd.a pair of sister chromatids attached at the centromere

d.a pair of sister chromatids attached at the centromere XX

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences a cell's progression through the cell cycle? a.hormonesb.cell cycle regulatory moleculesc.growth factorsd.gametes

d.gametes

When a germ cell has completed both rounds of meiosis, cells are created which are a.haploid, and each sister chromatid is in one of four different daughter cells.b.diploid, and one of each homologous chromosome pair is in one of two different daughter cells.c.diploid, and each sister chromatid is in one of two different daughter cells.d.haploid, and each sister chromatid is in one of four different daughter cells.

d.haploid, and each sister chromatid is in one of four different daughter cells. XX

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of internal a.ribosomes.b.membranes.c.cell walls.d.membrane-enclosed organelles.

d.membrane-enclosed organelles.

A scientist wishing to generate cancerous cells in vitro could subject the cells to which of the following procedures? a.starve the cells of nutrientsb.overfeed the cells by frequently feeding themc.immerse the cells in water for extended periods of timed.expose cells to chemicals that disrupt mitosis

expose cells to chemicals that disrupt mitosis

Which of the following statements is supported by the infographic shown below? a.A male is three times more likely to die from non-Hodgkin lymphoma than from having esophageal cancer.b.A female is twice as likely to die from thyroid cancer than from uterine cancer.c.Though there is more than double the chance of a female getting breast cancer, it is more likely that a female who has lung and bronchus cancer would die from her disease. Males are almost three times more likely to die from having lung and bronchus cancer than from having prostate cancer.d.Both males and females are four times more likely to die of leukemia than from having pancreatic cancer.

.A male is three times more likely to die from non-Hodgkin lymphoma than from having esophageal cancer. XX

Which of the following accurately describes viruses? a.They are small, cellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell, and they can attack plants as well as animals.b.They can attack plants, animals, and protozoans, and each is typically a piece of self-replicating genetic material encased in proteins.c.Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria.d.Each is typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, and they can reproduce on their own.

.They are small, cellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell, and they can attack plants as well as animals XX

Which of the following types of organisms are single-celled (unicellular)? a.bacteria, yeast, and many protozoansb.plants and animalsc.many fungi, plants, and animalsd.many fungi, some protozoans, and plants

.bacteria, yeast, and many protozoan

What are the stages of interphase? a.G0, G1, and G2b.S, G1, and G2c.G0, G1, and Sd.S1, S2, and G0

.S, G1, and G2

The chromosomes in a homologous pair a.both came from the organism's father.b.do not join during meiosis.c.carry the same genes.d.both came from the organism's mother.

.c.carry the same genes.

If a plant has a total of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes? a.6b.9c.18d.36

9

Dialysis tubing is a selectively permeable membrane that can be filled with a solution to simulate a cell. A piece of dialysis tubing has been filled with a cloudy white solution of 5 percent starch, 5 percent egg albumin (protein), and 5 percent glucose (a small sugar) dissolved in water to simulate a cell. This simulated cell is weighed and then placed in a beaker of water. After soaking in the water for one hour, the simulated cell is once again weighed. Over time, the weight of the simulated cell can be expected to a.decrease because it is hypotonic to the beaker environment and water will enter the simulated cell through osmosis.b.decrease because it is hypertonic to the beaker environment and water will leave the simulated cell through osmosis.c.remain constant because it is isotonic to the beaker environment and water will be drawn into the simulated cell because of the albumin.d.increase because the solution in the beaker is hypotonic to the simulated cell and water will enter the simulated cell through osmosis.

.increase because the solution in the beaker is hypotonic to the simulated cell and water will enter the simulated cell through osmosis.

If the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side "A" of a selectively permeable membrane is 5 percent, and the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side "B" of a selectively permeable membrane is 15 percent, the water will a.not move at all because the water concentrations are isotonic.b.mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side"A."c.mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side"B."d.mostly move from side "B" to side "A" because the water concentration is higher on side"B."

.mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side"A."

The successful union of one male and one female gamete forms a new single cell known as a a.chromatid.b.spindle.c.gametocyte.d.zygote.

.zygote.

An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G 2 phase? a.6b.12c.0d.3

12

According to the image below, during which phase of the cell cycle is the genetic material duplicated? a.Region 3b.Region 5c.Region 4d.Region 1

3

Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes a selectively permeable membrane? a.Certain solutes move freely across the membrane by simple diffusion, while others must be helped across by active or passive transport proteins; some substances are completely excluded from crossing the membrane.b.Large molecules are always excluded from crossing the membrane.c.Substances can only pass through the membrane with the help of either active or passive transport proteins.d.Solutes are never able to cross the membrane.

a.Certain solutes move freely across the membrane by simple diffusion, while others must be helped across by active or passive transport proteins; some substances are completely excluded from crossing the membrane.

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts? a.They capture energy from sunlight.b.They contain an entire copy of a cell's genetic material.c.They give an animal cell its shape.d.They produce proteins used by other parts of the cell.

a.They capture energy from sunlight

Some daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must a.contain a set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell.b.show the same differentiation characteristics as the parent cell.c.separate from one another and experience an independent existence.d.have been produced by meiotic cell division.

a.contain a set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell.

Martin observes a wet mount slide preparation using the compound light microscope in the lab room. He observes layers of cells that have a definite, rigid, rectangular shape; there appears to be a nucleus in all of the cells and there are many oval-shaped green structures that seem to be moving around inside of the cells in an orderly fashion. What general cell type is he MOST likely observing? a.eukaryotic and plantb.prokaryotic and plantc.prokaryotic and animald.eukaryotic and animal

a.eukaryotic and plant

A factory with an office that controls the information sent to separate rooms for each of the manufacturing and shipping processes would be analogous to a a.eukaryotic cell with a nucleus.b.virus.c.prokaryotic cell with a nucleus.d.prokaryotic cell without a nucleus.

a.eukaryotic cell with a nucleus

The process shown in the figure below could produce two ________ cells. a.identical prokaryoticb.genetically unique spermc.cloned red bloodd.identical skin

a.identical prokaryotic

A pool of cells is treated with a chemical that halts progress through the cell cycle. In which stage of the cell cycle would most cells be found? a.interphaseb.cytokinesisc.metaphased.anaphase

a.interphase

Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the ________ portion of cell division. a.metaphaseb.interphasec.anaphased.telophase

a.metaphase

The process of mitosis is thought to have evolved from binary fission. What similarities exist between these processes? a.Both processes include DNA segregation.b.Both processes occur in bacterial cells.c.The DNA being separated is attached to a membrane during both processes.d.Both processes involve the separation of more than one piece of DNA.

a.Both processes include DNA segregation

The plasma membrane of some white blood cells contain ________ proteins that bind with proteins of cells such as bacteria that have invaded the human body. a.receptorb.channelc.carrierd.diffusion

a.receptor

Cheryl is in a lab attempting to prepare a slide of cow blood for observation in a wet mount. She places a small drop of the blood on a slide, adds a drop of strong saline (salt) solution, and then covers all of it with a coverslip. After returning to her desk, she observes the slide with her microscope and notices that all of the red blood cells (RBCs) do not look like the nice round donut-shaped cells in her lab manual. Instead, the RBCs look very shriveled up. Her lab partner, Derek, has also made a slide, but the RBCs on his slide do look like the ones in the lab manual. Derek used a more dilute solution of saline but the same vial of blood. The most plausible explanation for the appearance of the blood cells on Cheryl's slide is that the a.saline she used was hypertonic to the RBCs; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly out of the cell.b.saline she used was hypotonic to the RBCs; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly into the cells.c.RBCs were hypertonic to the saline; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly into the cells.d.saline she used was isotonic to the RBCs; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane into and out of the cells at an equal rate.

a.saline she used was hypertonic to the RBCs; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly out of the cell

Which of the following would be likely to move through a plasma membrane by simple diffusion? a.sodium ions (Na+), hydrogen ions (H+), sugars, and amino acidsb.water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2)c.polysaccharides, large protein molecules, and low-density lipoprotein particlesd.bacteria and yeast

a.sodium ions (Na+), hydrogen ions (H+), sugars, and amino acids XX

A screen door allows breezes to enter and aromas to exit but keeps out insects. Its function most resembles a.the plasma membrane.b.the ER lumen.c.the cytosol.d.a ribosome.

a.the plasma membrane.

Which of the following foods is MOST likely to contain haploid cells? a.an eggb.a sirloin steakc.a stalk of celeryd.an apple

an egg

Homologous chromosomes a.are only in the cell during S phase.b.consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.c.are only found in bacterial cells.d.consist of six sister chromatids that are held together at the centrosome.

b.consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.

The outcome of meiosis is the a.regulation of the progression through the cell cycle.b.creation of genetically identical offspring.c.protection of cells from cancer.d.production of eggs and sperm.

b.creation of genetically identical offspring XX

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit a nerve impulse across the gap between nerve endings. These chemicals are often large and unable to pass through the membrane, so the cell packages them in a vesicle that can fuse with the plasma membrane. The inside of the vesicle opens to the outside of the cell, releasing the neurotransmitters into the gap. This type of transport of cellular products is called a.receptor-mediated endocytosis.b.exocytosis.c.phagocytosis.d.pinocytosis.

b.exocytosis

Cancers are groups of cells that divide rapidly and uncontrollably. Thus, cancer cells a.never enter the cell cycle.b.have a relatively short G1 phase.c.are always in the G0 phase.d.are stuck at the metaphase plate.

b.have a relatively short G1 phase

Which of the following is associated with mitosis? a.independent assortmentb.reductional divisionc.maintenance of chromosome numberd.crossing over

c.maintenance of chromosome numberd

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the ________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does. a.lipidb.proteinc.nucleotided.carbohydrate

carbohydrate XX

Examine the figure below. Assume each sugar molecule represents a percentage point of sugar dissolved in the solution. Over time, the solution level on the left side of the figure would ________, while the solution level on the right side of the figure would ________. This is because the solution on the left side of the figure is ________, while the solution on the right side of the figure is ________. a.rise; decrease; hypertonic; hypotonicb.decrease; rise; hypotonic; hypertonicc.decrease; rise; hypertonic; hypotonicd.There will be no net movement of water because the solutions are isotonic.

d.There will be no net movement of water because the solutions are isotonic. XX

The processes of mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission all a.generate clones.b.occur in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.c.generate haploid gametes.d.are used to produce daughter cells.

d.are used to produce daughter cells.

Which of the following is a difference between binary fission and mitosis? a.replication of the genetic materialb.cell growth and expansionc.increase in cytoplasmic factorsd.breakdown of the nuclear envelope

d.breakdown of the nuclear envelope

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum a.produces the energy needed to run chemical reactions in the cell.b.converts sunlight into chemical energy.c.stores water, nutrients, and enzymes.d.is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.

d.is the site where lipids destined for other cellular compartments are manufactured.

During meiosis I, the chromosome number is reduced to haploid by separating a.each sister chromatid into two different daughter cells.b.each sister chromatid into four different daughter cells.c.one of each homologous chromosome pair into two different daughter cells.d.one of each homologous chromosome pair into four different daughter cells.

d.one of each homologous chromosome pair into four different daughter cells. XX

An amoeba, a protozoan that moves by pseudopodia, approaches a smaller protozoan and extends its pseudopodia (extensions of cytoplasm in plasma membrane) around the smaller protozoan. Once the amoeba's pseudopodia completely surrounds the other protozoan, the amoeba's plasma membrane pinches off by folding back into the amoeba and creating a vesicle containing the smaller protozoan. This vesicle is now within the amoeba itself and will soon fuse with other vesicles containing digestive enzymes. This is an example of a.exocytosis.b.pinocytosis.c.osmosis.d.phagocytosis.

d.phagocytosis.

Ross buys a bunch of small, round, red radishes at the grocery store; they are on sale because they have been sitting in the produce aisle for a while. When he gets home he notices their texture is not as crisp and crunchy as he would like. Ross's friend recommends that he refrigerate them in a bowl of water overnight. The next day the radishes are crisp and crunchy again. The most likely explanation of why they became crunchy again after soaking in water is that the water was ________ to the radish cells it contained. So, the water osmosed across the plasma membranes ________ the radish cells, ________ the turgor pressure inside of the cells. a.hypotonic; out of; decreasingb.hypertonic; into; increasingc.hypertonic; into; decreasingd.hypotonic; into; increasing

hypotonic; into; increasing

Human muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of the body, which is why ________ are especially abundant in muscle cells. a.ribosomesb.lysosomesc.mitochondriad.smooth endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria

Scientists repeat their experiments over and over again because they a.can never be sure what procedural steps they followed the first few times.b.simply have extra time and resources that must be used.c.never get it right the first time.d.must make sure the results were not accidents and that they are repeatable.

must make sure the results were not accidents and that they are repeatable.

During the process of ________, water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient). a.simple diffusionb.osmosisc.facilitated diffusiond.pinocytosis

osmosis

Cells naturally, without using energy, respond to changes in water concentration through the process of a.facilitated diffusion.b.phagocytosis.c.active transport.d.osmosis.

osmosis.

Which of the following is known to result from the disruption of mitosis and meiosis? a.autismb.prostate cancerc.Alzheimer's diseased.heart disease

prostate cancer

If a bottle of perfume was spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. What phenomenon has occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air? a.facilitated diffusionb.simple diffusionc.osmosisd.active transport

simple diffusion

Which of the following cell types is produced by meiosis? a.skinb.musclec.spermd.pancreatic

sperm