Bio Exam 2 Chapter 4, 5, 15, 25, 6, 22
parental genes
Asexual and sexual reproduction in animals is similar in that both generate offspring that carry _______________.
inflammatory
The body innately responds to tissue damage by mounting an immediate and coordinated sequence of events called the ________ response
nuclear envelope
The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the
single- celled, single loop of DNA, no membrane- enclosed organelles, asexual reproduction
Which of the following groups of characteristics defines prokaryotes?
DNA
____ contains information used to construct proteins
Antigens
_____ are any various nonself marker fond on pathogens that mark them for destruction by antibodies
binary fission
prokaryotes typically reproduce by splitting in two through a process called
Thermophiles
thrive in extremely hot temperatures here nothing else can live
carbon dioxide
A prokaryote that uses _______________ for photosynthesis and sunlight for energy is called a photoautotroph.
extreme
Archaeans are often referred to as "extremophiles" because they are capable of living in __________ environments where other organisms cannot function.
Platelets
At the site of a wound or cut, __________ combine with proteins in our blood to form blood clots.
public
Citizen science projects contribute to scientific research by the __________ participating in the collection of data.
quorum sensing
Disease- causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response. This is possible because of
Oxygen
Each time a person takes a breath, he or she is bringing in the _________ he or she needs to stay alive. The ultimate source of the ________ used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that breaks down water.
Nutrient cycling
Heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are decomposers are important in
fluid
Hormones are distributed through body _______, produced by specialized cells, and act on target cells.
five
If a plant has a total of 10 chromosomes, ___ chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes.
less
Prokaryotes reproduce more rapidly than single-celled eukaryotes because prokaryotes have much _____ DNA than eukaryotes.
Pili
Prokaryotes that are observed attaching onto nonliving surfaces most likely possess
chemical energy
The Krebs cycle functions to transfer ________________ from pyruvate to energy carriers.
male
The development of internal ______ reproductive structures such as the sperm ducts and prostate gland are an important role of testosterone, the primary androgen.
endocrine
The hormone-producing tissues of animals make up the ________ system
meiosis
The outcome of ________ is the production of eggs and sperm.
Phagocytosis
When a white blood cell engulfs an entire bacterial cell by surrounding it with plasma membrane and bringing it in to the cell in a vesicle, the white blood cell is accomplishing
metabloism
When you go the gym and work out to build muscle, you are using__________, catabolism, and anabolism.
gene
a segment of DNA that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic is called a
simple diffusion
if a bottle of perfume was spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. What phenomenon has occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air?
memory cells
include B cells and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen
nitrogen fixation
prokaryotes can convert nitrogen gas in the air into a form that plants can use through a process called.
cell
the smallest and most basic unit of life is called the
Phagocytes
white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in a nonspecific manner are called
digestive
A component of our immune system's first line of defense is the acidic environment in the __________ system.
DNA; proteins
Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the nucleotide building blocks for ______; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the __________ needed to accomplish everything the cell does.
negative
After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37, and the animal dives into the water to feed. In the water, its body temperature rapidly drops, and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of ___________ feedback
prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea are both classified as_______________. _____________ that are observed "swimming" through a liquid environment most likely possess a flagellum.
contracting
Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal are all types of muscle tissue that generate force to move structures within the body by _________.
middle
Chromosomes are lined up at the ________ of the cell during the metaphase portion of cell division.
Osmosis
During the process of ______ water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient)
tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous are the four broad categories of animal body __________.
oriduct
Immediately after fertilization, a zygote would be found in the__________.
enzymes
In a human cell, nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by__________.
specific
In a/an _____ response, B cells and T cells only recognize one particular type of pathogen
Labor contractions
Oxytocin is the hormones partially responsible for initiating _______________.
sunlight; sugars
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from __________ and convert it into chemical bonds by forming _________.
clones; DNA
Some daughter cells are described as_________. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must contain a set of ______ that is identical to that of the parent cell.
cell theory
The ____ states every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells
cell cycle
The ____________ is made up of interphase and cell division.
circulatory
The ____________ system is the mechanism most hormones travel through the organism.
innate
The most immediate response seen in a vertebrate when a pathogen invades is an ________ response.
Describe viruses
Typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infectious agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria.
released
When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group, energy is __________ and can power cellular activities.
active; passive
_____ immunity occurs when an individual's immune system responds to a pathogen and produces antibodies in response. ________ immunity occurs when an individual receives antibodies made by someone else
active; passive
_______ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane requires the input of energy from the cell, whereas ______ transport of molecule across a selectively permeable membrane does not require the use of cellular energy
mitosis
__________ is the process by which organisms grow and maintain their tissues.
carbon dioxide; respiration
_______________ is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called_____________.
homologous chromosomes
___________________ consist of a maternal and paternal copy of each chromosome.
bloodstream; target
Once a hormone enters the____________, it is broken down after it has performed its function on the _________ cells
barrier
The primary role of the immune system's first line of defense is to act as a _________ to prevent entry of pathogens.
active
After receiving a vaccine a person begins to produce antibodies. This demonstrates a (n) ________ immune response
release
Catabolic reactions _________ energy by breaking down complex molecules.