BIO Exam 2 - Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Ch: 13 - Controls water balance.
ADH
Ch: 11 - The electrical signal that neurons use to communicate information to other cells
Action potential
Ch: 9 - If you are vaccinated against a pathogen and then produce your own antibodies against the pathogen due to the vaccine, is that an example of active or passive immunity?
Active
Ch: 9 - Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an)
Allergen
Ch: 12 - Component of a sound wave that determines the loudness of of sound.
Amplitude
Ch: 9 - All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one?
Antibodies
Ch: 9 - Defensive protein produced by plasma cells.
Antibody
Ch: 9 - Cell surface marker that can be recognized by immune system.
Antigen
Ch: 12 - This is caused by an abnormal curvature of the cornea or the lens.
Astigmatism
Ch: 11 - Portion of the PNS that controls involuntary activities like heart rate.
Autonomic
Ch: 9 - Specific immunity cells that can convert into plasma cells.
B cells
Ch: 9 - Skin, mucus, saliva, tears
Barriers
Ch: 11 - Brain and Spinal cord
CNS
Ch: 12 - Decrease in the transparency of the lens of the eye.
Cataracts
Ch: 11 - Most of the neuron organelles are contained in the
Cell Body
Ch: 11 - The two principal parts of the nervous system are:
Central and Peripheral
Ch: 12 - Olfaction and taste rely on these.
Chemoreceptors
Ch: 12 - Part of the inner ear that has the basilar membrane and hair cells for hearing.
Cochlea
Ch: 12 - Inability to distinguish between full range of colors.
Colorblindness
Ch: 12 - Photoreceptors that allow us to detect colors.
Cones
Ch: 12 - Clear outer surface at the front of the eye
Cornea
Ch: 12 - Measurement of the loudness of sound
Decibels
Ch: 11 - Most information received by neurons enters at
Dendrites
Ch: 11 - When a graded potential gets a neuron closer to threshold.
Depolarization
Ch: 9 - Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes?
Direct attack of antigen-bearing cells
Ch: 13 - Produce hormones that go into blood.
Endocrine glands
Ch: 13 - Produce secretions that duct to an external surface or the lumen of a tube.
Exocrine glands
Ch: 9 - The best way to reduce bacterial pathogens in the bloodstream is to reduce a fever as quickly as possible.
False
Ch: 12 - Rods are a special type of photoreceptor which is used to see color.
False.
Ch: 11 - Receives and integrates sensory input from the external environment and dtermines most of our more complex behaviors. Includes the cerebrum.
Forebrain
Ch: 12 - Component of a sound wave that determines the pitch of a sound.
Frequency
Ch: 11 - Initiates motor activity. Conscious thought.
Frontal Lobe
Ch: 12 - Pressure inside eye increases and compresses blood vessels supplying the retina.
Glaucoma
Ch: 11 - A depolarizing or hyperpolarizing potential that doesn't reach threshold.
Graded potential
Ch: 12 - The cochlea is best associated with:
Hearing
Ch: 11 - Coordinates basic, automatic, and vital tasks. Includes the medulla oblongata.
Hindbrain
Ch: 9 - Causes inflammation of injured tissue.
Histamine
Ch: 11 - When a graded potential takes a neuron farther from threshold
Hyperpolarization
Ch: 11 - A neurotransmitter that that opens Cl- channels in a post synaptic cell would cause an
Inhibitory graded potential
Ch: 11 - Neurons of the CNS that connect other neurons together.
Interneurons
Ch: 12 - Its color is your eye color. Determines the size of the pupil.
Iris
Ch: 11 - Ion that rushes out a a neuron during repolarization.
K+ (Potassium)
Ch: 9 - tough protein found in outer surface of skin.
Keratin
Ch: 12 - Nearsightedness and farsightedness are caused by the
Length of the eyeball
Ch: 12 - Cataracts occur when what becomes cloudy?
Lens
Ch: 11 - Controls emotional behavior and motivational drives.
Limbic System
Ch: 12 - Central region of retina where photoreceptor density is highest and vision is clearest.
Macula
Ch: 9 - The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from
Mast cells
Ch: 12 - Detect touch, pressure, vibration
Mechanoreceptors
Ch: 11 - Helps coordinate muscle groups and responses to sights and sounds.
Midbrain
Ch: 11 - Ion that rushes into a neuron during an action potential.
Na+ (Sodium)
Ch: 11 - Nerve cells specialized for intercellular communication are
Neurons
Ch: 11 - Chemical compounds released by presynaptic cells are called
Neurotransmitters
Ch: 9 - Fever, Macrophages, Inflammation
Nonspecific defenses
Ch: 13 - Do not enter cells. Work by 2nd messenger systems.
Nonsteroid hormones
Ch: 11 - Processes visual information.
Occipital Lobe
Ch: 12 - A common cause of earache. Inflammation of the middle ear.
Otitis media
Ch: 11 - Nerves that exit the CNS and serve the body
PNS
Ch: 13 - Low blood calcium would cause ________ to be released and _________ to be decreased.
PTH, Calcitonin
Ch: 11 - ANS motor portion that would decrease heart rate and increase digestion.
Parasympathetic
Ch: 11 - Interprets sensory information from skin.
Parietal Lobe
Ch: 12 - Detect light
Photoreceptors
Ch: 12 - An opening in the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
Pupil
Ch: 12 - Contains the photoreceptor cells in the eye.
Retina
Ch: 12 - Photoreceptors are contained in the:
Retina
Ch: 12 - Photoreceptor type that works best in low light. Can't differentiate between colors.
Rods
Ch: 11 - The process where action potentials jump across myelinated axons is called
Saltatory conduction
Ch: 11 - Have action potentials that travel toward the CNS
Sensory neurons
Ch: 9 - Your friend tells you that she doesn't want to get a flu vaccine because she thinks that it might give her the flu. How can you explain to your friend that you can't be infected with the flu by getting the vaccine?
She cannot be infected with the flu by the vaccine because the vaccine itself does NOT contain the complete pathogen--only a weakened or dead version of the pathogen that contains antigens to illicit an immune response from the body. Because it does not contain the complete pathogen at its un-weakened state, she cannot be infected with the disease. She may, however, experience flu-like symptoms, but that is because her body's immune system is responding to the antigens in the vaccine.
Ch: 11 - Portion of the PNS that serves skeletal muscle.
Somatic
Ch: 9 - T cells, B cells, Antibodies
Specific Defenses
Ch: 13 - Lipid soluble. Enter cells. Cause DNA transcription and protein production.
Steroid hormones
Ch: 11 - The additive effect of excitatory and inhibitory graded potentials on a neuron's membrane potential. Might add up to threshold.
Summation
Ch: 11 - ANS motor portion that would increase heart rate and decrease digestion.
Sympathetic
Ch: 11 - A point where a neuron connects with another cell.
Synapse
Ch: 9 - HIV primarily causes a reduction in
T cells
Ch: 9 - Specific immunity cell that can directly kill infected cells.
T cells
Ch: 13 - Have receptors for particular hormones and therefore are affected by those hormones.
Target cells
Ch: 12 - The primary auditory area of the brain is in the _______ lobe.
Temporal
Ch: 9 - An individual with an uncertain vaccine history has been brought to the emergency room after receiving severe lacerations in an accident with farm machinery. In addition to administering a tetanus toxoid vaccine, he is given a shot of tetanus immune globulin (TIG), a form of passive immunization. Why are both necessary?
The tetanus immune globulin provides immediate, short-term protection, and the tetanus vaccine provides long-term protection.
Ch: 9 - Which one of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime?
The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure.
Ch: 12 - Detect hot and cold
Thermoreceptors
Ch: 11 - The point at which a graded potential will produce an action potential is called
Threshold
Ch: 11 - The voltage that needs to be achieved by summation to cause an action potential.
Threshold
Ch: 12 - Also known as the ear drum.
Tympanic Membrane
Ch: 12 - Portion of the inner ear that has to do with equilibrium.
Vestibular apparatus
Ch: 9 - Is it possible to be infected with the exact same virus twice?
Yes
Ch: 12 - The process where sensation diminishes with prolonged stimulus is called:
adaptation
Ch: 13 - Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal cortex and maintains water and electrolyte homeostasis?
aldosterone
Ch: 9 - All of the following are ways in which a mild fever participates as part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body EXCEPT
enhancing the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells.
Ch: 13 - Through the adrenal medulla, the hypothalamus stimulates release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Ch: 13 - An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?
epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
Ch: 9 - Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity
involves the administration of preformed antibodies.
Ch: 12 - An individual suffers damage to the limbic system. What olfactory problem might be experienced?
loss of ability for scent to trigger emotional responses and memories
Ch: 11 - Have action potential that travel away from the CNS
motor neurons
Ch: 9 - Which one of the following would result in passive immunity?
movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child
Ch: 12 - Blind spot in eye where optic nerve connects with retina.
optic disk
Ch: 13 - The hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus during labor is
oxytocin
Ch: 13 - Melatonin is produced and secreted by the
pineal gland
Ch: 11 - Interprets auditory information. Language comprehension.
temporal lobe
