Bio Exam 2 Review

Which scenario best describes facilitation?

A species interaction that modifies and enhances the local environment for other species

Convergent evolution resulted in placental and marsupial mammals with similar structural features.

True

Members of the Ecdysozoa clade are characterized by having a cuticle.

True

A nauplius larva is characteristic of:

crustaceans

Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?

crustaceans

K strategists typically produce large numbers of offspring.

false

Maxillae are used to bite and grind food.

false

The nervous system develops from the endoderm.

false

Characteristics of headwater include:

fast flow, high oxygen, and streamlined animal bodies.

The ___ niche is the broadcast role that an organism can potentially have in a community.

fundamental

The ____ niche is the broadest role that an organism can potentially have in a community.

fundamental

Mycorrhizae are associations between:

fungi and plant roots

What scenario best describes facilitation?

A species interaction that modifies and enhances the local environment for other species.

____ generally have greater population densities than less suitable sites.

source populations

Snakes are most closely related to:

lizards

A(n) ____ is the transition zone where two ecosystems meet and intergrade.

ecotone

Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:

feathers

Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:

hagfishes lack vertebrae.

One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:

have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.

Animals with chemical defenses are also typically:

aposematic

Density-independent factors:

are typically abiotic.

Which step of the nitrogen cycle is not performed by most bacteria?

assimilation

Placoid scales are found on:

cartilaginous fishes

A linear depiction of energy flow in an ecosystem is a(n):

food chain

When r = −0.00057, the population size

will decrease.

When r = 0.00001, the population size:

will increase

Which is unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod?

wings

Hellbenders are members of the order:

Caudata

Members of the phylum ___ are the simplest organism with a separate mouth and anus.

Ctenophora

The Southern Hemisphere has not equivalent of the boreal forest of the north. Why?

It has no land in the corresponding latitudes.

Which statement best describes a lophophore?

It is a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth

A killing frost is an example of a density-independent factor.

True

Echinoderms' radial symmetry enables which of the following?

The ability to respond effectively in every direction of their surrounding environment

Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a dorsal heart and blood containing hemoglobin.

True - the heart is in a VENTRAL position

The growth rate of a population is expressed as:

b-d

The community found on a rotting log would include:

bacteria

Lungs first evolved in which group?

bony fish

Gas exchange in arachnids takes place by tracheal tubes, ____, or both.

book lungs

Which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts?

crustaceans

The ____ of an earthworm allows them to resist desiccation in terrestrial environments.

cuticle

The phylum name Arthropoda refers to:

jointed appendages

One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is:

limiting resources.

The marine euphotic zone is comparable to the ___ zone of lakes.

limnetic

The most productive region of a lake is the ____ zone.

littoral

Segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in:

locomotion

Net primary productivity represents:

the amount of biomass in excess of that needed to support plant cell respiration

During the cycling of phosphorus, phosphorus does not enter ____ in appreciable amounts.

the atmosphere

Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?

vertebral column

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which label denotes the nerve cord?

5

Arrange the following from the ecosystem with the smallest average NPP to the ecosystems with the largest NPP. 1) lake 2) savannah 3) estuary 4) Tropical rain forest 5) open ocean

5,1,2,3,4

There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.

50,000

About ------ species of the birds have been described.

9,000

Which of the following deuterostomes has a proboscis?

Acorn worms

The coelacanth is found in the class:

Actinistia

What environment is characterized by high nutrient inputs and by relatively great fluctuations in salinity and temperature?

An estuary

Which of the following statements about arthropods is FALSE?

Arthropods have an incomplete digestive tract.

Which statement about biomass is false?

Biomass reduction from one trophic level to the next is approximately 50%.

Which chordate group has the most species?

Bony fishes

The wide adaptive radiation of mammals occurred during the early ____ era.

Cenozoic

The wide adaptive radiation of mammals occurred during the early _____ era.

Cenozoic

As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?

Cephalization

The primary reason that Earth experiences seasons is because of the:

Earth's tilt on its axis.

Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.

Echinoidea

What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?

Exoskeletons must be shed when the animal grows, exposing the animal to predators.

Biologist agree that ancestors of ray-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods.

False

Competition between species 1 and species 2 is beneficial for species 1 and harmful for species 2.

False

The earliest vertebrates had jaws.

False

The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is oxygen.

False

Which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean?

Freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids.

In which of the following habitat types would species diversity be expected to be relatively low?

High environmental stress

The event in human history that changed the natural balance of the carbon cycle was the:

Industrial Revolution

Two members of the same species compete for a limited resource, resulting in equal sharing of the limited resource. What is this called?

Intraspecific scramble competition

The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:

Myxini and Petromyzontida

What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?

Natality

Which of the following would increase population size?

Natality

____ is the least frequent of the dispersal patterns seen in nature.

Random dispersion

An example of mutualism is:

Rhizobium and legumes

If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?

The birds are exhibiting resource partitioning.

Refer to the accompanying figure. How would the survivorship curve for elephants be represented?

The curve C

Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?

The desiccating effect of the atmosphere

Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?

They are acoelomates.

How do leeches differ from other annelids?

They do not have setae or parapodia

Which is a characteristic of all annelids?

They have a segmented body.

How are bacteria important to the genus Rhizobium?

They provide fixed nitrogen to legumes.

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

Urochordates

Which characteristic bets describes vertebrates?

Vertebral column

What ecosystem has the highest rate of primary productivity?

algal beds and reef

A community consists of ____ species in a given area.

all

The tetrapods include:

amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?

birds

Sea stars are primarily:

carnivores.

After embryonic development, members of the phylum Rotifera are incapable of:

cell division

An elongate uniramid with many legs as well as poison claws is known as a(n):

centipede

Hermaphroditic earthworms reproduce sexually by connecting their bodies by their ____. This allows transfer of ____ from one worm to the other.

clitellum; sperm

In cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within why type of specialized cell?

cnidocytes

During ____ between predator and prey species, the predatory species becomes more efficient at catching prey, while the prey species becomes better at escaping predators.

coevolution

Sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess:

collar cells

Traditionally, most ecologist have assumed that community stability is a consequence of:

community complexity.

An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.

false

Echinoderms are related to vertebrates because the first opening to develop becomes the mouth.

false

Lancelets are:

filter feeders

El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has resulted in

global weather changes

The Portuguese man-of-war is a colony of hundreds to thousands of:

hydrozoans

In a population characterized by type III survivorship, the probability of survival ____ with age.

increases

Where does digestion in a sponge takes place?

individual cells

Competitive exclusion is a result of:

interspecific competition.

Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics.

larva

Most mollusks are:

marine

Destructive outbreaks of pests are ____ in cultivated fields, which are low-diversity communities, than in natural communities with greater species richness.

more common

Segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are:

more specialized

Sea stars eat:

mostly crustaceans and mollusks.

In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the:

mouth.

The relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as:

mutualism

The structure in the accompanying figure labeled ____ is characteristic of the phylum to which this organism belongs.

notochord

Nitrogen is a critical requirement for living organisms because it is a component of:

nucleic acids and proteins.

The ____ contains the greatest volume of the ocean water.

oceanic province

The best definition of population density is the number of individuals:

of one species in a given area at a given time.

Primary succession may be seen:

on new lava or on sand dunes

About ____ of the total energy the sun releases strikes the atmosphere.

one-billionth

An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is:

parasites.

Marsupials include the:

opossum

A food web is a more realistic depiction than a food chain is because:

organisms rarely eat just one kind of food

Extinct jawless fish include the:

ostracoderms.

Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?

oviparous

Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.

oviparous; internal

Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is _____.

oviparous; internal

In a parasitic relationship where the host contracts a disease and sometimes die, the parasite is called a(n):

pathogen.

Iteroparity is common in which of the following organisms?

perennial herbaceous plants

One characteristic of class Bivalvia is that they:

possess two shells with a hinge

In tropical and temperature regions, ____ becomes more significant than temperature.

precipitation

Which pair best represents photosynthetic organisms?

primary producer and autotroph

Deuterostomes are characterized by ___ and ___ cleavage.

radial; indeterminate

Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage.

radial; indeterminate

Species richness is ____ when any one species enjoys a position of dominance

reduced

Species richness is ____ when any one species enjoys a position of dominance.

reduced

Birds are most closely related to:

reptiles

In which group did amniotic egg first evolve?

reptiles

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

reptiles

Within the phylum Cnidaria, corals are most closely related to:

sea anemones

What is critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion?

setae

Populations that experience significant contest competition:

show great changes in population size over time.

Most arachnids have ____ pair(s) of jointed appendages

six

Most arachnids have _____ pair(s) of jointed appendages.

six

The intermediate host for a blood fluke is a:

snail

Which arthropod has chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands?

spider

What specialized structure do crustaceans use to sense gravity?

statocysts

The orderly replacement of one community by another is known as:

succession

What is the mode of nutrition for most Poriferans?

suspensions feeders

The logistic equation:

takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment

Currently, much commercial lumber and wood products come from which biome?

temperate rain forest

Near the poles, what is generally the overriding climate factor?

temperature

What two abiotic factors are considered to most affect organisms?

temperature and water

A habitat is best described as _____.

the local environment in which a species lives

The idea that older, more stable habitats have a greater species richness that habitats subjected to frequent, wide spread disturbances is known as:

the time hypothesis

Gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through:

the use of tracheae

Echinoderms are unique because:

their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical

The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.

three; four

Much precipitation in the tropical rain forest is derived from:

transpiration

An example of an animal that is a metazoan is a sponge.

true

Malpighian tubules are used for excretion.

true

Members of phylum Arthropoda have paired, jointed appendages.

true

Members of the phylum Arthropoda have paired jointed appendages.

true

The chordate notochord is a dorsal longitudinal rod composed of cartilage.

true

Ctenophores capture food by

using adhesive glue cells that trap prey.

What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 6000 birds that has 20 births per 600 birds, 20 death per 600 birds, 20 immigrants per 600 birds, and 20 emigrants per 600 birds? [Provide your answer with at least three significant digits]

0

​Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following age intervals has the highest death rate?

0-1

A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:

Batesian mimicry.

Which term describes an animal that lays eggs?

Oviparous

_____ begins in an area where there was a preexisting community and well-formed soil.

Secondary succession

The equation that would best describe the curve in the accompanying figure is:

dN/dt = rN.

When the size of a population begins to approach K, we can expect that the growth rate will:

decline

Which factors are an example of a negative feedback system? Correct answer:

density dependent

The main steps of the nitrogen cycle are:

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and dinitrification.

Which nutrient cycle does not have a gaseous phase?

phosphorus cycle

Fixation of carbon dioxide is accomplished by:

photosynthetic organisms.

The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the:

phylum Chordata.

The larvae of some cnidarians are known as _______larvae.

planula

Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?

population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:

water vascular system

The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?

flatworms

A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:

Chondrichthyes.

The ___ of an earthworm allows them to resist desiccation in terrestrial environments.

cuticle

Which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area?

Brazil

Climates characteristics of the Mediterranean region are also common in:

California

What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?

+5%

Tawny owls (Strix aluco) pair-bond for life, with both members of a pair living and hunting in adjacent, well-defined territories. Their reproduction is regulated in accordance with the resources, especially the food supply, present in their territories. Tawny owls can best described as:

K strategists.

An example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in:

Milkweeds and monarch catepillars.

Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?

Swim bladder

Larval tunicates superficially resemble which of the following?

Tadpoles

The realized niche for the green anole was determined by:

competition

Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and ____, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and ____.

ctenophores; endoderm

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:

endoderm

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structures labeled as 1 are used for:

feeding

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 9?

feeding polyp

Which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators?

rapidly changing colors

Which are the animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel?

rotifers

Surplus individuals in the ___ and find another habitat in which to settle and reproduce.

source habitats