BIO EXAM 2 Review, Biology Exams 1-4, Chapter 32 Fungi, Chapter 25 MC, Ch 31 mcgraw hill, Chapter 20 Fungi, Chapter 31 - Fungi, chapter 32: fungi, BIO 172 - Exam 2 Material, Chapter 31 - Fungi, bio final, BIO PRELAB 4: PROTISTA DIVERSITY, Chapter 28...

Centrioles are only produced by

chytrids

Tiny hairlike structures called __________ are characteristic of certain protists.

cilia

Select all structures used by protists for locomotion.

cilia pseudopods Flagella

Which of the following do not use alternation of generations

ciliates

If a choanocyte flagellum is damaged it would interfere with

circulating water through the sponge.

Fungal hyphae that have no separation between the fungal cells are

coenocytic

Conifers are typically found in (Ch. 30)

cold or dry regions

The root cap is composed of (Ch. 35)

columella and root cap cells.

community ecology interactions

competing for resources predator-prey parasites/pathogens keystone species

Asexual spores that form at the tips of fungal hyphae are called ___.

conidia

The asexual spores produced by ascomycetes are called .

conidia

The functions of the circulatory system include all of the following except...

creation of red and white blood cells.

Even though chloroplasts of different algae are not monophyletic, it is thought that all chloroplasts derived from a single line of

cyanobacteria

Which of these prokaryotes can undergo photosynthesis?

cyanobacteria

Helper T cells that become 'activated' can release what?

cytokines

When Na+ rapidly moves into a cell causing a fast change in membrane potential, it's called?

depolarization

Which of the following animals has a gastrointestinal tract?

earthworm

Sea otters are often called "Keystone Species". This means that sea otters

exert a strong influence on the structure and functioning of their ecosystem.

If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as a(n) symbiosis.

facultative

The eggs of an amphibian most closely resemble

fish eggs.

Meiosis in the female reproductive structures of angiosperms produces (Ch. 30)

four megaspores

Which group of plants is the stimulant ephedrine derived from?

gnetophyta

Unlike petals, sepals are typically (Ch. 30)

green

Root cortex cells are produced by (Ch. 35)

ground meristem

Where are these cells derived from: Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

ground tissue

Where are these cells derived from: Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

ground tissue.

Unfused hyphae

haploid

______________ allows the animal body to maintain a relatively stable internal condition.

homeostasis

A hypha that has two or more genetically identical nuclei is said to be

homokaryotic

Endocrine glands secrete regulatory molecules into the blood. These molecules are called what?

hormones

the closest chimpanzee relative is a

human

the closest chimpanzee relative is a

human.

With respect to osmoregulation, freshwater fish are ___________.

hypertonic regulators

pores

in hyphae divided by septa, cytoplasm flows from one cell to the next through what

haustoria

in parasitic fungi, specialized hyphae that penetrate cells and absorb nutrients

The two nuclei of dikaryotic fungal cell function

independently from each other

bird reproduction

internal fertilization and oviparous

Alarm calling seems to be an example of _______, that is, it favors relatives.

kin selection

Small, fishlike marine chordates, pointed at both ends with no distinguishable head, in which the notochord runs the entire length of the nerve cord, are called

lancelets

viviparous

live birth (ex shark)

Microspores are produced when microspore mother cells undergo (Ch. 30)

meiosis

Amoebas are surrounded only by their plasma ________

membrane

In the zone of cell division of roots, cell division occurs in the apical _______________. (Ch. 35)

meristem

Animal stem cells are functionally similar to plant ______________ cells. (Ch. 35)

meristems

In adult plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called __________________. (Ch. 35)

meristems

In adult plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called ______________________. (Ch. 35)

meristems

Early taxonomies used characteristics which were easily observable or detectable with the use of a ________ classify prokaryotes.

microscope

Mycorrhizal relationships provide plants with which of the following?

minerals

select all substances provided by the fungal partner to the photosynthetic partner in a lichen - minerals - organic nutrients - water - oxygen

minerals and water

A eukaryotic cell's ___________________ evolved through endosymbiosis

mitochondria

Which feature of mitochondria and chloroplasts provides evidence for their endosymbiotic origins?

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA

Precursors of macrophages are what kind of cell?

monocytes

If a hypha has one nucleus, it is said to be .

monokaryotic

In zygomycetes, asexual reproduction occurs

more frequently than sexual reproduction

in zygomycetes, asexual reproduction occurs

more frequently than sexual reproduction

which characteristic is a unique one to animals?

movement associated to muscle tissue and nervous tissue

Habituation belongs to which of the following types of learning?

nonassociative

The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are located in the _____________.

nucleus

WORMS

o Consider some different types of "worms": o Acoel flatworms - In the phylum Acoela, the sister group to all other Bilateria. o Platyhelminthes - Flatworms like planaria. o Annelida - Segmented worms, including earthworms and leeches. o Nematoda - Tiny roundworms, such as C. elegans. o Nemertea - A group of marine worms. o Chaetognatha -Arrow worms, which have an uncertain phylogenetic placement. o It is clear that the worm body plan has been a common solution hit upon during evolution of the animals. It has appeared many times through evolutionary history and is not a useful trait for classification.

If a symbiosis is essential for survival, it is described as a(n) symbiosis.

obligate

What is the most likely environment that animals originated in?

ocean ANIMAL ORIGINAL ENVIRONMENTS o Consider the major animal phyla from Table 33.1: o Arthropoda - Marine, terrestrial, a few freshwater o Mollusca - Mostly marine, a few terrestrial and freshwater o Chordata - Marine, terrestrial, and freshwater o Platyhelminthes - Marine and freshwater, a few terrestrial o Nematoda - Marine, freshwater and terrestrial o Annelida - Marine, freshwater and terrestrial o Porifera - Marine o Echinodermata - Marine o Cnidaria - Marine, a few terrestrial o Bryozoa - Marine

budding

one daughter cell smaller

A monokaryotic hypha has

one haploid nucleus

Pith is composed of ______. (Ch. 35)

parenchyma cells

apoptosis

performed by NKs: secrete perforin granzymes diffuse and induce apoptosis remaining vesicles are phagocytised by macrophages

In many angiosperms, the flower's __________________ are brightly colored to attract animal pollinators. (Ch. 30)

petals

The stalk that connecting a leaf blade to the stem in most dicots is the

petiole

The stalk that connecting a leaf blade to the stem in most dicots is the

petiole.

Chemical signals that mediate interactions between two or more members of a given species are called _______________.

pheromones

Algae is a term that includes all protists that have this type of metabolism

photoautotroph

Algae is a term that includes all protists that have this type of metabolism chemoheterotroph photoautotroph/ mixotroph

photoautotroph/

The electrical signals of nerve impulses are measured across which structure?

plasma membrane of neuron

Which of the following statements regarding plasmids is not true?

plasmids cannot be transferred to another bacteria.

If your blood pressure with a normal arm cuff reads 115/70 it means

pressure in your brachial artery during ventricular contraction is 115, while the pressure during ventricular relaxation is 70.

An important function of pits in vessel walls is to (Ch. 36)

prevent air bubbles from passing to adjacent vessels.

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the mycelium.

primary secondary

Algae also serve as major ___ for the planet. primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers primary producers/

primary producers/

Angiosperm flowers originate as (Ch. 30)

primordia

The purpose of resin in pines is to (Ch. 30)

protect against insects and fungi

Seeds represent a major advance in the evolution of plants because they (Ch. 30)

provide the embryo with protection and food

Amoebas move from place to place by means of their

pseudopods

_______ describes the transport of substances out of the kidney tubule and into the surrounding body fluids, while _______ describes the process of transporting substances from the body fluid into the tubule.

reabsorption//secretion

Why is a rhizoid not considered a true root?

rhyzoids lack xylem tissue

The gravity-sensing portion of a root is the (Ch. 35)

root cap

Impulses that jump from node to node are called what?

saltatory conduction

ascomycota

saprophytic

b cells

secrete antibody proteins (immunoglobins) plasma cells released set off memory cells in the body HUMORAL IMMUNITY

The integuments of the ovule develop into the (Ch. 30)

seed coat

Small cross walls between individual fungal cells of ascomycete and basidiomycete hyphae are known as .

septa

Basidiomycetes are fungi with

septate hyphae and club-shaped fruiting bodies

An important role of the ascomycete fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is that is

serves as a model organism

a zygomycete gametangium contains

several haploid nuclei

Liverworts reproduce through (Ch. 29)

sexual and asexual means.

Carbohydrates in the phloem move from source to ________________. (Ch. 36)

sink

The ______ and the mucous membranes lining the digestive and respiratory tracts are important surface defenses for the body.

skin

The rate of transpiration is equal to the

slope

analysis of which of the following has revealed that the glomeromycota are a monophyletic clade distinct from zygomycota? - cell wall structure - small- subunit rRNAs - compositon of flagella - mode of nutrition

small-subunit rRNA

Pick the terrestrial mollusk examples:

snails and slugs

Autotroph

some photosynthetic some chemautotropic

This measure counts all the individuals found per species in a given area

species eveness

This measure counts all the individuals found per species in a given area. species richness species eveness/

species eveness/

This measure counts all the species in a given area.

species richness

This measure counts all the species in a given area. species richness/ species eveness

species richness/

helical shaped bacteria

spirillum

during asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, hyphae produce

sporangia

ascospore

spore produced by sac fungi

Flowers are essentially modified _______________ bearing modified ______________________. (Ch. 30)

stems, leaves

A turgid cell is (Ch. 36)

stiff.

In most terrestrial plants, water enters through the roots and exits the plant through the ______. (Ch. 36)

stomata

Mouth-shaped openings in the epidermis of plants are called _______________. (Ch. 35)

stomata

climate components

temperature, light, wind, precipitation

chitin, insects

the cell walls of fungi are made of a complex carbohydrate of ____, which is the same as the exoskeleton of ___.

Root pressure is present even when transpiration is low, due to (Ch. 36)

the continued accumulation of ions in the roots.

The blood pressure in your brachial artery is at its lowest during

the diastolic period

The blood pressure in your brachial artery is at its lowest during

the diastolic period.

What did the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrate? CHECK ALL THAT APPLY

the essential biological molecules associated with living organisms could be generated in an "abiotic" environment. the essential biological molecules associated with life cannot be generated in an "abiotic" environment. MILLER UREY Although the Miller-Urey experiment did not generate life from simple molecules, it did demonstrate that the environment of primitive early Earth could have generated complex molecules that could promote the origin of living systems

The coelacanth is one of your closest fish relatives. Which structure is homologous to your forearm?

the pectoral fin lobe

Which of the following are not true regarding how Bacteria and Archaea differ?

the presence of a nucleoid region.

What would be strong evidence to suggest a protist is phototrophic?

the presence of chloroplasts

paramylon

the storage of carbohydrates

what type of relationship do plants and glomeromycetes have

they have a mutualistic relationship: the fungus provides mineral nutriets, while the plant provided carbohydrates

red eyespot

to find the brightest area a euglena uses what

chlorophyll

unlike a plant, a fungus does not have

dinoflagellates

what is an algae that is bioluminescent

Which of the following may take place during bacteriophage reproduction after the phage genome is injected into the host cell?

- The viral DNA is integrated into the genome of the host cell, allowing it to replicate when the host cell divides. - Lysogenic phage becomes lytic when cell stress causes derepression of the prophage. - New virus particles are synthesized by the cell and then released by lysis or budding.

select all true statements about the glomeromycota 1. they do not undergo sexual reproduction 2. they form arbuscular mycorrhizae 3. they lack nuclei 4. they are plant pathogens and parasites

- they do not undergo sexual reproduction - they form arbuscular mycorrhizae

which are true statements about the glomeromycota - they do not undergo sexual reproduction - they form arbuscular mycorrhizae - they lack nuclei - they are plant pathogens and parasites

- they do not undergo sexual reproduction - they form arbuscular mycorrhizae

match the basidiomycete cell type w the karyotype unfused hyphae dikaryotic then diploic fused hyphae haploid basidia dikaryotic

- unfused hyphae are haploid - fused hyphae are dikaryotic - basidia are dikaryotic then diploid

Which of the following are characteristics of biomes? Check all that apply.

-A biome is a large geographical area with distinctive plant and animal groups. -Biomes are only located at certain longitudes and latitudes. -The climate and geography of a region determines what type of biome can exist in that region. -Each biome consists of only one type of ecosystem. -A biome is the same thing as a habitat type.

protists

-A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus. -unicellualr, multi, or colonial -most microscopic but some huge -all symmetries -all types on nutrition

Which of the following are not true regarding flowers and fruits. Check all that apply.

-A grain of rice is a fruit. -The endosperm is part of the fruit.

Endosymbiosis

-A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes. -example= mitochondria and chloroplasts

Which of the following are true regarding this phylogeny?

-Bacteria are phylogenetically closer to Eukaryotes than Archaea -Bacteria and Archaea form a monophyletic group -Archaea and the Eukaryotes form a monophyletic group -Archaea are phylogenetically closer to the Eukaryotes than to Bacteria

Which of the following are types of symbioses? Check all that apply.

-Batesian mimicry -commensalism -predation -parasitism -mutualism -Müllerian mimicry

Select the true statements about eukaryotic cells.

-If a cell is photosynthetic it must be eukaryotic. -Only eukaryotic cells are capable of oxygenic photosynthesis.

Check all that apply regarding the intermediate disturbance hypothesis are true.

-Intermediate disturbance should lead to increases in species richness. -Disturbances tend to lead to the dominance of K-selected species. -Intermediate disturbance should lead to all successional stages being present in the community at the same time.

______ are a type of deuterostome, and closely related to the chordates, despite their radial symmetry. (Check all that apply.)

-Jellyfish -Sea urchins

The following graph shows the relationship between extinction and island or habitat path area. Which of the following statements explain why extinction rates are lower on larger habitat patches? Check all that apply.

-Larger patches correlate with higher extinction rates. -Larger patches potentially have greater habitat heterogeneity. -Larger patch size reduces the probability of colonization -Species richness is higher on larger patches.

Species richness is important for ecosystem function in what potential ways? Check all that apply.

-Low species richness can contribute to ecosystem stability -High species richness reduces overall ecosystem productivity.

Select all the true statements concerning mitosis.

-Plants, animals, and fungi use mitosis to replicate their nuclei. -Mitosis and cytokinesis have endosymbiotic origins.

Check all that apply regarding mycorrhizae.

-Provides antibiotics for plants to prevent pathogens from causing them harm.

Select all of the following that are correct regarding hearing.

-Sound waves traveling through the air cause vibrations of the tympanic membrane and small bones of the middle ear. -Fishes utilize otoliths composed of calcium carbonate crystals contained in a labyrinth. -Hearing works better in water because water transmits pressure waves more efficiently.

A population of squirrels is in a phase of exponential growth. What events would act to slow this growth? (Check all that apply.)

-a forest fire that destroys habitat -logging of nut trees -growth of the hawk population -heavy rainfall, resulting in larger seed and nut harvest

Which of the following examples would be undergoing secondary succession? Check all that apply.

-an abandoned potato farm -a coastal grassland damaged by a hurricane -an abandoned landfill -rocks in a national park covered -a clearcut forest

What are characteristics of r-selected populations? (Check all that apply.)

-early age of first reproduction -small brood size

6 Eukaryotic Supergroups

-excavata -chromalveolata -archaeplastidia -rhizaria -ameobozoa -ophisthokonta

Following their respective breeding seasons, several species of hummingbirds occur at the same locations in North America and several hummingbird flowers bloom simultaneously in these habitats. These flowers seem to have converged to a common morphology and color. Birds are most visually sensitive to the color red. Hummingbird flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds. Which of the following features of these flowers would indicate they have coevolved with hummingbirds?

-flowers are colored violet and blue -flowers are low to the ground

Which conditions will increase transpiration?

-high light -high temp. -high wind

The multiplier for converting from micro to milli i

0.001

The multiplier for converting from nano to micro is

0.001

Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top.

1-Compatible hyphae mate by plasmogamy 2-Basidia form in the basidiocarp 3-Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy 4-Meiosis occurs 5-Basidiospores are released

Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top.

1. Compatible hyphae mate and a dikaryotic mycellum is formed 2. Basidia form in basidiocarp 3. Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy 4. Meiosis occurs 5. Basidiospores are formed and released

Mark the following statements that are true regarding brown algae.

-Brown algae are the protist group that is most closely related to trees. -Brown algae are terrestrial.

Mark all of the functions of the mouth in digestion.

-Food particles may be reduced in size. -Food is moistened and lubricated for easier swallowing. -Food is mixed with enzymes. -Swallowing begins with a voluntary response.

The inflammatory response involves which of the following? (Check all that apply.)

-Histamine and other chemicals are released, which produce redness, warmth, and edema. -Invading agent causes the release of pyrogens, which produce a fever -Neutrophils and macrophages attack the invading microbes and contribute to the pus.

Which phyla of plants have vascular systems?

-Monilophytes -Coniferophytes -Anthophytes

Based on the above diagram, what is most likely to be true about the evolution of loops of Henle in vertebrate nephrons?

-Since birds and mammals both have Loops of Henle, this means they are more closely-related to one another than birds are to snakes. -This is an example of convergent evolution.

Which of the following describe source-sink metapopulations?

-Sink populations near source populations are less likely to go extinct. -Sink populations without access to immigrants from source populations are less likely to go extinct. -Source populations usually occupy better habitats -Source populations are less likely to go extinct -The emigration rate from source populations exceeds that from sink populations.

Continuous swimming is necessary for many sharks. Check all that apply regarding their respiration.

-So fresh oxygen-rich water keeps flowing over their gills. -So water passes over their gills in the opposite direction that blood is traveling through their gills.

Which of the following are not true regarding this fungi phylogeny? Mark all that apply.

-The Basidiomycota are the sister group to the Ascomycota. -The fungi form the sister group to the animals.

An underwater volcano has erupted, and as the lava cools a new island has formed. Which types of animal species are likely to be among the first to colonize the island?

-annelids -snails -snakes -tapirs -tortoises

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

-presence of cytoskeleton -compartmentalizations (nucleus and organelles)

Which of the following factors could be important in determining a species' fundamental niche? Check all that apply.

-salinity -presence of a commensalist -soil type -presence of a predator/parasite -seasonal temperatures

Which xylem cell type do angiosperms have?

-xylem vessels -xylem tracheids

How many species of gingkophytes are alive today? (Ch. 30)

1

White blood cells account for about _______ of the cells in human blood.

1%

trophic levels

1- primary producers 2- herbivores 3-primary carnivores 4- secondary carnivores 5- detrivores

The multiplier for converting from micro to nano is

1000

The vast majority of scientists agree that the earth is about:

4.6 billion years.

Tracheophytes first arose approximately how many years ago? (Ch. 29)

410 million

Which objective lens should be in place when adding or removing a slide?

4x

Most plants can sustain full transpiration as long as the relative humidity in the atmosphere is (Ch. 36)

95% or less.

What type of prokaryote might have formed endosymbiotic relationships with other larger bacteria, eventually evolving into a chloroplast?

A photosynthetic bacterium

The plant hormone that regulates stomatal opening in response to drought is ______________ acid. (Ch. 36)

Abscisic

Fungi can break down what

Almost any organic compound

The sac fungi comprise the phylum

Ascomycota

Aflatoxin is one of the most carcinogenic compounds known. It is produced by which fungus?

Aspergillus

Neocallimastigomycetes can digest the cellulose that is found in plant cell walls. They are found living inside the digestive tract of many herbivores. What kind of relationship is this an example of? A. parasitism B. mutualism C. commensalism

B

The early evolution of terrestrial plants was made possible by mycorrhizal relationships with the A. Zyggomycetes B. glomeromycota C. ascomycota D. basiciomycota

B

Neocallimastigomycetes acquired cellulases from what

Bacteria

Dinoflagellates typically reproduce in which manner?

By asexual reproduction

Select all types of cells found in xylem, but NOT capable of conducting water. A. Tracheids B. Vessel elements C. Fibers D. Parenchyma (Ch. 35)

C. Fibers D. Parenchyma

__________are characterized by having large numbers of tiny beating hairs which are responsible for their locomotion; they all have two different types of nuclei in their cells (macronuclei and micronuclei).

Ciliates (SP:Chromalveolates)

DNA is not found in this organelle

ER

This type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots and in the spaces between root cells. (Ch. 31)

Ectomycorrhizae

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as fungal _______

Endophytes

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as fungal __________________. (Ch. 31)

Endophytes

Archaea have ______ bonds (between two alcohol groups) in their membrane lipids.

Ether

What domain do protists belong to?

Eukarya

A found skull would be easy to determine if it is a mammal by..

Examine the teeth.

At what stage in this moss life cycle is free-standing water required? (Ch. 29)

F

Fertilization and pollination are entirely different processes

False

Mammals as a whole all are defined by mammary glands, hair, and a placenta.

False

Which of the following are not found in red algae? (SP: Archaeplastida)

Flagella Centrioles

This type of biodiversity investigates the differences in DNA within a single species.

Genetic biodivesity

This type of biodiversity investigates the differences in DNA within a single species. Species diversity Genetic biodivesity/ Ecological biodiversity

Genetic biodivesity/

Which of the following describes fungi? (Ch. 31) A. Autotrophs B. Heterotrophs C. Photosynthetic

Heterotrophs

The threadlike nature of fungal hyphae means that which of the following relationships is true?

High surface area-to-volume ratio

The threadlike nature of fungal hyphae means that which of the following relationships is true? (Ch. 31)

High surface area-to-volume ratio

Under what conditions would you expect to see the highest transpiration rates? (Ch. 36)

High temperature and low humidity

Hypha whose nuclei are genetically similar to one another are called what

Homokaryotic

A plant is said to be _________________ if all of its spores are similar in appearance. (Ch. 29)

Homosporous

A mycelium is composed of filaments called

Hyphae

What happens in asexual reproduction in zygomycetes

Hyphae produces clumps of erect stalks called sporangiophores

The outer layer of this ovule is called the_______________________. It will develop into the seed coat. (Ch. 30)

Integument

The outer layers of the ovule are called ______________. They develop into the seed coat. (Ch. 30)

Integuments

The portion of the stem between two nodes is called a(n) _____________. (Ch. 35)

Internode

Viruses are obligate _________parasites

Intracellular

When fertilization of an angiosperm flower occurs, what becomes of the ovary?

It becomes the fruit.

The most common type of liverwort is ______. (Ch. 29)

Leafy

The first leaves appeared in this group

Lycophytes

Microsporidia lacks what

Mitochondria

Which of the following are reproductive structures found in fungi?

Mushrooms Toadstools Puffballs

Why aren't all worm-like animals grouped together into the same taxonomic category?

No, because the worm-like body plan has appeared many times through evolutionary history and is not a useful trait for classification.

The part of a stem where leaves are attached is called a(n) ______________. (Ch. 35)

Node

What is the typical thickness of the epidermis? (Ch. 35)

One layer of cells

The pericarp is composed of three layers of (Ch. 30)

Ovary wall

Name the fruit.

Pinto Bean

The accumulation of ions in roots results in the creation of root __________________. (Ch. 36)

Pressure

The viral envelope is composed of which of the following (choose all that apply)?

Protein Lipids Glycoproteins

The epidermis, cuticle, guard cells, root hairs and trichomes arise from this type of meristem?

Protoderm

Ciliates are grouped in

SAR clade

Ciliates are grouped in Archaeplastids Excavata SAR clade/ Unikonts

SAR clade/

Basidiomycetes are fungi with which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Septate hyphae and club-shaped fruiting bodies

What kind of reproduction does a fungi have

Sexual and asexual

Although they are capable of _________reproduction, dinoflagellates typically reproduce ________

Sexual; asexual

Protists can exhibit both ______ and ________reproduction.

Sexual;asexual

The allomyces pheromone is called what

Sirenin

The protists are divided into how many supergroups?

Six

Fungal _______ can reach plants and cause infection via the wind, water, soil, and/or animal vectors.

Spores

Fungal ________________ can reach plants and cause infection via the wind, water, soil, and/or animal vectors. (Ch. 31)

Spores

Fungal reproductive cells are called ___________

Spores

Fungal reproductive cells are called...

Spores

In this moss life cycle, the circle is enclosing haploid _____________ produced by meiosis (Ch. 29)

Spores

Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of which of the following?

Synthesizing essential organic molecules

The _________________ strength of a column of water varies inversely with the diameter of the column. (Ch. 36)

Tensile

The current explanation for the movement of water through the xylem is called the cohesion-____________________ theory. (Ch. 36)

Tension

Mosses are the most abundant plants in what areas of the world? (Ch. 29)

The Arctic and Antarctic

Glomeromycetes cannot survive in what

The absence of a host plant

How could a biologist distinguish an acoel flatworm from a free living platyhelminth?

The acoel worm would be solid throughout, since it lacks a gut.

How does the primary mycelium in Basidiomycota differ from that of the secondary mycelium?

The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae

When a fungus undergoes mitosis, which of the following occurs? (Ch. 31)

The spindle apparatus forms within the nucleus.

How do the chytrids typically disperse spores?

The spores swim.

What feature of guard cells allows them to open stomata when turgor pressure in them changes? (Ch. 36)

Their cells are thicker on the inside and thiner elsewhere.

Zygomycetes lack septa in what

Their hyphae except when they form sporangia or gametangia

Ascomycetes derive their name from which of the following?

Their saclike reproductive structures

Ascomycetes derive their name from which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Their saclike reproductive structures

The active uptake of ions into root cells results in which of the following? (Ch. 36)

Their turgor pressure increases

The action of the Na+/K+ pump creates what conditions across a cell membrane?

There is a concentration gradient with more K+ in the intracellular space and more Na+ in the extracellular space.

Which of the following describe density-dependent factors?

They act to regulate population growth. They can affect birth rates or death rates. They do not involve biological interactions.

Which of the following is true of bryophyte rhizoids? (Ch. 29)

They aid in absorption.

What is the function of the pores of in the septa that separate cells in fungal hyphae?

They allow transfer of material along the hyphae.

Which of the following are features of fungi?

They are more closely related to animals than to plants. Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients.

Where do lichens grow?

They can grow in places too extreme for most plants to grow.

Which describes the ends of vessel members? (Ch. 35)

They may lack cell walls.

Select all ecological benefits of decomposer fungi.

They release minerals into the soil. They remove organic debris. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae.

An amphibian heart has one ventricle, and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. How do amphibians deal with this potential inefficiency?

They transport oxygen across the skin.

Which of the following is a virus that has a helical capsid?

Tobacco mosaic virus

The xylem of gymnosperms contains only one of the two types of water conducting cells, namely, ___________________. (Ch. 35)

Tracheids

Choose all that are dead when functional. (Ch. 35)

Tracheids, vessel elements

During this process, DNA enters bacterial cells via viral vectors.

Transduction

The diffusion of water vapor from a plant is known as ____________________. (Ch. 35)

Transpiration

True or false: Fungal cells or hyphae may have more than one nucleus.

True: They are different from most animals and plants in that each cell or hypha can contain one, two, or even more nuclei.

A cell that is swollen with water is said to be ______________. (Ch. 36)

Turgid

What happens when a fungus reproduces sexually

Two haploid hyphae fuse together

What must occur for a fungus to reproduce sexually?

Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types must fuse.

What must occur for a fungus to reproduce sexually? (Ch. 31)

Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types must fuse.

A dikaryotic cell contains which of the following?

Two separate nuclei

A species displaying which of the survivorship curves is likely to spend the most energy on care for their young?

Type I

A species displaying which of the survivorship curves is likely to spend the most energy on care for their young?

Type I- humans WHY When a species has a very low juvenile mortality rate, e.g., Type I curve, it is very like that that species gives care to their young.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is known to cause

Ulcers

Match the basidiomycete cell type with the karyotype.

Unfused hyphae are haploid, fused hyphae are dikaryotic, and basidia are dikaryotic then diploid.

Match the basidiomycete cell type with the karyotype

Unfused hyphae- haploid Fused hyphae- dikaryotic Basidia- dikaryotic then diploid

What are yeasts?

Unicellular fungi

The Microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi in which Phylum?

Zygomycota

The Microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi in which Phylum? (Ch. 31)

Zygomycota

A virus that infects bacteria is

a bacteriophage

All vertebrates have this in addition to a vertebral column

a head or skull

An organism whose decline or removal from a habitat causes many other species numbers to change dramatically is called __________ species.

a keystone

Water always moves from

a region of higher water potential to lower water potential

What environment would most likely support a metapopulation?

a series of nearby caves

What environment would most likely support a metapopulation?

a series of nearby caves WHY Species often exist as a network of distinct populations that interact with one another by exchanging individuals. Such networks, termed metapopulations, usually occur in areas in which suitable habitat is patchily distributed and is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat.

The epidermis is typically made of __________________ layer of cells. (Ch. 35)

a single

In the pressure-flow hypothesis of movement of carbohydrates through the phloem, the mesophyll of leaves is thought to act as (Ch. 36)

a source

sexual

a zygospore is

A very important evolutionary innovation and adaptation of reptiles regarding life on land was the

amniotic egg.

pseudopodia

amoebas move through their environment using what

An underwater volcano has erupted, and as the lava cools a new island has formed. Which types of animal species are likely to be among the first to colonize the island?

annelidsannelids Correct batsbats Correct birdsbirds Correct insectsinsects Correct snailssnails Correct snakessnakes Correct tapirstapirs Correct tortoisestortoises Correct

The structure that creates male gametes in the gametophyte is the

antheridia

In contrast to the symplast, the ________________ is composed of cell walls and intercellular spaces. (Ch. 36)

apoplast

Soy and wheat have mycorrhizae associated with their root systems.

arbuscular

rod shaped bacteria

bacillus

The main decomposers in the ecosystem are fungi and ___.

bacteria

primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow and thymus

__________ combines with water to form carbonic acid in tissue capillaries, which after being transported to the lungs, dissociates back to its constituents.

carbon dioxide

sporangium

case in which asexual spores are produced

Rabbits, rodents and horses can digest cellulose with the help of microorganisms and this takes place in the

cecum

Oomyctes are

chromalveolates

zygomycota

can form zygosporangium to protect itself under bad conditions

Typically air bubbles that form in xylem vessels (Ch. 36)

can not pass through pits to adjacent vessels.

Which biomolecule is dextrose (you will need to look this up)?

carbohydrate

Rabbits, rodents and horses can digest cellulose with the help of microorganisms and this takes place in the

cecum HUMANS junction of large and small intestines and has appendix attached

Schizogony

cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions; produces several individuals

Turgor pressure requires (Ch. 36)

cell walls to constrain the expansion of cells as they take up water

The cell walls of plants and many protists contain ___ whereas the cell walls of fungi contain ___.

cellulose; chitin

The vertebrate nervous system can be broken down into various components and the brain and spinal cord make up the ________ nervous system.

central

What are characteristics of r-selected populations? (Check all that apply.)

check mcgraw table

which taxonomic group are scorpions in? Hint: they have a prosoma, pedipalps that are modified into claws, and chelicerae.

chelicerata

A Velociraptor's closest relative is a

chicken

A Velociraptor's closest relative is a

chicken.

Fungal cell walls are made of

chitin

Which is mis closely related to animals

choanoflagellates

Select the following phylum that includes coelomate, bilaterian animals that have a structure called a notochord.

chordata

Fat digestion in the small intestine includes reassembling triglycerides in the intestinal epithelium with a protein coat to form __________________.

chylomacrons

Fat digestion in the small intestine includes reassembling triglycerides in the intestinal epithelium with a protein coat to form __________________.

chylomicrons

If a choanocyte flagellum is damaged it would interfere with

circulating water through the sponge MORE ON SPONGES o A small, anatomically simple sponge has a vaselike shape. The walls of the "vase" have three functional layers. o Facing the internal cavity are flagellated cells called choanocytes, or collar cells. Once water has passed through a flagellated chamber, it travels through channels that converge at a large opening called an osculum through which water is expelled from the sponge. o The body of a sponge is bounded by an outer epithelium consisting of flattened cells somewhat like those that make up the outer layers of animals in other phyla. o Pores on the sponge allow water to enter the channels that course through its body, leading to and from the flagellated chambers. The name of the phylum, Porifera, refers to these pores, or ostia. o Some epithelial cells are specialized to surround the ostia; they can contract when touched or exposed to appropriate stimuli, causing the ostia to close, thereby protecting the delicate inner cells from the entry of potentially harmful substances such as sand and noxious chemicals.

One ______ of green algae called _______ are the closest algal relatives of green plants based on molecular and morphological data.

clade, charophytes

Check all that are examples of associative learning.

classical conditioningclassical conditioning Correct cognitioncognition Correct imprintingimprinting Correct operant conditioningoperant conditioning Correct Pavlovian conditioning

The long term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitute what?

climate

Mixotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

Which of the following are types of symbioses? Check all that apply.

commensalism predation mutualism NOT any type of mimicry parasitism

Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including an unchanged variable termed a(n) _____.

control

The functions of the circulatory system include all of the following except...

creation of red and white blood cells TRUE hormone transport. blood clotting and immune defense. oxygen, nutrient, and waste transport. temperature regulation.

ascomycota

cyclosporine, drug widely used to reduce the activity of the patient's immune syste and so the risk of organ rejection

Fungi and bacteria are important in most ecosystems because of their role as

decomposers

most zygomycete fungi are

decomposers

energy pyramids

decrease as t level increases never inverted

The addition of solutes to water (Ch. 36)

decreases the water potential.

The neuron's branched extensions that receive signals are called?

dendrites

When Na+ rapidily diffuses into a neuron and produces a dramatic change in membrane potential, this event is called what?

depolarization

In a seed, the growth of the developing young plant is arrested and metabolic activity is reduced as a result of severe _____________ of the embryo. (Ch. 30)

desiccation

A researcher removes half the cells from an embryo taken from a sample in the ocean, and after doing so both halves completed the developmental process. The embryos were identified as

deuterostomes

Name the characteristic that applies to humans.

deuterostomes

A researcher removes half the cells from an embryo taken from a sample in the ocean, and after doing so both halves completed the developmental process. The embryos were identified as

deuterostomes MORE blastopore becomes anus, radial cleavage, indeterminate development, HUMANS

diatoms

diatomaceous

Gases are exchanged across a respiratory surfaced by

diffusion

A fungal mycelium containing two separate nuclei that divide at each cell division is said to be .

dikaryotic

A fungal mycelium containing two separate nuclei that divide at each cell division is said to be ___.

dikaryotic

A unique aspect of sexual reproduction in fungi compared to other eukaryotes is the occurrence of an intervening ___ stage of varying length after haploid cells fuse.

dikaryotic

Fused hyphae

dikaryotic

Nuclei that are n+n are called

dikaryotic

Many fungi have a diploid stage. In fungi, which of these is most similar to diploid cells in eukaryotes?

dikaryotic hyphae

Many fungi have a diploid stage. In fungi, which of these is most similar to diploid cells in eukaryotes?

dikaryotic hyphae.

Basidia

dikaryotic then diploid

The blue structure within the circle is a megaspore mother cell. It is (Ch. 30)

diploid

a defining feature of zygomycetes is the formation of

diploid zygote nuclei

Which pair of words describes the chromosome sets of the embryo and endosperm (respectively) after double fertilization?

diploid//triploid

Which pair of words describes the chromosome sets of the embryo and endosperm (respectively) after double fertilization?

diploid; triploid

Blowing through the air, riding on the feathers or in the guts of birds, or floating across water are all ways that angiosperm seeds are able to _____________ to islands. (Ch. 30)

disperse

The function of a basidiocarp is to

disperse spores

tropical regions

diverse thanks to history, productivity, stability/constancy, spatial heterogeneity/habitat complexity

Within a root, cells in the region of cell ________________ divide every 12 to 37 hours, often coordinately. (Ch. 35)

division

hematopoietic cells

division and differentiation in bone marrow

Cycads look like palm trees, but differ from them because they (Ch. 30)

do not produce flowers

Cysts

dormant larvae surrounded by protective coverings

evidence for endosymbiosis

double bound membranes susceptible to antibiotics fission like division DNA ribosome size

With the evolution of vertebrate lung, the evolution of _____ also evolved.

double circulation

What type of genome does a chicken pox have?

double stranded DNA

deuteromycotes

drugs and disease

Tinbergen is credited with founding the field of behavioral ______, the study of how natural selection shapes behavior.

ecology

Interactions between plant roots and fungi are known as if the fungal hyphae grow between plant cell walls and do not directly contact the plant plasma membrane.

ectomycorrhizae

compared to the arbuscular mycorrhizae, the __________ involve far fewer species of plants

ectomycorrhizae

oviparous

eggs laid outside body (most reptiles and all birds)

In roots, above the zone of __________________, root cells no longer grow in size.(Ch. 35)

elongation

A primary purpose of seed production is to disperse the _____________ to new locations. (Ch. 30)

embryo

The main function of seed production is (Ch. 30)

embryo dispersal

In roots, the inner layer of the cortex is called the (Ch. 35)

endodermis

The inner layer of the root cortex is called the ___________. (Ch. 35)

endodermis

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as ___.

endophytic

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as fungal .

endophytic

The green tissue in this angiosperm seed is (Ch. 30)

endosperm

A fungus typically obtains food by secreting extracellular digestive , which break down organic molecules.

enzymes

Root hairs are tubular extensions of ______. (Ch. 35)

epidermal cells

The mesophyll encompasses all the tissues between the lower and upper _______________ of a leaf. (Ch. 35)

epidermis

The first dermal tissue formed is called _______________ (Ch. 35)

epiderms

A(n) is the nonphotosynthetic plant member in a mycorrhizal association.

epiparasite

innate immunity

epithelial barriers (skin, gi tract and resp tract mucus) phagocytic leukocytes (types above) phagocytic dendritic cells (links innate to adaptive) NK cells (lymphocytes) plasma proteins (cytokines and chemokines, MAC when aggregate which burst pathogen cells)

mitosis

equal size daughter cells

Cells in your bloodstream that normally lack a nucleus and have a relatively short life span in humans are

erythrocytes

Cells in your bloodstream that normally lack a nucleus and have a relatively short life span in humans are

erythrocytes FUNCTION a red blood cell without a nucleus, contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

Flooded plants often exhibit abnormal growth due to changes in the levels of certain hormones. More specifically, (Ch. 36)

ethylene increases, while cytokinins and gibberellins decrease

Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first

eukaryote to be sequenced

Internal membranes are typical of _________________.

eukaryotes

A found skull would be easy to determine if it is a mammal by..

examining the teeth

Sea otters are often called "Keystone Species". This means that sea otters

exert a strong influence on the structure and functioning of their ecosystem

DNA can store genetic information and act as enzyme. Thus, scientists think it was critical to the origin of life.

false

Mammals as a whole all are defined by mammary glands, hair, and a placenta.

false

The gynoecium contains (Ch. 30)

female gametophytes

Yeasts are important commercially because of their ability to

ferment carbohydrates

order the following process in the life cycle of a zygomycete as they occur, starting with the fusion of gametangia at the top

fertilization, karyogamy, and meiosis

ovoviviparous

fertilized eggs held in body to complete development and released by mother when hatched

In addition to conducting cells, xylem usually also contains _______________ and _______________ cells. (Ch. 35)

fibers, parenchyma

A taproot system is characterized by a single large root with smaller branch roots, while a _________________ root system is characterized by many smaller roots of similar diameter. (Ch. 35)

fiborous

Choanocytes

filter particles out of the water

The eggs of an amphibian most closely resemble

fish eggs

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes both use ______________ for mobility

flagella

Some protists use long whip-like structures called _________ to swim.

flagella

One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are (Ch. 29)

flagellated

The production of larger lenticels and adventitious roots are responses of plants to (Ch. 36)

flooding

A shared, unique trait of anthophytes is

flowers

All tracheaphytes have these structures except

flowers

A chicken breast in your KFC bucket is the muscle that allows most bird to...

fly

A chicken breast in your KFC bucket is the muscle that allows most bird to...

fly.

Each microspore mother cell in pine produces (Ch. 30)

four microspores, all of which develop into pollen grains

Land plants evolved from (Ch. 29)

freshwater green algae

internal fertilization evolved in

frogs, but most of them have external fertilization

Water will move (Ch. 36)

from a location with a higher water potential to a location with a lower water potential.

Pines are native and common in vast forests that span (Ch. 30)

from the arctic tundra to temperate deciduous forests

In angiosperms, the ovary matures into a(n) _________________. (Ch. 30)

fruit

ascomycota

fruiting body

how they reproduce

fungi are classified into groups by their

absorption

fungi obtains food by

A lichen involves a ______ and _____

fungus and algae

In a mycorrhizal relationship, the host ________ produces organic nutrients for use by the _______. plant or plants

fungus, fungi, or mycorrhizae

Pollen grains are tiny male ______________ that carry sperm. (Ch. 30)

gametophyte

The macronucleus of a climate is used for

gene expression

Radiolarians secrete glassy exoskeletons made of silica. Those exoskeletons __________________________________

give them distinct symmetrical shapes

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are composed of plant roots and

glomeromycete fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are most commonly formed with which fungus?

glomeromycetes

the fungal partner in arbuscular mycorrhizae is the phylum

glomeromycota

Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation for these graphs?

greater than the maternal care given by female mice without the fosB allele.

sordaria

grows on cow dung

The modern seed plant phyla of ginkgos, cycads, conifers, and gnetophytes are collectively known as (Ch. 30)

gymnosperms

The structure that contains the female reproductive organs in anthophytes is

gynoeciium

A nonassociative learning called __________ can be defined as a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus that has no positive or negative consequences.

habituation

Young birds see objects flying overhead and respond by crouching down into the nest and remaining still. Over time some objects become familiar and the young birds do not crouch down. What is this type of learning?

habituation

Tubular extensions of epidermal cells in the root are called root _____________________. (Ch. 35)

hairs

Plants that can tolerate saline soils are called _________________. (Ch. 36)

halophytes

Plants that can tolerate soils with high salt concentrations are called (Ch. 36)

halophytes.

In order for sexual reproduction to occur in a fungus, two hyphae of compatible types must fuse.

haploid, mating

Because they have a _______ life cycle, this indicates that the ________ life cycle evolved __________ plants invaded the land.

haplontic, haplodiplontic, after

deuteromycota

has not been reproducing sexually, so it's considered imperfect

Fish and birds obviously respire very differently, but they are similar in that both______________.

have unidirectional flow of the environmental medium over the gas exchange surfaces.

Sexual reproduction in earthworms is most often characterized as...

hermaphroditic but cross fertilizing

Sexual reproduction in earthworms is most often characterized as...

hermaphroditic but cross-fertilizing.

A dikaryotic or multikaryotic hypha containing from two genetically different types of nuclei is said to be

heterokaryotic

Which conditions will decrease transpiration?

high humidity

In a fish's gills the countercurrent exchange ensures that oxygen concentration is always _______ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.

higher

Root hairs have a ______ water potential to the xylem cells.

higher

nitrogen in agriculture

higher N, higher food production too much N means eutrophication

A water column with a smaller diameter will have a (Ch. 36)

higher tensile strength than a water column with a larger diameter.

______________ allows the animal body maintain a relatively stable internal condition.

homeostasis

A hypha that has two or more genetically identical nuclei is said to be ___.

homokaryotic

A hypha with two or more genetically similar nuclei is said to be which of the following?

homokaryotic

Plants that produce one spore type are called ______. (Ch. 29)

homosporous

In the ancient angiosperm Amborella trichopoda, mitochondrial genes have been incorporated from other plant species through the process of (Ch. 30)

horizontal gene transfer

binary fission then conjugation

how do diatoms reproduce

from the atmosphere

how do epiphytes get their moisture?

cilia-lined oral groove

how does a paramecium ingest its food

If you are investigating the evolution of endosymbiosis you would be looking at:

how mitochondria and chloroplasts were derived from prokaryotic cells.

The high tensile strength of water results from the cohesiveness of water molecules for each other and adhesiveness to the wall of cells in the xylem. These are both due to the the effects of (Ch. 36)

hydrogen bonding

With respect to osmoregulation, freshwater fish are ___________.

hypertonic regulators MORE freshwater fish are constantly excreting water and retaining salts through active transport by chloride cells in gills marine fish are hypotonic, chloride cells have opposite function

A mycelium is composed of filaments called .

hyphae

A mycelium is composed of filaments called ___.

hyphae

stolons

hyphae that grow horiontally along the surface of a food source

An important component of a powerful immune system is what?

immunological tolerance

live birth evolved

in fish and reptiles, but most of them lay eggs

In your bloodstream, most carbon dioxide is carried how?

in the form of bicarbonate ions

In your bloodstream, most carbon dioxide is carried how?

in the form of bicarbonate ions.

gametangium

in zygomycotes, the haploid structure in which gametes are produced

Which of the following is not an evolutionary advantage to having seeds?

increased presence of heterospory

arbuscular mycorrhizae affects vascular plants by

increasing water and mineral absorption

Which is not a type of horizontal transfer?

infection

species richness

influenced by primary productivity, plant structural complexity, temp range

All venomous snakes in the U.S. except for the coral snake are pit vipers and they have an ability to detect a certain type of stimulus. What is this stimulus?

infrared radiation

Within a root, the cells within the quiescent center divide _______. (Ch. 35)

infrequently

Phagotrophs

ingest particulate food matter

When fertilization of an angiosperm flower occurs, what becomes of the ovary?

it becomes the fruit

A minute fern in an aquatic habitat could be distinguished from a bryophyte by a botanist in what way?

it has xylem tissue

Endosymbiosis has resulted in what?

it is responsible for the mitochondria

Earth's atmosphere has much more free oxygen currently than it did 3 billion years ago. Why?

it's a byproduct of photosynthesis

What animal has kidneys that are so efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

kangaroo rat

The fusion of the nuclei of two gametes is called

karyogamy

When fungi nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote the process is called

karyogamy

the fusion of the nuclei of the two gametes is called

karyogamy

For vertebrates, filtration of blood, reabsorption, and secretion occurs in which organ?

kidney

A behavior that aids relatives at a personal risk, and increases the chance of your genes being passed on to the next generation is known as

kin selection

An alarm call in a group containing some relatives is an example of _______.

kin selection

A behavior that aids relatives at a personal risk, and increases the chance of your genes being passed on to the next generation is known as

kin selection.

with the exception of their gametangia, the hyphae of zygomycetes

lack septa

Small, fishlike marine chordates, pointed at both ends with no distinguishable head, in which the notochord runs the entire length of the nerve cord, are called

lancelets.

Shade leaves are (Ch. 35)

larger than sun leaves.

ascomycota

largest fungi phylum

The type of meristem that causes an increase in plant diameter from cell division is the

lateral meristem

This meristem is located in the stems of plants that live longer than one year

lateral meristem

Unlike other conifers, pine trees produce (Ch. 30)

leaves in clusters

air quality in remote areas is often monitored by evaluating the condition of

lichens

in harsh, exposed areas, the first colonists are often _______. they break down the rocks and facilitates the invasion of other organisms

lichens

In liverworts, the well-known flattened species are lobed and resemble _______________, whereas the ________________ form is much more common. (Ch. 29)

liver, leafy

nutrient cyclying

locally through biota globally through geo/atm processes atomically from living to non-living and back

Following their respective breeding seasons, several species of hummingbirds occur at the same locations in North America and several hummingbird flowers bloom simultaneously in these habitats. These flowers seem to have converged to a common morphology and color. Birds are most visually sensitive to the color red. Hummingbird flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds. Which of the following features of these flowers would indicate they have co-evolved with hummingbirds?

long tubular flowers flowers are colored violet and blue blooming time of the flowers coincides with the arrival of the hummingbirds flowers produce a high volume of nectar and sugar flowers are low to the ground MORE ON HUMMINGBIRD FOOD Hummingbird flowers have evolved to attract hummingbirds. They have long tubular flowers that are generally red in color. The flowers, which are generally on stalks, produce a high volume of sugar and nectar since hummingbird have a high energy requirement.

Multiple flagella emerging from the bacterial cell in the same location are known as

lophotrichous

Root pressure is highest when transpiration rate is (Ch. 36)

low

Root hairs have a ______ water potential to the soil.

lower

secondary (filtering) lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa in small intestine, tonsils

Phagocytes that can also present antigens to helper T cells are called what?

macrophages

Algae is predominantly found in

marine and freshwater environments

Algae is predominantly found in marine environments freshwater environments marine and freshwater environments/

marine and freshwater environments/

During sexual reproduction, a hyphal branch from one mycelium fuses with a hyphal branch of a different mycelium of the same species with a compatible

mating type

In land plants, the gametophyte (Ch. 29)

may be larger than the sporophyte.

Within the ovule of seed plants, meiosis occurs in the _____________________. (Ch. 30)

megasporangium

In seed plants, small spores called __________________ develop into pollen. (Ch. 30)

microspores

The organims observed in lab should fall within which range?

mm-mm or mm-nm cm-mm

Anthophyta is a ____ group because all the descendents are included in the group.

monophyletic

What are the only mammals that lay eggs?

monotremes

Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward (Ch. 29)

more embryo protection and a smaller gametophyte.

which characteristic is a unique one to animals?

movement associated with muscle tissue and nervous tissue

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have (Ch. 29)

multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

basidiomycota

mushrooms and puffballs are examples

When minerals are relocated via bulk flow in the xylem, they (Ch. 36)

must move with the upward flow of water in the xylem.

A symbiotic relationship where all organisms in the relationship benefit is known as a parasitism mutualism/ commensalism

mutualism

A mass of connected hyphae is called a ______

mycelium

The main body of a multicellular fungus is called a(n) . Listen to the complete question

mycelium

Term that describes the mass of underground fungi with tremendous surface area.

mycelium.

Term that describes the mass of underground fungi with tremendous surface area.

mycellium

A scientist who studies fungi is known as a(n) .

mycologist

Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as .

mycorrhizae

Plant roots and certain fungi engage in a very special and very old relationship termed...

mycorrhizae

Plant roots and certain fungi engage in a very special and very old relationship termed...

mycorrhizae.

is the general term for a direct infection usually of the skin and nails by various fungal species.

mycoses

naive lymphocytes

naive b cells become antibodies naive t cells become effector t cells firs become activated when exposed to antigen

Gram-________ bacteria have thin peptidoglycan cell walls enclosed by a lipopolysaccharide envelope.

negative

Typically solute potential is a _____ number.

negative

Typically water potential is a _____ number.

negative

types of leukocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

When the guard cells are turgid, the stomata are

opened

A plant with leaves arranged in pairs is said to exhibit (Ch. 35)

opposite phyllotaxy.

Animals tend to feed on prey that maximize their net energy intake. This is called the __________ theory.

optimal foraging

From the list below, the closest relative to a human would be a(n)

orangutan

From the list below, the closest relative to a human would be a(n)

orangutan HOMINOIDS AND APES o The primates consist of several groups. o Tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises used to be considered prosimians, but it is now realized that this group is paraphyletic, with tarsiers more closely related to monkeys and apes than they are to lemurs and lorises. o Anthropoids include monkeys, apes, and humans. o The monkeys fall into two groups, New World monkeys and Old World monkeys. The mandrill, despite its short tail, is an Old World monkey, not an ape. o Anthropoids that remained in Africa gave rise to two lineages: the Old World monkeys and the hominoids (apes and humans). o The apes include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees. The chimpanzees and hominids (humans and human ancestors) are sister groups.

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized into __________________, which is not characteristic of prokaryotes.

organelles

What benefit do mycorrhizal fungi receive from their plant partners?

organic nutrients

The incidence of horizontal gene transfer plants is likely enhanced by associations with (Ch. 30)

other land plants

The _____________ membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enables these organisms to resist the effects of many antibiotics.

outer or lipopolysaccharide

Fruits are defined as mature (Ch. 30)

ovaries

Organisms that have internally-fertilized eggs that are laid and develop and hatch outside the mother's body are termed what?

oviparous

Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms because, at pollination, their _____________________ are enclosed within diploid tissues, the carpel. The carpel eventually develops into a ____________________, a unique angiosperm feature. (Ch. 30)

ovules, fruit

Stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter leaves, while allowing water vapor and to exit leaves. (Ch. 35)

oxygen

A pulmonary circuit's pulmonary veins carry

oxygenated blood

A pulmonary circuit's pulmonary veins carry

oxygenated blood.

The sinoatrial node functions as a(n)

pacemaker

The sinoatrial node functions as a(n)

pacemaker.

Leaves can be arranged around the stem in a spiral, in ______________ or in ________________.(Ch. 35)

pairs, whorls

Bryophyta is a ___ group because not all the descendents are included in the group.

paraphyletic

Green algae is a ___ group because not all the descendents are included in the group.

paraphyletic

Protists are not a kingdom because they lack a shared, unique characteristic. To include them in one kingdom makes that kingdom

paraphyletic

Protists are not a kingdom because they lack a shared, unique characteristic. To include them in one kingdom makes that kingdom monophyletic paraphyletic/

paraphyletic/

An organism that gains resources from its host (thereby having a negative effect) but does not cause disease (except in some extreme cases) is called a(n) ___.

parasite

haustoria

parasitic hyphae

Another important role for protozoans is causing disease. The relationship between the host organism and the organism causing the disease is known as

parasitism

Another important role for protozoans is causing disease. The relationship between the host organism and the organism causing the disease is known as parasitism/ mutualism commensalism

parasitism/

An adult amphibian's circulatory system has what advantage over a fish's circulatory system?

partially-separate circuits for gas exchange and systemic delivery of blood.

Water is ___ transported into and out of the vacuoles in the guard cells

passively

A flower primordium develops at the end of a stalk called a (Ch. 30)

pedicel

in a lichen, the fungal partner does what

penetrates the cell wall, but not the plamsa membrane, of the photosynthetic partner

deuteromycota

penicillium, first antibiotic, accidentally discovered by Alexander Fleming

Natural colonization can happen in all of the following ways except

people plant new species on an island

Natural colonization can happen in all of the following ways except

people plant new species on an island.

Which type of opening do xylem vessels have for water to flow through?

perforation plate

Autotrophic protists include those that are

photosynthetic Chemoautotrophic

Many algae are also known as

phytoplankton

Many algae are also known as phytoplankton/ zooplankton protozoans

phytoplankton/

Which is the correct figure illustrating the action of the sodium-potassium pump?

picture

The core of parenchyma cells found at the very center of a monocot root is called the ________________. (Ch. 35)

pith

Tracheids contain small, rounded areas where no secondary wall has been deposited, called ___________________.(Ch. 35)

pits

Yesenia pestis causes

plague

Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits through improved uptake of nutrients?

plant

glomeromycetes cannot survive in the absence of a host ________

plant

In a mycorrhizal relationship, the ___ produces organic nutrients for use by the ___.

plant; fungus

fungi can form beneficial associations with

plants and animals

Your blood's liquid component that contains wastes, metabolites, hormones, ions, and a variety of proteins is called the _______________.

plasma

human blood composition

plasma 55% platelets 1% (produced in bone marrow, including leukocytes) red blood cells 45%

Specific antibodies are produced by what cells?

plasma cells

Specific antibodies are produced by what cells?

plasma cells KEYWORD specificity

The electrical signals of nerve impulses are measured across which structure?

plasma membrane of a neuron

Some animals have a body temperature that can vary with the environment, and that they cannot internally adjust/maintain. Which pair of terms describes this condition?

poikilotherms; ectotherms

Enteroviruses cause

polio

In pines, microspores are small spores that develop into (Ch. 30)

pollen

The male gametophyte in seed plants is called a (Ch. 30)

pollen grain

If the stigma of an angiosperm flower is receptive to pollination, a ___________________ __________________ emerges from the pollen grain and grows toward the micropyle. (Ch. 30)

pollen tube

Gram-_______ bacteria have thick peptidoglycan cell walls that lack a lipopolysaccharide envelope.

positive

Which of the following factors could be important in determining a species' fundamental niche? Check all that apply.

presence of a commensalist seasonal temperatures NOT soil type presence of a predator/parasite salinity

The force with which water pushes on the cell wall of a plant cell constitutes the __________________ potential component of the water potential. (Ch. 36)

pressure

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the ___ mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the ___ mycelium.

primary; secondary.

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes (Ch. 29)

produce structures that look like leaves and stems

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes (Ch. 29)

produce vascular tissue.

Which biomolecule is casein (you will need to look this up)?

protein

The epidermis is derived from a primary meristem called the______________________. In contrast, primary vascular tissues are derived from the ____________________. (Ch. 35)

protoderm, procambium

flatworm excretion

protonephridia tubules throughout body with flame cells at ends with cillia that draw fluids outside through pores

Movement in amoeba is carried out using structures called _____________________.

pseudopods

The high tensile strength of water is important for (Ch. 36)

pulling water up the transpiration stream.

Oxygenated blood is carried by which blood vessels?

pulmonary veins

A Gram-positive bacillus would be indicated by...

purple rod-shaped cells KEYWORDS o During gram staining, you use crystal violet and iodine, which stay under the peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive cells. In gram-negative cells, there are pores between sections of the peptidoglycan layer, which allow the crystal violet and iodine to escape. o You then use saffranin, which stains all of the cells. The gram-positive cells are already purple, so their color does not change much. The gram-negative cells change from clear to pink.

_______ describes the transport of substances out of the kidney tubule and into the surrounding body fluids, while _______ describes the process of transporting substances from the body fluid into the tubule.

reabsorption; secretion

The waxy cuticle and stomata on the above-ground parts of tracheophyte sporophytes function in (Ch. 29)

reduction of water loss.

The french microbiologist Louis Pasteur

refuted the idea of spontaneous generation.

Check all that apply regarding what would be included under the umbrella of "inclusive fitness".

reproduction by an another individual that practices reciprocal altruismreproduction by an another individual that practices reciprocal altruism Correct reproduction of the individualreproduction of the individual Correct reproduction by nieces and nephewsreproduction by nieces and nephews Correct reproduction by unrelated colony membersreproduction by unrelated colony members Correct reproduction by siblings

By evaluating and selecting mates with superior qualities, an animal can increase its

reproductive success

Seeds that pass through the digestive tracts of birds and mammals must have hard seed coats to (Ch. 30)

resist stomach acids and digestive enzymes

Foraminifera are

rhizarians

ascus

saclike structure in which sexual spores develop in some fungi

Mechanisms to manage ____________ stress include exclusion, dilution, and secretion.(Ch. 36)

salt

What is the process in which impulses jump from node to node?

saltatory conduction

Some protists use multiple fission (cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions) as a means of reproduction. Multiple fission is also referred to as

schizogony.

This particular cell type does not move materials through the body of the plant

schlerynchyma

This particular cell type does not move materials through the body of the plant

sclerenchyma

The _______ mycelium of basidiomycetes is heterokaryotic.

secondary

In higher plants, ___________________ provide dormancy and dispersal mechanisms along with food and protection for embryos. (Ch. 30)

seeds

Unlike the gymnosperms, the angiosperms produce (Ch. 30)

seeds within a fruit

Nematodes don't move like earthworms and simply thrash around. Earthworms (Phylum: Annelida) have much more control over movement. What feature of annelids gives them ability for more complex locomotion?

segmentation WORM MOVEMENT o Annelids are segmented worms, such as earthworms or leeches. o Nematodes are roundworms without segments. o Annelids were originally thought to be related to arthropods due to their shared segmentation, but in fact the nematodes and arthropods are more closely related.

Small cross walls between individual fungal cells of ascomycete and basidiomycete hyphae are known as ___.

septa

Arrested growth of the embryo in a mature seed is achieved through (Ch. 30)

severe desiccation of the embryo

Pick the terrestrial mollusk examples:

snails and slugs.

fungi have formed mutalistic symbioses with which of the following 1. almost all known animal species 2. invertebrate animals only 3. vertebrate animals only 4. some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, sporangia are produced on the tips of stalks called ___.

sporangiophores

during asexual reproduction in the zygomycetes, sporangia form at the tips of erect stalks called

sporangiophores

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, sporangia are produced on the tips of stalks called .

sporangiospores

Fungal can reach plants and cause infection via the wind, water, soil, and/or animal vectors.

spores

Fungal reproductive cells are called .

spores

Fungal reproductive cells are called ___.

spores

Moss sporophytes typically have a slender ______________ with a swollen capsule, known as the , _______________ at its tip. (Ch. 29)

stalk, sporangium

The earliest vascular plants contained (Ch. 29)

stems but not roots.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants conserve water in dry environments by opening _________at night. (Ch. 36)

stomata

Structural features on leaf epidermal cells, called _____________, have evolved to minimize water loss, while allowing carbon dioxide uptake. (Ch. 36)

stomata

Under mild drought conditions, plants may be stunted because (Ch. 36)

stomata are closed so carbon dioxide is not taken in for photosynthesis.

solstices

summer: sun over t of capricorn winter: sun over t of cancer

Protists are organized into the following six groups: Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, and Ophisthokonta. What are these groups called?

supergroups

Root hairs greatly increase the ____________ ________________ of a root. This results in a correspondingly high capacity for water and nutrient uptake. (Ch. 35)

surface area

lichen

symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga or cyanobacterium

mycorrhiza

symbiotic association in which a fungus lives in close contact with the roots of a plant partner

A substance moving from cell to cell through plasmodesmata is following the (Ch. 36)

symplast route

Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of

synthesizing essential organic molecules

Unlike C3 plants, CAM plants (Ch. 36)

take up CO2 at night.

Among the conifers, notable species include the coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), which is the ________________ living vascular plant and the bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva), which is the __________________ living tree. (Ch. 30)

tallest, oldest

A bird's gizzard is analogous to what structure in a mammal?

teeth

Some species of pine are adapted to their fire-prone habitats by having tightly sealed cones that open and shed their seeds only after being exposed to high _________________. This allows seedlings to take advantage of the abundant resources available after a fire. (Ch. 30)

temperatures

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another so they are difficult to pull apart; consequently water is said to have a high ________________ strength. (Ch. 36)

tensile

Foraminifera produce pore-studded shells, called _________; they are made of organic materials, reinforced with grains of ___________ _____________, sand, or even plates from the shells of invertebrate animals.

tests calcium Carbonate

What determines the carrying capacity of an environment?

the availability of resources in the environment

What determines the carrying capacity of an environment?

the availability of resources in the environment WHY The carrying capacity of an environment is determined solely by the availability of resources in the environment. It represents the maximum sustainable population size in an environment. In this respect, the carrying capacity is a feature of the habitat, not of the population.

An important difference that distinguished the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is (Ch. 29)

the lack of vascular tissue.

Coniferophyta is (Ch. 30)

the largest gymnosperm phylum

All of the greater than 100 species of pines that exist today are native to (Ch. 30)

the northern hemisphere

Difference in turgor pressure drive the transport of carbohydrates through (Ch. 36)

the phloem.

Which of the following are not true regarding how Bacteria and Archaea differ?

the presence of a nucleoid region

mycorrhizae were likely important in the colonization of land by early plants because

the soil was infertile

Oomycetes are distinguished from other protists by (SP:Chromalveolates)

the structure of their motile spores

The greatest diversity of mosses is found in (Ch. 29)

the tropics.

Bryophytes have an aquatic ancestor and this trait is indicative of this.

the use of flagellated motile sperm

Which identifies an artery versus a vein?

the vessel with more muscle tissue and elastic fibers in its wall

The most important difference between innate and acquired immunity is what?

the way in which pathogens are recognized

What feature best distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes?

they are paraphyletic

Bryophyte rhizoids are not true roots because (Ch. 29)

they are unicellular.

where do lichens grow

they can grow in places too extreme for most plants to grow

An amphibian heart has one ventricle, and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. How do amphibians deal with this potential inefficiency?

they transport oxygen through the skin

zygospore

thick-walled spores adapted to withstand unfavorable conditions

zygomycete sporangia contain which of the following

thin-walled asexual spores

annulus

this is where the cap opens up and there is scar tissue

In most angiosperms, meiosis of the megaspore mother cell produces four megaspores and (Ch. 30)

three of them disappear

When your blood clots after cutting your finger, what specific enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

thrombin

When your blood clots after cutting your finger, what specific enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

thrombin OTHER angiotensin: causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure albumin: in plasma/serum, regulates blood pressure reinin: acts on angiotesinogen catalase: catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

A mature fern sporangium disperses its spores (Ch. 29)

through a catapulting mechanism.

Hyphal growth occurs at the _________ of the hyphae and depends on digestive enzymes and osmosis.

tips, ends, or edges

Because water availability was a limiting factor for the growth of early terrestrial plant life, such plants likely had the ability to (Ch. 29)

tolerate dessication.

Conducting cells in the xylem include broad vessel members and more narrow ________________, which are tapered at their ends. (Ch. 35)

tracheids

Within the xylem, vessel members conduct water more efficiently than _______________. (Ch. 35)

tracheids

The xylem of gymnosperms is made of (Ch. 35)

tracheids only.

Sugars manufactured in leaves are distributed to other plants parts through the phloem by a process know as . (Ch. 36)

translocation

In the process of , __________________ water vapor diffuses out of the plant, mostly through the stomata.(Ch. 35)

transpiration

blood is a connective tissue

transports metabolism substances, regulates hormones from endocrine glands, regulates temp, protects against injury from toxins

Destruction of which biome would result in the greatest loss of biodiversity?

tropical rain forest

Biological organization is hierarchical. What is the broadest level of organization below?

tropical rainforest

Destruction of which biome would result in the greatest loss of biodiversity?

tropical rainforest

Air flowing close to Earth's surface creates predictable global wind patterns.

true

Viruses are self-replicating but the replication can only occur in a host cell.

true

Rotifers somtimes are called wheel animals because of their radial symmetry.

true The corona, a conspicuous ring of cilia at the anterior end, is the source of the common name "wheel animals" for rotifers because its beating cilia make it appear that a wheel is rotating around the head of the animal.

How many types of bacteria can be identified using the Gram stain?

two

What are yeasts?

unicellular fungi

cyclosporine

used in organ transplant protection

Xylem and phloem elements arise from this type of tissue?

vascular

A shared, unique trait of tracheophytes is

vascular tissue

The tissue in plants that transports water is

vascular tissue

The parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma arise from this type of tissue?

vein

The two type of cells found in the xylem are _______________ members and _______________________. (Ch. 35)

vessel, tracheids

Gnetophytes are the only gymnosperms with efficient conducting cells, called _________________ in their xylem. (Ch. 30)

vessels

Unlike other gymnosperm phyla, the gnetophytes produce (Ch. 30)

vessels in their xylem

Plasma from a sick mouse is filtered across a membrane that has a 200 nm pore size. If the filtrate is still infectious when injected into a healthy mouse, then the pathogen is most likely a(n):

virus

Plasma from a sick mouse is filtered across a membrane that has a 200 nm pore size. If the filtrate is still infectious when injected into a healthy mouse, then the pathogen is most likely a(n):

virus KEYWORDS o A traditional definition of viruses was that they were "filterable agents." That is, infectious agents that could pass through a 500 nm filter. o Some viruses, like Mimivirus or Pandoravirus, can be larger. However, anything smaller than 200 nm is likely to be a virus. o The smallest bacterium, Mycoplasma, is between 200-300 nm across.

Humans do NOT have taste buds specialized to sense what?

vitamins

Plant cell types can often be distinguished from one another based on the thickness of their cellulose cell _____________________. (Ch. 35)

walls

About 2/3s of every vertebrate's body is composed of __________.

water

Because bryphytes lack xylem and roots, they are limited in size and dispersal by

water

Most simple invertebrates obtain their oxygen by diffusion directly from the surrounding

water

Plant strategies to limit ___________ loss include dense trichomes, thick leaves, and placing stomata in pits. (Ch. 36)

water

Plants are always dealing with the trade-off between open stomata, in which CO2 is taken in but ______________ is lost, and closed stomata, in which the same compound is retained, but CO2 is not taken in. (Ch. 36)

water

When stomata are open and the atmospheric humidity is low, _____________ vapor exits the plant.(Ch. 36)

water

Which of these makes up about 2/3s of a vertebrate's body __________?

water

The production of a pollen tube eliminates the need for (Ch. 30)

water during fertilization

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more (Ch. 29)

water loss management

Evaporation of water in a leaf creates negative pressure in the xylem. This causes (Ch. 36)

water to be pulled up the stem from the roots

Most simple invertebrates obtain their oxygen by diffusion directly from the surrounding

water.

wind

what are dry spores of fungi are spread by

chitin

what are fungi cell walls made of

decomposers

what are fungi that break down complex organic substances into raw materials that other organisms can use

bacteria and fungi

what are the two major decomposers in the world

chagus disease

what causes heart problems and was probably contracted by Charles Darwin while he was on the HMS Beagle

trichocysts

what contains cytoplasmic threads

macronucleus

what controls all of the cells functions

gonylax

what creates red tide

septa

what divides the cell walls of most fungi, has a small opening between cells

food

what does the algae provide in its mutualistic relationship with fungi

moisture

what does the fungus provide in its mutualistic relationship with algae

it shoots out threads which will temporarily paralyze tiny organisms

what does the trichocysts do when the cilia are touched in the vanity of it

food, water, and heat

what does yeast need to grow

deuteromycota

what fungi has no sexual reproduction

mycorrhizae

what grows about the roots of plants and increase absorption of water and minerals; a mutualistic relationship

diatoms

what has a weird reproduction system

epiphytes

what has aerial roots ex. mistletoe and orchids

it has tripled

what has happened to the number of malaria cases since the mid 1970s

diatoms

what has the outer covering of silica

mycelium

what is a mass of hyphae

hyphae

what is a thread like filament that absorbs food

stolon

what is hyphae across the surface and connects sporangium

paramecium avoidance technique

what is it called when a paramecium hits a barrier then backs up and moves 30 degrees to the left until they move around the barrier

change shapes

what is possible bc the euglena's pellicle is flexible

positively phototropic

what is the euglena

saprophytes

what is the fungi that get their food requirements from dead or decaying organic material

toxoplasmosis

what is the fungus that lives in our lungs and can cause respiratory problems and birth defects; found in certain animals waste

amanita

what is the genus for the death cap mushroom

euglena

what is the link between animals and plants

reproduction

what is the micronucleus in charge of

lichen

what is the mutualistic relationship between an algae and a fungus

test

what is the outer covering of silica

to eliminate excess water

what is the point of the contractile vacuole

plasmodium

what is the protist that causes malaria

gametangia

what is the sexual reproduction of zygomycotes

mycology

what is the study of fungi

pellicle

what is the think outer membrane of a paramecium

mosquito

what is the vector for malaria

plasmodium

what is transmitted by anopheles mosquitos

diatom

what looks like a colorful geometric shape?

euglenophyta

what phylum is a euglena in

ciliophore

what phylum is a paramecium in

sarcodina

what phylum is an amoeba in

dinoflagellates

what produces food and O2

lacy stinkhorn

what produces the awful smell of rotting meat that attracts flies

The transpiration rate of a plant increases (Ch. 36)

when air humidity decreases.

enviromental conditions are unfavorable

when do rhizopus produces sexual zygospores

asomycota

when it sexually reproduces, it forms an ascocarp with an asci containing ascospores

basidiomycota

when it sexually reproduces, it forms basidium containing basidiospores

ascomycota and deutermoycota

when reproducing asexually, conidiophores with conidia are formed

zygomycota

when reproducing asexually, sporangia with spores are formed

on the gills

where would you find the spores on a mushroom

oomycota

which fungi has motile spores and sometimes a flagella

algae

who are the primary producers in the ocean

Flower parts are arranged in circles called__________________. (Ch. 30)

whorls

very few land in suitable areas

why might a single puffball have a trillion spores

In pines, pollen is typically moved from male to female cones by (Ch. 30)

wind

Seeds with wings are most likely dispersed by

wind

Some angiosperms have flowers that lack petals. Such species are most likely pollinated by (Ch. 30)

wind

Name the evolutionary novelty of hexapods?

wings

Name the hexapod evolutionary novelty?

wings

If you were to examine a woody stem cross section with a microscope and found the vascular cambium, the tissues on the inside of the vascular cambium ring (toward the center of the stem) would be

xylem (primary and secondary)

If you were to examine a woody stem cross section with a microscope and found the vascular cambium, the tissues on the inside of the vascular cambium ring (toward the center of the stem) would be

xylem (primary and secondary).

This primary meristem derives from what kind of tissue? Procambium (Ch. 35)

xylem and phloem tissue (Ch. 30)

Which xylem cell type do angiosperms have?

xylem tracheids

The two-hybrid system that is used to study protein interactions uses

yeast

ascomycota

yeast and truffles are examples

budding

yeast cells may reproduce by forming spores or by

budding

yeast reproduces asexually by what

Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called .

yeasts or yeast

The solute potential of pure water is (Ch. 36)

zero.

Chytridiomycota are distinguished from other fungi because they possess flagellated , released from a specialized structure called a chytridion.

zoospores

Bread molds belong to the Phylum

zygomycota

in the zygomycetes, the product of fertilization is

zygosporangium

Fusion of nuclei within the zygosproangium of a zygomycete results in the production of a(n) ___.

zygospore

fusion of nuclei within the zygosporangium of a zygomycete fungus results in the production of an

zygospore

In seed plants, the union of a female gamete with a male gamete produces a(n) (Ch. 30)

zygote

cladograms

• A cladogram shows an hypothesized evolutionary history of major groups of organisms. • New structures that are not present in all groups on the cladogram, but are present in the most recent common ancestor are called derived characteristics. • Derived characteristics are placed below the first noted organisms on a cladogram that possess those structures. • If a structure arises independently in different groups, it is placed in multiple locations on a cladogram. • When organisms independently obtain the same structure, the process is known as convergent evolution.

shark respiration

• Oxygen is required for cellular respiration. • Cellular respiration changes the energy found in glucose into usable cellular energy, which is known as ATP. • Sharks use their gills to take up oxygen. actual process • Blood is driven through the gills of a shark by the two-chambered heart of the shark, not by its swimming movements. • Carbon dioxide transport is not coupled to oxygen uptake in the gills. • Countercurrent exchange by itself does not require swimming movements. Some fish move water over their gills in other ways. • Swimming movements by sharks does move water must move over a gill in the opposite direction that blood flows through the gill. This maximizes the efficiency of gas exchange.

Match each fruit description to the way it most likely dispersed: (Ch. 30) 1. A red fleshy fruit containing seeds with a hard seed coat 2. A dry fruit with hooked spines 3. A samara or other dry fruit with wings or cottony extension 4. A fruit with air-filled chambers surrounded by impermeable membranes. Ways of dispersal: water, wind, attachment to fur or clothing, the digestive tract of vertebrate animals.

1. The digestive tract of vertebrate animals 2. Attachment to fur or clothing 3. Wind 4. Water

Match each fruit type to its example: (Ch. 30) 1. Berry 2. Drupe 3. Aggregate 4. Legume 5. Samara 6. Multiple Examples: peach, pea, pineapple, tomato, blackberry, maple

1. Tomato 2. Peach 3. Blackberry 4. Pea 5. Maple 6. Pineapple

the steps of zygomycete sexual reproduction

1. hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia 2. gametangia fuse 3. karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops 4. a dark, thick-walled zygospore develops 5. meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores

Fossil evidence of eukaryotic cells dates back to

1.5 BYA

when did microfossils appear?

1.5 BYA

Put the steps of zygomycete sexual reproduction in the right order. Start with the production of multinucleate gametangia at the top.

1.Hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia 2. Gametangia fuse 3. Karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops 4. A dark, thick-walled zygospore develops 5. Meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores

The multiplier for converting from milli to micro is

1000

What is the magnification in the ocular lens?

10x

A human's middle ear consists of what?

3 ossicle bones

Biomagnification is a significant problem in aquatic communities. The amounts of chemicals magnify (increase or accumulate) at each new link in a food chain. Use the following information to calculate the level of chemical X in the large-mouth bass. One small plant can accumulate 1 unit of chemical X. A microscopic animal eats 15 small plants. A minnow consumes 10 microscopic animals, a large-mouth bass consumes 20 minnows.

3,000 units of chemical X

Scientists are in agreement that life originated about how many years ago?

3.5 billion years ago.

Scientists are in agreement that life originated about how many years ago?

3.5 bya

Ascomycetes form reproductive spores in A. a special sac called the ascus B. gills on the basidiocarp C. sporangiophores D. the mycelium

A

Determine which of the following is correct regarding the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A. it reproduces asexually by a process called budding B. it produces an ascocarp during reproduction C. it belongs in the group Zygomycota D. all of the above

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an intracellular parasite, why can't it live on its own? A. it lacks mitochondria B. it lacks a nucleus C. it lacks DNA D. it lacks plasma membrane

A

Fungi reproduce A. both sexually and asexually B. sexually only C. asexually only D. sexually, asexually, and by fragmentation

A

The distinguishing feature of chytrids are A. motile zoospores B. a haploid gametophyte C. meiosis after fertilization D. sexual reproduction

A

Which of the following groups of fungi is NOT monophyletic? A. zygomycota B. basidiomycota C. glomeromycota D. ascomycota

A

pseudopods

A "false foot" or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans.

A puffball is an example of:which of the following?

A basidiocarp

Allomyces is what

A blastocladiomycete genus

Fossils and molecular data indicate that animals and fungi shared what

A common ancestor

Eukaryotes are distinguished from prokaryotes by the presence of which of the following?

A cytoskeleton and compartmentalization, which includes a nuclear envelope and organelles

Which of the following structures is essentially a modified stem bearing modified leaves? (Ch. 30)

A flower

A macrogynus has what

A giant mitochondria in its zoospores

Viruses are unable to reproduce without which of the following?

A host cell

Which of the following describes a bulb? (Ch. 35)

A large bud

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?

A large number of phages is released at a time.

Check each of the following sentences that describe a behavior and an explanation of the ultimate -- not proximate -- cause of the behavior.

A lizard defends its territory because that increases its odds of reproduction. An octopus mimics a dance of another species that is venomous because that increases its chances of survival. A tiger growls because it sees another tiger approaching. A rabbit runs away because it smells a predator WHY The ultimate causes of all behavior are to increase the chances of survival and/or reproduction. Proximate causes of behavior are those immediate environmental or physiological mediators of the behavior -- like other animals or signals in the brain.

Which describes mycelium?

A mass of connected hyphae

Chytridiomycosis is an example of which of the following?

A parasitic fungi-animal symbiosis

An organism that gains resources from its host and causes disease is called which of the following? (Ch. 31)

A pathogen

Which of the following statements about the fundamental and realized niche are true? Check all that apply.

A species' fundamental niche can be smaller than its realized niche.

Which of the following statements about the fundamental and realized niche are true? Check all that apply.

A species' realized niche could be the same size as its fundamental niche A species' realized niche could be smaller than its fundamental niche. A species' fundamental niche can be smaller than its realized niche. The extent of the realized niche is determined, in part, by interspecific competition. The extent of the fundamental niche is determined, in part, by conditions of the physical environment.

Match each genotype to its location in the fruit: Endosperm (Ch. 30)

A triploid product of fertilization

Diatoms

A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica

In the zygomycetes, which of the following is the product of fertilization?

A zygosporangium

In the zygomycetes, which of the following is the product of fertilization? (Ch. 31)

A zygosporangium

Which of the following are similarities that evolved independently in at least some species of both lycophytes and other vascular plants? A. A treelike growth form B. The presence of fruits and seeds C. Branched veins in leaves D. The presence of leaves (Ch. 29)

A. A treelike growth form D. The presence of leaves

Select all plant responses to flooding. A. Abnormal growth B. Increase in cellular respiration C. Oxygen levels increase D. Hormone levels change (Ch. 36)

A. Abnormal growth D. Hormone levels change

Select all functions of stomata. A. Admit carbon dioxide B. Protect from insect damage C. Prevent UV damage D. Minimize water loss (Ch. 36)

A. Admit carbon dioxide. D. Minimize water loss

What are the two most common types of mycorrhizae? A. Arbuscular mycorrhizae B. Vascular mycorrhizae C. Ectomycorrhizae D. Exomycorrhizae (Ch. 31)

A. Arbuscular mycorrhizae C. Ectomycorrhizae

Which of the following fungal phyla belong to the subdivision of the "chytrids"? A. Blastocladiomycota B. Chytridiomycota C. Neocallimastigomycota D. Ascomycota (Ch. 31)

A. Blastocladiomycota B. Chytridiomycota C. Neocallimastigomycota

Which of the following fruits have a fleshy pericarp? A. Drupes B. Berries C. Legumes D. Samaras (Ch. 30)

A. Drupes B. Berries

Choose all components of fern sporophytes. A. Fronds B. Fiddleheads C. Antheridia D. Rhizomes (Ch. 29)

A. Fronds B. Fiddleheads D. Rhizomes

Choose all components of the water potential of a solution in a plant cell. A. Gravity B. Aquaporins C. Solute concentration D. Pressure E. Osmosis (Ch. 36)

A. Gravity C. Solute concentration D. Pressure

Identify the photosynthetic organisms that could be part of a lichen. A. Green algae B. Cyanobacteria C. Ascomycetes D. Moss (Ch. 31)

A. Green algae B. Cyanobacteria

Select all true statements about lycophytes. A. In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant. B. Lycophytes produce small seeds on their gametophytes. C. Lycophytes contain all modern ferns. D. Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues. (Ch. 29)

A. In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant. D. Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues.

Select all true statements about osmosis. A. It involves the movement of water molecules. B. It requires ATP C. It requires a membrane. D. It occurs across plasmodesmata. (Ch. 36)

A. It involves the movement of water molecules. C. It requires a membrane.

Select all true statements about transpiration. A. It is driven by evaporation B. It results from ion transport into xylem vessels C. It requires energy input from the plant D. It creates tension in the xylem (Ch. 36)

A. It is driven by evaporation D. It creates tension in the xylem

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals. A. Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi B. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in association with aphids C. Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals D. Corals that associate with saltwater fungi (Ch. 31)

A. Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi C. Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water. A. Less water availability in a terrestrial environment B. More predators in land-based ecosystems C. The inability to produce chlorophyll in a high oxygen environment D. Higher levels of UV light on land (Ch. 29)

A. Less water availability in a terrestrial environment D. Higher levels of UV light on land

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants. A. Lycophylls B. Prophylls C. Euphylls D. Pseudophylls(Ch. 29)

A. Lycophylls C. Euphylls

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue (Ch. 29) A. minerals B. Ribosomes C. Hormones D. Water E. Sucrose

A. Minerals C. Hormones D. Water E. Sucrose

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants? A. Multicellular haploid and diploid generations B. Diploid embryos C. Flowers and seeds D. The ability to photosynthesize E. Conspicuous sporophytes and microscopic gametophytes(Ch. 29)

A. Multicellular haploid and diploid generations B. Diploid embryos D. The ability to photosynthesize

Choose all that contribute to the surface area through which a plant can absorb water. A. Mycorrhizae B. Trichomes C. Stomata D. Root hairs (Ch. 36)

A. Mycorrhizae D. Root hairs

Which of the following are advantages provided by seeds? A. Providing a food source for the growing embryo B. Introducing a dormant phase into the life cycle C. Promoting outcrossing by attracting pollinators D. Protecting the embryo E. Facilitating dispersal (Ch. 30)

A. Providing a food source for the growing embryo B. Introducing a dormant phase into the life cycle D. Protecting the embryo E. Facilitating dispersal

Which of the following are reproductive structures found in fungi? A. Puffballs B. Toadstools C. Cell walls D. Mushrooms (Ch. 31)

A. Puffballs B. Toadstools D. Mushrooms

Select all true statements about fern gametophytes. A. Rhizoids anchor them to their substrate. B. They produce spores by mitosis. C. They contain archegonia and antheridia. D. They are not photosynthetic.

A. Rhizoids anchor them to their substrate. C. They contain archegonia and antheridia.

Which of the following human diseases are caused by fungi? A. Ringworm B. Cholera C. Athlete's foot D. Diphtheria (Ch. 31)

A. Ringworm C. Athlete's foot

Select all examples of basidiomycetes. A. Rusts B. Toadstools C. Chytrids D. Morels E. Puffballs F. Mushrooms(Ch. 31)

A. Rusts B. Toadstools E. Puffballs F. Mushrooms

Select all ways in which plants can manage salt balance in a high salinity environment. A. Secretion B. Storage C. Dilution D. Exclusion (Ch. 36)

A. Secretion C. Dilution D. Exclusion

Select all reasons that seeds represent an important adaptation in higher plants: A. Seeds contain stored food for young plants B. Seeds enhance the probability for fertilization C. Seeds remain dormant under unfavorable conditions D. Seeds provide protection to young plants E. Seeds act as dispersal vehicles (Ch. 30)

A. Seeds contain stored food for young plants C. Seeds remain dormant under unfavorable conditions D. Seeds provide protection to young plants E. Seeds act as dispersal vehicles

Choose all functions of xylem. A. Structural support B. Mineral transport C. Photosynthesis D. Sugar transport E. Water transport (Ch. 35)

A. Structural support B. Mineral transport E. Water transport

Select all functions typically performed by ground tissue cells. A. Support B. Transport C. Reproduction D. Photosynthesis E. Storage (Ch. 35)

A. Support D. Photosynthesis E. Storage

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives. A. The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces B. The presence of chlorophyll for photosynthesis C. The presence of stomata for gas exchange D. The presence of specialized water transporting tissues (Ch. 29)

A. The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces C. The presence of stomata for gas exchange D. The presence of specialized water transporting tissues

Choose all places where you are likely to find mosses. A. The tropics B. Near cities C. In peat bogs D. In lakes (Ch. 29)

A. The tropics C. In peat bogs

Select all true statements about hornworts. A. Their sporophytes have stomata. B. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. C. Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. D. They are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. E. Their cells contain multiple small chloroplasts. (Ch. 29)

A. Their sporophytes have stomata. B. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. C. Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants.

Select all features of meristematic cells. A. They are capable of cell division. B. They have dense cytoplasm. C. They have relatively large nuclei. D. They are distributed evenly throughout the plant. (Ch. 35)

A. They are capable of cell division. B. They have dense cytoplasm. C. They have relatively large nuclei.

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns. A. They form antheridia and archegonia B. They lack vascular tissue C. They require free water for fertilization D. They produce a large gametophyte (Ch. 29)

A. They form antheridia and archegonia C. They require free water for fertilization

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes. (Ch. 29) A. They lack true leaves. B. They are tiny. C. They lack stems. D. They are photosynthetic (green).

A. They lack true leaves. D. They are photosynthetic (green).

Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves. A. They lack veins B. They lack a midrib C. They lack stomata D. Most of their surface is one cell layer thick (Ch. 29)

A. They lack veins C. They lack stomata D. Most of their surface is one cell layer thick

Select all ecological benefits of decomposer fungi. A. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae. B. They provide a substrate for photosynthetic algae. C. They remove organic debris. D. They release minerals into the soil. E. They convert sugars into alcohol. (Ch. 31)

A. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae. C. They remove organic debris. D. They release minerals into the soil.

Select all features of plant cells that are used to distinguish among cell types. A. Vacuole size B. Thickness of secretions in the cell wall C. Whether cells are alive at maturity D. Size of chloroplasts E. Number of mitochondria (Ch. 35)

A. Vacuole size B. Thickness of secretions in the cell wall C. Whether cells are alive at maturity

Select all that describe the arrangement of leaves around a stem. A. Whorled B. Alternate C. Internodally D. Opposite E. Axillary (Ch. 35)

A. Whorled B. Alternate D. Opposite

Select the three clades of vascular plants. A. Seed plants B. Bryophytes C. Lycophytes D. Pterophytes

A. seed plants C. Lycophytes D. Pterophytes

What plant hormone mediates stomatal closure during daytime water stress? (Ch. 36)

Abscisic acid

Cavitation in the xylem water column results from which of the following? (Ch. 36)

Air bubbles

Which of these is not true regarding the ecological importance of fungi.

All can exist in symbiotic relationships.

Microsporidia are sister to what

All other fungi

Which of the following is a branch of the supergroup Chromalveolata that is distinguished from other protists by the presence of flattened vesicles stacked in a continuous layer beneath their plasma membrane?

Alveolates

In members of the branch of supergroup Chromalveolata known as the alveolates, a common trait is the presence of flattened vesicles below the plasma membrane called which of the following?

Alveoli

Early earth experiments by Miller-Urey and others produces what in their work?

Amino Acids

Choose the group includes birds, mammals, and reptiles but none of the other chordates?

Amniotes

The SAR clade is an unranked supergroup that includes all of the following except

Amoebozoans

The SAR clade is an unranked supergroup that includes all of the following except Amoebozoans/ Alveolates Rhizarians Stramenopiles

Amoebozoans/

The whorl of a flower that contains male parts is called the ____________________. It consists of stamens, each of which is composed of a pollen-bearing sac called a(n) _______________ on a stalk called a(n) ____________________. (Ch. 30)

Androecium, anther, filament

Fungi are more closely related to what

Animals

Fungi are most closely related to which of the following

Animals

Fungi are most closely related to which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Animals

In mosses, male gametangia are called ______________, while female gametangia are called _______________. (Ch. 29)

Antheridia, archegonia

The epidermis derives from which of the following? (Ch. 35)

Apical meristem

This meristem is located in the root and shoot tips.

Apical meristem

Spore-forming parasites of animals that are characterized by a structure at one end of the cell that facilitates the invasion of a host are members of what group?

Apicomplexans

Euglenozoans include all of the following except

Apicoplexans

Euglenozoans include all of the following except Apicoplexans/ Euglenids Kinetoplastids

Apicoplexans/

A substance that moves through the space between cells is following the ______________ route. (Ch. 36)

Apoplast

The bulk flow of water across membranes is faster than predicted by osmosis alone because water can move through specialized channels called ________________. (Ch. 36)

Aquaporins

What types of plants typically form aerenchyma? (Ch. 36)

Aquatic plants

What are chytrids

Aquatic, fungi that are closely related to ancestral fungi

A mycorrhizal association in which the fungus grows in the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane of a plant root is called a(n) _______ mycorrhizae.

Arbuscular

A mycorrhizal association in which the fungus grows in the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane of a plant root is called a(n) ____________________ mycorrhizae. (Ch. 31)

Arbuscular

The glomeromycetes form intracellular associations with plant roots, called ______ mycorrhizae.

Arbuscular

Which of the following has hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root, forming distinct structures, such as minute branches?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Which of the following has hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root, forming distinct structures, such as minute branches? (Ch. 31)

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

What are the two most common types of mycorrhizae?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae

Bacteria and __________ are collectively referred to as prokaryotes

Archaea

Which of the following are true?

Archaea are phylogenetically closer to Bacteria than to Eukaryotes Bacteria are phylogenetically closer to Eukaryotes than Archaea Archaea are phylogenetically closer to the Eukaryotes than to Bacteria

Although bacteria and archaea are very similar, they differ in several key areas. Which of the following is a key difference in their plasma membrane?

Archaeal membrane lipids contain ester bonds.

In addition to the base, which part should be held when carrying a microscope?

Arm

Most lichen is composed of cyanobacteria and/or green algae and fungi from the Phylum .

Ascomycetes

Most lichen is composed of cyanobacteria and/or green algae and fungi from the Phylum _________

Ascomycetes

Most lichen is composed of cyanobacteria and/or green algae and fungi from the Phylum _____________.(Ch. 31)

Ascomycetes

Most yeast are what

Ascomycetes

This fungal phylum undergoes meiosis followed by mitosis to produce eight haploid spores in a sac.

Ascomycetes

This fungal phylum undergoes meiosis followed by mitosis to produce eight haploid spores in a sac. (Ch. 31)

Ascomycetes

Which of the following contain truffles and morels?

Ascomycetes

Bread yeasts, cup fungi, common molds, morels, and fungi that produce penicillin are all members of what phylum?

Ascomycota

The sac fungi comprise the phylum (Ch. 31)

Ascomycota

Which of the following fungal phyla does not belong to the subdivision of the "chytrids"?

Ascomycota

Which one of these groups is not one of the six supergroups that protists are contained in?

Ascomycota

Bread yeasts, cup fungi, common molds, morels, and fungi that produce penicillin are all members of what phylum?

Ascomycota / Ascomycetes

Ascomycetes produce sexual spores within a sac called a(n)

Ascus

Ascomycetes undergo karyogamy within a characteristic saclike structure called what

Ascus

In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within a microscopic, saclike structure called the _________

Ascus

In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within a microscopic, saclike structure called the _______________. (Ch. 31)

Ascus

The phylum Ascomycota derives its name from the production of microscopic sacs called ________________, which carry sexual spores. (Ch. 31)

Ascus

The sac that contains sexual spores in ascomycetes is called which of the following?

Ascus

The sac that contains sexual spores in ascomycetes is called which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Ascus

Basidiomycetes are fungi with which of the following?

Aseptate hyphae and club-shaped fruiting bodies

Spores are formed by what two things

Asexual and sexual reproduction

How does yeast reproduce

Asexually by budding

Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called ______________. (Ch. 31)

Asocarps

Aflatoxin is one of the most carcinogenic compounds known. It is produced by which fungus? (Ch. 31)

Aspergillus

A grasshopper sitting on a bush pumping its abdomen is likely doing what?

Assisting gas exchange in the tracheal system

What are mycorrhizae?

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

What are mycorrhizae? (Ch. 31)

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

Where do zygomycete sporangia form during asexual reproduction?

At the tips of sporangiophores

When the body's defensive cells fail to make the self versus the nonself distinction correctly, and attack the body's own tissues are referred to as what kind of diseases?

Autoimmune

Lichens are mutualistic associations between A. fungi and plants B. fungi and algae C. fungi and insects D. fungi and coral

B

Meiosis in basidiomycetes occurs in the A. hyphae B. basidia C. mycelium D. basidiocarp

B

More than half of the described fungal species are in the A. basidiomycota B. ascomycota C. zygomycota D. chytridiomycota

B

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fungi kingdom? A. heterotrophic B. cellulose cell wall C. nuclear mitosis D. nonmotile sperm

B

Zygomycetes are different from other fungi because they do NOT produce A. a mycelium B. fruiting bodies C. a heterokaryon D. a sporangium

B

Select all examples of conditions that can stimulate seed germination in angiosperms: A. Presence of heavy metals B. A heavy rainfall C. Exposure to fire D. Passage through an animal digestive tract (Ch. 30)

B. A heavy rainfall C. Exposure to fire D. Passage through an animal digestive tract

Choose the answers that describe the typical shapes of moss sporangia. A. Umbrella-like B. Cylindrical C. Lobed D. Club-shaped (Ch. 29)

B. Cylindrical D. Club-shaped

Bryophytes are particularly common in what areas? A. Arctic regions B. Damp forest floors C. Grasslands D. Moist areas of the tropics E. Near stream beds (Ch. 29)

B. Damp forest floors D. Moist areas of the tropics E. Near stream beds (Ch. 29)

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes? A. The ability to conduct photosynthesis B. Diploid embryos C. Multicellular gametophytes D. Vascular tissue E. Multicellular sporophytes (Ch. 29)

B. Diploid embryos C. Multicellular gametophytes E. Multicellular sporophytes

Seeds are typically able to disperse from the mainland to a distant island such as Hawaii through which of the following? A. Attaching to the fur of mammals B. Floating across the water C. Adhering to the feathers of birds D. Blowing through the air E. Riding in the digestive tracts of birds (Ch. 30)

B. Floating across the water C. Adhering to the feathers of birds D. Blowing through the air E. Riding in the digestive tracts of birds

Select all possible products of primordia produced by the shoot apical meristem. A. Fruits B. Flowers C. Other shoots D. Leaves (Ch. 35)

B. Flowers C. Other shoots D. Leaves

Select all functions of mucigel (the mucilaginous substance secreted by root cap cells). A. It strengthens the cell wall B. It supports beneficial bacteria C. It serves as a lubricant D. It senses gravity (Ch. 35)

B. It supports beneficial bacteria C. It serves as a lubricant

Choose all features of the alga ancestor of land plants. A. Possessed tracheids B. Photosynthetic C. Had a waxy cuticle D. Lived in freshwater (Ch. 29)

B. Photosynthetic D. Lived in freshwater

Select all plant adaptations to drought, including those that limit water loss. (Ch. 36) A. Stomata only on the upper leaf surface B. Stomata located in pits on the leaf surface C. Lack of trichomes D. Hard, thick leaves E. Loss of leaves F. Dormancy

B. Stomata located in pits on the leaf surface D. Hard, thick leaves E. Loss of leaves F. Dormancy

Select all true statements about bryophytes. A. They produce xylem and phloem B. The gametophyte generation is more conspicuous than the sporophyte C. They undergo meiosis to produce spores D. They are found in only a few types of environments worldwide (Ch. 29)

B. The gametophyte generation is more conspicuous than the sporophyte C. They undergo meiosis to produce spores

Select all features of meristems. A. They are the only plant cells that can undergo meiosis to produce a plant's gametes B. They are composed of undifferentiated cells C. Cells in meristems can divide an indefinite number of times D. Each meristem produces only one cell type (Ch. 35)

B. They are composed of undifferentiated cells C. Cells in meristems can divide an indefinite number of times

Select all features of ginkgophytes: A. They have vessels in their xylem. B. They have flagellated sperm. C. They produce seeds. D. They are dioecious. E. They produce fruits. (Ch. 30)

B. They have flagellated sperm. C. They produce seeds. D. They are dioecious

Select all features of liverworts. A. They may possess stomata. B. They may be leafy or lobed. C. Sexual reproduction is rare. D. Gametophytes have rhizoids. (Ch. 29)

B. They may be leafy or lobed. D. Gametophytes have rhizoids.

Which statement about fungal cells is true? (Ch. 31) A. They may have one or two nuclei, but not more. B. They may have one, two, or more nuclei. C. They always have two nuclei, unlike other eukaryotic cells. D. They always have only one nucleus, just like other eukaryotic cells.

B. They may have one, two, or more nuclei.

Select all adaptive features of seeds. A. They carry out photosynthesis. B. They nourish the embryo. C. They protect the embryo. D. They can repair mutations. (Ch. 29)

B. They nourish the embryo. C. They protect the embryo.

Which of the following are features of fungi? A. They can only divide through meiosis B. They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients. C. Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. D. They are characterized by autotrophic nutrition. E. They are more closely related to animals than to plants. (Ch. 31)

B. They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients. C. Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. E. They are more closely related to animals than to plants.

Select all cell types that typically carry minerals via bulk transport upwards in a plant. A. Sieve tube members B. Tracheids C. Vessel elements D. Companion cells (Ch. 36)

B. Tracheids C. Vessel elements

Select all features of fern sporophytes. A. Seed-bearing B. Vascular C. Photosynthetic D. Multicellular

B. Vascular C. Photosynthetic D. Multicellular

Choose all correct answers. In plants, A. the gametophyte can be large or small. B. the gametophyte is never large. C. the sporophyte may be large or small. D. the sporophyte is never large. (Ch. 29)

B. the gametophyte is never large. C. the sporophyte may be large or small.

Which of the following viruses uses the cellular machinery of a bacterium for its own replication?

Bacteriophage

Icosahedral capsid structure?

Bacteriophage T4 Poliovirus Influenza virus

The four general types of reproductive structures formed by fungi are: motile zoospores, zygosporangia, ______ , and ______.

Basidia ; Asci

Mushrooms and puffballs are examples of which of the following?

Basidiomycetes

Mushrooms and puffballs are examples of which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Basidiomycetes

Mushrooms and puffballs are examples of which of the following?

Basidiomycetes *other examples include toadstools and rusts

The dikaryon stage occurs primarily in which of the following fungi?

Basidiomycetes and ascomycetes

What are the fungal components in ectomycorrhizae

Basidiomycetes and some that are ascomycetes

Club-shaped reproductive cells called basidia are produced on the undersides of fruiting bodies in fungi within the phylum

Basidiomycota

Sexual reproduction in the basidiomycetes produces which of the following?

Basidiospores

The function of the ascus is identical to what

Basidium

What do chytrids include

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

What are ectomycorrhizae?

Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi

What are ectomycorrhizae? (Ch. 31)

Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi

Where do the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow?

Between the cell wall and plasma membrane of the plant root cell

Where do the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow? (Ch. 31)

Between the cell wall and plasma membrane of the plant root cell

Neocallimastigomycetes are useful in the production of what

Biofuels

Which of the following is a zygomycete?

Black bread mold

What type of light induces stomata to open as sunlight increases the need for evaporative cooling? (Ch. 36)

Blue

Snails and clams are very different looking. What evidence groups them together?

Both have a mantle capable of secreting calcium carbonate.

It is often more difficult to treat human diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria due to which of the billowing?

Both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

It is often more difficult to treat human diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria due to which of the billowing? (Ch. 31)

Both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

It is often more difficult to treat human diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria due to which of the following?

Both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

Bob studies bacteria. How are Bob and the bacteria he studies similar?

Both obtain carbon from consuming organic molecules.

The concept of endosymbiosis is widely accepted. What kind of relationship is it?

Both organisms in the partnership benefit.

How do fungi reproduce?

Both sexually and asexually

Select all members of the phylum Ascomycetes.

Bread yeasts Morels Cup fungi Penicillium

Select all members of the phylum Ascomycetes.

Bread yeasts Penicillium Morels Cup fungi

More specifically, which type of microscope will be used in lab?

Brightfield

Mark the following statements that are true regarding brown algae.

Brown algae are the protist group that is most closely related to trees. Brown algae have haplodiplontic lifecycles. Brown algae provide food and shelter for many types of organisms. Brown algae are terrestrial.

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the nontracheophytes, called the ________________. (Ch. 29)

Bryophytes

How do ferns produce haploid spores? (Ch. 29)

By meiosis in sporangia

How is reproduction in allomyces enhanced

By the secretion of a pheromone

Appraise the fungal relationship between a forrest tree and a basidiomycete and determine the most suitable classification for the symbiosis A. parasitism only B. an arbuscular mycorrhizae C. ectomycorrhizae D. minerals

C

Glomeromycota fungi are obligate plant symbionts, this means A. they harm the plant B. they grow best when associated with the plant C. the cannot live without a plant symbiont D. they are parasites

C

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that seen in other multicellular organisms in that A. the spindle apparatus if formed outside the nucleus B. there is no DNA replication between mitotic divisions C. the nuclear envelop does not break down D. centrioles regulate the formation of microtubules

C

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a fungus? A. cell walls made of chitin B. a form of mitosis different from plants and animals C. ability to conduct photosynthesis D. filamentous structure

C

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals. A. Corals that associate with saltwater fungi B. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in association with aphids C. Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals D. Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi (Ch. 31)

C. Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals D. Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi

Which of the following is true of gamete production in humans and land plants? (Ch. 29) A. Gametes are formed by meiosis in land plants B. Gametes are formed by mitosis in humans. C. Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants D. Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans.

C. Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants D. Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans

Select all components of a fertilized angiosperm ovule. A. Ovary B. Microsporangium C. Integument D. Endosperm E. Embryo (Ch. 30)

C. Integument D. Endosperm E. Embryo

Which of the following are examples of conifers? A. Cycads B. Ginkgo C. Sequoia D. Hemlock E. Pinus (Ch. 30)

C. Sequoia D. Hemlock E. Pinus

Select all structures produced by mosses. (Ch. 29) A. Leaves B. Roots C. Sporangia D. Rhizoids

C. Sporangia D. Rhizoids

Select all major limiting factors for the establishment of early terrestrial plant life. A. Soil nutrients B. Sunlight C. Water availability D. Carbon dioxide (Ch. 29)

C. Water availability D. Carbon dioxide

Select all that happen through stomata (assume this question is about a plant which is actively photosynthesizing during the day). A. Carbon dioxide exits leaves. B. Water is absorbed into leaves. C. Water vapors exit leaves. D. Oxygen enters leaves. E. Carbon dioxide enters leaves. F. Oxygen exits leaves. (Ch. 35)

C. Water vapors exit leaves. E. Carbon dioxide enters leaves. F. Oxygen exits leaves.

CHAPTER 29 - SEEDLESS PLANTS

CHAPTER 29 - SEEDLESS PLANTS

CHAPTER 30 - SEED PLANTS

CHAPTER 30 - SEED PLANTS

CHAPTER 35 - PLANT FORM

CHAPTER 35 - PLANT FORM

CHAPTER 36 - PLANT TRANSPORT - XYLEM AND PHLOEM

CHAPTER 36 - PLANT TRANSPORT - XYLEM AND PHLOEM

__________ combines with water to form carbonic acid in tissue capillaries, which after being transported to the lungs, dissociates back to its constituents.

CO2

Order the four zones in a developing root starting at the top with the zone at the tip of the root. (Ch. 35) 1. zone of cell division 2. zone of maturation 3. zone of elongation 4. root cap

CORRECT ORDER 1. Root cap 2. Zone of cell division 3. Zone of elongation 4. Zone of maturation

Order the steps that lead to early morning guttation, beginning with the first step at the top. (Ch. 36) 1. Water follows the ions into the interior of the root 2. Water is pushed upward in the xylem 3. Droplets of water are observed on leaves 4. Root xylem accumulates high concentrations of ions

CORRECT ORDER 1. Root xylem accumulates high concentrations of ions 2. Water follows the ions into the interior of the root 3. Water is pushed upward in the xylem 4. Droplets of water are observed on leaves

Place the following plant structures in the correct order based on how water moves through them starting at the top of the list with the entry of water into a plant. (Ch. 36) 1. Root 2. Stomata 3. Leaves 4. Xylem

CORRECT ORDER: 1. Roots 2. Xylem 3. Leaves 4. Stomata

Place the whorls of a flower in order, from outer to inner layers. Start with the outermost layer at the top. (Ch. 30) 1. Sepals 2. Carpels 3. Stamens 4. Petals

CORRECT ORDER: 1. Sepals 2. Petals 3. Stamens 4. Carpels

Put the steps involved in sexual reproduction in ASCOMYCETES in the proper order. Start with the mating of hyphae at the top. (Ch. 31) 1. A dikaryotic myceliium produces an ascocarp 2. Ascospores are released 3. Hyphae mate 4. Nuclei in an ascus fuse by karyogamy 5. Meiosis occurs

CORRECT order 1. Hyphae mate 2. A dikaryotic mycelium produces an ascocarp 3. Nuclei in an ascus fuse by karyogamy 4. Meiosis occurs 5. Ascospores are released

Put the steps of ZYGOMYCETE sexual reproduction in the right order. Start with the production of multinucleate gametangia at the top. (Ch. 31) 1. A dark, thick-walled zygospore develops 2. Gametangia fuse 3. Hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia 4. Karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops 5. Meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores

CORRECT order: 1. Hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia 2. Gametangia fuse 3. Karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops 4. A dark, thick-walled zygospore develops 5. Meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores

Which of the following are used by foraminifera to reinforce their tests? (SP: Rhizaria)

Calcium carbonate Pieces from shells of marine invertebrates Sand grains

Which of the following are features of fungi?

Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients. They are more closely related to animals than to plants.

A _______is the protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core of a virus.

Capsid

The gynoecium of a flower is often divided into compartments called ________________. (Ch. 30)

Carpels

____________________ strips in root endodermal cells contain suberin to limit the movement of minerals and water.(Ch. 36)

Casparian

When a gas-filled bubble blocks a xylem element, dehydration and plant death can occur as a result of which of the following? (Ch. 36)

Cavitation

t cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

How does the zone of elongation contribute to the lengthening of roots? (Ch. 35)

Cells in the zone of elongation become several times longer than wide.

Dinoflagellate cells are usually encased in plates made of a _________-like material.

Cellulose

The cell walls of plants contain what

Cellulose

In most fungi, spindle plaques substitute for which of the following?

Centrioles

What group of protists primarily dwell in the soil, use either flagella or pseudopods for movement, and sometimes have shells made of silica?

Cercozoans

What statement best explains why the Euglenozoa cannot be classified as either plant-like or animal-like protists?

Certain types are heterotrophic and others are autotrophic.

The _______________ is a group of approximately _____ species whose cells undergo __________ similar to land plants.

Charales, 300, mitosis

The archaeplastid group that shares a common ancestor with the land plants is

Charophytes

which taxonomic group are scorpions in? Hint: they have a prosoma, pedipalps that are modified into claws, and chelicerae.

Chelicerata

Chloroplasts are have their own genetic information, are about the size of a bacterium, and reproduce separately from a plant's nucleus. Determine which statement(s) are true. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY

Chloroplasts are free living organisms. Chloroplasts are cyanobacteria.} Chloroplasts are likely descendents of photosynthetic bacteria. Chloroplasts likely have an endosymbiotic origin.

The supergroup Opisthokonta includes which of the following?

Choanoflagellates Fungi Animals

Select the following phylum that includes coelomate, bilaterian animals that have a structure called a notochord.

Chordata

Which of the following describes mitosis?

Chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells.

What is a unique carbohydrate produced by diatoms? (SP:Chromalveolates)

Chrysolaminarin

______ are flagellated fungi

Chytids

What is an example of parasitic fungi-animal symbiosis

Chytridiomycosis

Blastomycetes and neocallimastigomycetes were formerly grouped with what

Chytrids

Centrioles are absent in all fungi except what

Chytrids

Centrioles are only produced by which of the following?

Chytrids

Motile zoospores are a distinguishing character of what

Chytrids

What fungal group produces flagellated spores?

Chytrids

What are the four fungi phyla

Chytrids, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes

An olympic rowing team consisting of 8 oarsmen would be analogous to movement by what?

Cilia

Which of the following are methods and/or structures that protists utilize for movement?

Cilia Pseudopods Flagella

Which of the following are features of at least some ciliates? (SP:Chromalveolates)

Cilia for locomotion Contractile and food vacuoles A macronucleus and a micronucleus Alveoli under the plasma membrane

What are basidia?

Club-shaped cells that produce basidiospores

Select the characteristic that distinguishes basidiomycetes from other fungi?

Club-shaped sexual reproductive structures

Select the characteristic that distinguishes basidiomycetes from other fungi? (Ch. 31)

Club-shaped sexual reproductive structures

Which bacterial cell shape is always found in arrangements with other bacterial cells?

Cocci

spherical shaped bacteria

Coccus

Identify the three basic forms of prokaryotes.

Coccus Bacillus Spirillum

The _________________ is a group of approximately _____ species whose cells have connections called __________________ similar to land plants.

Coleochaetales, 30, plasmodesmata

The asexual spores produced by ascomycetes are called _______

Conidia

The asexual spores produced by ascomycetes are called ____________________. (Ch. 31)

Conidia

Firs, cedars, cypresses, spruces, and pines are all members of what phylum? (Ch. 30)

Coniferophyta

The largest gymnosperm phylum is (Ch. 30)

Coniferophyta

The tallest living vascular plant and the oldest living tree are both members of what seed plant phylum? (Ch. 30)

Coniferophyta

Which of the following would you be most likely to find growing in areas with cold temperatures and low precipitation? (Ch. 30)

Conifers

Bark, which is thicken, toughen periderm, arises from this lateral meristem?

Cork cambium

Put the steps of BASIDIMYCETE sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top. (Ch. 31) 1. Basidia form in the basidiocarp 2. Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy 3. Compatible hyphae mate and a dikaryotic mycelium is formed 4. Basidiospores are formed and released 5. Meiosis occures

Correct order: 1. Compatible hyphae mate and a dikaryotic mycelium is formed 2. Basidia form in the basidiocarp 3. Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy 4. Meiosis occures 5. Basidiospores are formed and released

Place the following groups of plants in order according to the sizes of their gametophytes, with the group having the smallest gametophyte at the top. (Ch. 29) 1. Ferns 2. Mosses 3. Seed Plants

Correct order: 1.Seed plants 2. Ferns 3. Mosses

The tissue just inside the root epidermis is called __________. (Ch. 35)

Cortex

All vascular plant sporophytes have a waxy ______________ and pores called ________________ to help prevent water loss. (Ch. 29)

Cuticle, stomata

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing ___________________. (Ch. 29)

Cyanobacteria

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing _______________________. (Ch. 29)

Cyanobacteria

This group of gymnosperms resembles palm trees. (Ch. 30)

Cycads

Some hyphae are continuous or branching tubes filled with what two things

Cytoplasm and multiple nuclei

A fungal cell that contains two genetically different nuclei would be classified as A. monokaryotic B. bikaryotic C. homokaryotic D. heterokaryotic

D

Based on physical characteristics, the ___________ represent the most ancient phylum of fungi A. Basidiomycota B. Zygomycota C. Ascomycota D. Glomeromycota

D

Choose which of the following best reflects the symbiotic relationship between animals and fungi A. protection from bacteria B. colonization of land C. protection from desiccation D. exchange of nutrients

D

Chytridiomycota and their close relatives include members that A. use sex pheromones B. are a danger to frogs C. digest cellulose D. all of the above

D

In a culture of hyper of unknown origin you notice that the hyphae lack septa and that the fungi reproduce asexually by using clumps of erect stalks. However, at times sexual reproduction can be observed. To what group of fungi would you assign it? A. Chytridiomycota B. Basidiomycota C. Ascomycota D. Zygomycota

D

Microsporidia are A. protists B. cellulose digestors C. flagellated D. intracellular parasites

D

Mycorrhizae help plants obtain A. water B. oxygen C. carbohydrates D. minerals

D

Symbiotic relationships occur between the fungi and A. plants B. bacteria C. animals D. all of the above

D

The gills of a mushroom A. extract oxygen from the atmosphere B. contain the spores C. are the mature adult form the fungus D. are diploid

D

Which of the following species of fungi is not associated with diseases in humans? A. Pneumocyctis jiroveci B. Aspergillus flavus C. Candida albicans D. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

D

Which pathogenic fungus colonizes humans? A. Aspergillus flavus B. Ustilago mayday C. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis D. Pneumocyctis jiroveci

D

Which of the following is not a fungal group? A. Chytridiomycota B. Glomeromycota C. Ascomycota D. Poriferamycota E. Zygomycota (Ch. 31)

D. Poriferamycota

Viral genomes may be composed of _____ or______ and may ________-stranded or _______-stranded

DNA;RNA Single;Double

Which describes vessel elements and tracheids at maturity? (Ch. 35)

Dead

Most zygomycete fungi are which of the following

Decomposers

Most zygomycete fungi are which of the following?

Decomposers

Most zygomycete fungi are which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Decomposers

The epidermis, cuticle, guard cells, root hairs and trichomes arise from this type of tissue?

Dermal

The arrangement of flowers on the stem with the oldest flowers near the end of the shoot is

Determinate inflorescence

Stramenopile protists with elaborately ornamented double shells made of silica are called which of the following? (SP:Chromalveolates)

Diatoms or Bacillariophyceae

Because of its simple developmental system, this cellular slime mold is used as a model organism in studies of cell differentiation.

Dictyostelium discoideum

This type of staining includes two types of dyes being used

Differential

Cellular slime molds are important model organisms used in the study of cell _____

Differentiation

Neocallimastigomycetes help ruminant animals in how

Digesting cellulose from plants

Teliospores are

Dikaryon

Urediniospores are

Dikaryon

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

Dikaryon stage

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes? (Ch. 31)

Dikaryon stage

A fungal mycelium containing two separate nuclei that divide at each cell division is said to be _______________. (Ch. 31)

Dikaryotic

A fungal mycelium containing two separate nuclei that divide at each cell division is said to be _________________. (Ch. 31)

Dikaryotic

A hypha that has two nuclei is called what

Dikaryotic

Fused hyphae has what kind of karyotype? (Ch. 31)

Dikaryotic

Mated hyphae matches what karyotype? (Ch. 31)

Dikaryotic

Basidia has what kind of karyotype? (Ch. 31)

Dikaryotic then diploid

What is the main function of succulent leaves in mangroves? (Ch. 36)

Dilute salt

Protists that possess two flagella, plates made of a cellulose-like material, and may be bioluminescent or produce toxins are

Dinoflagellates (SP: Comalveolate)

Which of the following groups of protists contains luminous members that contribute to the flashing effects seen in the sea at night?

Dinoflagellates (SP: Comalveolate)

Zygospores are

Diploid

Zygote matches what karyotype? (Ch. 31)

Diploid

In animals, plants, and some fungi, the fusion of two haploid cells during reproduction results in what

Diploid cell

Karyogamy occurs within basidium giving rise to what

Diploid cell of the life cycle

Genetically, fungi with dikaryotic hyphae behave as which of the following?

Diploids

What are the two ways in how fungi can severely harm or kill plants and animals

Direct infection or by secretion of toxins and carcinogens

Microsporidia cause what

Disease in animals and humans

Pathogen: HIV

Disease: AIDS Single stranded DNA (two copies)

BACTERIA Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis

Disease: Anthrax

BACTERIA Pathogen: Clostridium botulinum

Disease: Botulism

Pathogen: Varicella-Zoster Virus

Disease: Chicken Pox Double stranded DNA

BACTERIA Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatis

Disease: Chlamydia

BACTERIA Pathogen: Vibrio choleroe

Disease: Cholera

BACTERIA Pathogen: Streptococcus mutants, Streptococcus sabrinus

Disease: Dental caries

BACTERIA Pathogen: Corynebacterium diphtherine

Disease: Diphteria

Pathogens:Filioviruses

Disease: Ebola Single stranded DNA

BACTERIA Pathogen: Neisseria gonirrhoeae

Disease: Gonorrhea

BACTERIA Pathogen: Mycobacterium leprae

Disease: Hamsem disease ( leprosy)

Pathogen: Hepadbavirus

Disease: Hepatitis B (viral) Double stranded DNA

Pathogen: Herpes simplex virus

Disease: Herpes Double stranded DNA

Pathogen: Influenza virus

Disease: Influenza Single stranded DNA (eight segments)

BACTERIA Pathogen: Borrelia burgdorferri

Disease: Lyme disease

Pathogen: Paramyxoviruses

Disease: Measles Single stranded DNA

Pathogen: Epstein Barr virus

Disease: Mononucleosis Double stranded DNA

BACTERIA Pathogen: Helicobapter pylori

Disease: Peptic ulcers

BACTERIA Pathogen: Streptococcus, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Haemophilus

Disease: Pneumonia

Pathogen:Enterovirus

Disease: Polio Single stranded DNA

Pathogen: Rhabdovirus

Disease: Rabies Single stranded DNA

Pathogen: Coronavirus

Disease: SARS Single stranded DNA

Pathogen: Variola virus

Disease: Smallpox Double stranded DNA

BACTERIA Pathogen: Treponema pallidium

Disease: Syphilis

BACTERIA Pathogen: Salmonella typhi

Disease: Thyphoid fever

BACTERIA Pathogen: Rickettsia Typhi

Disease: Thypus

BACTERIA Pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Disease: Tuberculosis

Pathogen: Flavivirus

Disease: West Nile fever Single stranded DNA

BACTERIA Pathogen: Yersinia

Disease: plague

Which of the following are characteristics of biomes? Check all that apply.

Each biome consists of only one type of ecosystem. A biome is the same thing as a habitat type. a biome is a large geographical area with distinctive plant and animal groups

This type of biodiversity examines the community of living organisms and how they interact with the abiotic environment.

Ecological biodiversity

This type of biodiversity examines the community of living organisms and how they interact with the abiotic environment. Species diversity Genetic biodivesity Ecological biodiversity/

Ecological biodiversity/

Mark the following that are true about Ecology.

Ecologists study the distribution and abundance of organisms Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment. Ecological studies occur at multiple space and time scales Ecosystem ecology focuses on communities and energy flow

Interactions between plant roots and fungi are known as _________________ if the fungal hyphae grow between plant cell walls and do not directly contact the plant plasma membrane. (Ch. 31)

Ectomycorrhizae

This type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots and in the spaces between root cells.

Ectomycorrhizae

The two most common types of mycorrhizae are the ,which surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of root cells, and the mycorrhizae.

Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular mycorrhizae

The two most common types of mycorrhizae are the ___________________,which surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of root cells, and the __________________ mycorrhizae. (Ch. 31)

Ectomycorrhizae, arbuscular

What are truffles and morels?

Edible fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

Which statement best describes the relationship between elevation and latitude?

Elevation and latitude are related because they have similar effects on temperature. As the elevation increases, the temperature of the air decreases, which is likewise with latitude.

Cells in the zone of _________________ are responsible for the growth in length of roots. (Ch. 35)

Elongation

In roots, water and nutrient flow are controlled by Casparian strips embedded in cells of the ____________________. (Ch. 36)

Endodermal

Infoldings of the prokaryotic plasma membrane gave rise to the endomembrane system that includes which of the following?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and nuclear envelope

Select all evolutionary mechanisms that were important in the early evolution of eukaryotes.

Engulfing other cells Horizontal gene transfer

A fungus typically obtains food by secreting extracellular digestive _________________, which break down organic molecules.(Ch. 31)

Enzymes

This primary meristem derives from what kind of tissue? Protoderm (Ch. 35)

Epidermis tissue

_______ bonds (between an acid and an alcohol) are found in bacteria.

Ester

Trypanosoma are examples of

Euglenozoa

What group of protists is characterized by their lack of a cell wall, having instead flexible protein strips that give them extreme flexibility and allow them to change shape while swimming?

Euglenozoans

A biologist uses a time machine to collect living material from 2 different time periods. Sample A is 3 billion years old and sample B is 1.5 billion years old. How would these samples differ?

Eukaryotic organisms would be absent from sample A.

Check the following that apply to cnidarians.

Extracellular digestion of food Use nematocysts to capture food Use choanocytes to capture food Polyp and/or medusa body forms

Fungi are specialized to do what

Extract and absorb nutrients from their surroundings through external secretion of enzymes

If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as a(n) _______ symbiosis.

Facultative

DNA can store genetic information and act as enzyme. Thus, scientists think it was critical to the origin of life.

False

True or false: All hyphae consist of long chains of cell joined end-to-end.

False

True or false: Although club mosses were worldwide in distribution in the past, they are now limited to the tropics. (Ch. 29)

False

True or false: The hyphae forming reproductive structures in hyphae exhibit cytoplasmic streaming.

False

True or false: The hyphae forming reproductive structures in hyphae exhibit cytoplasmic streaming.

False. *The cells are separated by intact septa - hence no cytoplasmic streaming.

Fertilization and pollination are entirely different processes.

False. Pollination and fertilization are different processes that may be separated by a long delay. Pollination is the mechanical transfer of pollen from its source to a receptive area on the receiving plant. Sperm are subsequently conducted to the egg by a pollen tube, and fertilization - the joining of sperm with egg - may occur much later. For instance, in a typical pine tree fertilization follows 15 months after pollination.

True or false: All multicellular organisms are descended from a single ancestral multicellular protist

False. It has risen multiple times among eukaryotes

True or false: Most amoeba are parasites and live in freshwater habitats.

False: Although some are parasitic, most are free-living and live in soil as well as freshwater.

Order the following process in the life cycle of a zygomycete as they occur, starting with the fusion of gametangia at the top.

Fertilization, karyogamy, and meiosis.

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with _____________; for that reason, those plants require free water for _________________. (Ch. 29)

Flagella, fertilization

Select the feature that distinguishes the chytridiomycota and relatives from the other groups of fungi

Flagellated spores

Select the feature that distinguishes the chytridiomycota and relatives from the other groups of fungi.

Flagellated spores

The formation of larger lenticels indicates that plants have been subjected to stress from _______________. (Ch. 36)

Flooding

Although both gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds, gymnosperms do not produce __________________ or _____________________. (Ch. 30)

Flowers, fruit

Mark all of the functions of the mouth in digestion.

Food particles may be reduced in size. Food is moistened and lubricated for easier swallowing. Protein breakdown begins in the mouth. Food is mixed with enzymes.

What is the function of phloem in plants? (Ch. 35)

Food-conduction

After karyogamy occurs in basidiums meiosis occurs producing what

Four haploid cells which are incorporated into basidiospores

The nucleus and the ER of eukaryotes are thought to have evolved how?

From infoldings of the plasma membrane

In a tree in the middle of summer, phloem will move mainly in which direction? (Ch. 36)

From leaves to roots

All of the following are means of horizontal gene transfer except? Transformation, Transduction, From parent to offspring, Conjugation

From parent to offspring

The leaves of ferns are called ________________. (Ch. 29)

Fronds

What are ascocarps?

Fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

What are ascocarps? (Ch. 31)

Fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

Which of the following contain chitin in their cells walls or exoskeletons?

Fungi Insects Mollusks

Which of the following contain chitin in their cells walls or exoskeletons?

Fungi Mollusks Insects

Which of the following are the main decomposers in ecosystems?

Fungi and bacteria

Why is treating fungal diseases in animals particularly difficult?

Fungi are phylogenetically related to animals

Why is treating fungal diseases in animals particularly difficult? (Ch. 31)

Fungi are phylogenetically related to animals

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals. Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi

Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals.

Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi

What are fungal endophytes?

Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms

What are fungal endophytes? (Ch. 31)

Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms

How does sexual reproduction occur in zygomycetes

Fusion of gametangia

What do pathogens and parasites do

Gain resources from their host, but they have a negative effect on their host that can lead to death

In plants, the haploid generation is called the ___________________ and the diploid generation is the ________________. (Ch. 29)

Gameotophyte, sporophyte

In plants, the gametophyte produces ________________ and the sporophyte produces ______________. (Ch. 29)

Gametes, spores

If this plant life cycle, the ______________ generation is represented by position A, while the _________________ generation is at position B. (Ch. 29)

Gametophyte, Sporohyte

In plants, the haploid generation is called __________________ the and the diploid generation is the ___________________. (Ch. 29)

Gametophyte, Sporophyte

A heterokaryotic cell contains two of which of the following structures?

Genetically distinct types of nuclei

When spores land on something, they germinate doing what

Giving rise to a new fungal mycelium

Select all types of cell surfaces found in protists.

Glassy silica shell Extracellular matrix Plasma membrane

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are composed of plant roots and which of the following?

Glomeromycete fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are composed of plant roots and which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Glomeromycete fungi

What is the fungal component in arbuscular mycorrhizae

Glomeromycetes

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are intracellular associations between which of the following?

Glomeromycetes and plant roots

Chitin is a polymer of which of the following?

Glucose

Which group of plants is the stimulant ephedrine derived from?

Gnetophyta.

Bacteria in the genus Neisseria cause which of the following sexually transmitted diseases?

Gonorrhea

A staining process called the __________ ___________ classifies bacteria into two groups depending on how much peptidoglycan is contained in their cell walls.

Gram staining

Which cell wall type has 2 layers of peptidoglycan?

Gram-negative

Which cell wall type has a large periplasmic space?

Gram-negative

Which cell wall type has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan?

Gram-positive

Chlorophytes and charophytes are two lineages of which type of protist? (SP:Archaeplastida)

Green algae

Which algae group is the closest sister taxa to land plants?

Green algae

Identify the photosynthetic organisms that could be part of a lichen.

Green algae Cyanobacteria

Which algae group is the closest sister taxa to land plants? Brown algae Green algae/ Red algae

Green algae/

The cortex in stems is made of this tissue

Ground

The functions of storage, photosynthesis, secretion, support and protection are carried out by ___________________ tissue. (Ch. 35)

Ground

The parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma arise from this type of tissue?

Ground

The parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma arise from this type of meristem?

Ground meristem

This primary meristem derives from what kind of tissue? Ground meristem (Ch. 35)

Ground tissue

The cells that border stomata are called _____________ cells. (Ch. 36)

Guard

Root pressure can force water droplets to exude from leaves in a process called ________________. (Ch. 36)

Guttation

Root pressure can force water droplets to exude from leaves in a process called _________________. (Ch. 36)

Guttation

The coniferophytes, cycadophytes, gnetophytes, and ginkgophytes are examples of ___________________. (Ch. 30)

Gymnosperms

Put the steps involved in sexual reproduction in ascomycetes in the proper order. Start with the mating of hyphae at the top.

H A N M Ascospores

Put the steps of zygomycete sexual reproduction in the right order. Start with the production of multinucleate gametangia at the top.

H G K A M

What are trichomes? (Ch. 35)

Hairlike structures on leaf surfaces

In a typical terrestrial plant, water is absorbed mostly in the zone of the root that has root ________________. (Ch. 36)

Hairs

In a typical terrestrial plant, water is absorbed mostly in the zone of the root that has root _________________. (Ch. 36)

Hairs

The absorptive capacity of a root is enhanced by the large surface area provided by root ___________________. (Ch. 35)

Hairs

A typical land plant has a(n) _____________ life cycle, which includes multicellular haploid and diploid stages. (Ch. 29)

Haplodiplontic

A typical land plant has a(n) _________________ life cycle, which includes multicellular haploid and diploid stages. (Ch. 29)

Haplodiplontic

The __________life cycle of the brown algae is marked by alternation of generations between multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte generations. (SP:Chromalveolates)

Haplodiplontic

What type of life cycle does a allomyces have

Haplodiplontic

Which of the following lists features of blastoclads?

Haplodiplontic life cycle; zoospore with a single flagellum

Ascoscpores are

Haploid

Ascospores matches what karyotype? (Ch. 31)

Haploid

Basidiospores are

Haploid

Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the ______________ stage in the life cycle. (Ch. 29)

Haploid

Unfused hyphae has what kind of karyotype? (Ch. 31)

Haploid

For bryophytes, which generation is photosynthetic?

Haploid gametophyte

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves the production of which of the following?

Haploid spores within an ascus

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves the production of which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Haploid spores within an ascus

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves the production of which of the followng?

Haploid spores within an ascus

In order for sexual reproduction to occur in a fungus, two ____________ hyphae of compatible _____________ types must fuse. (Ch. 31)

Haploid, mating

A viral capsid with an overall _______ structure has a rodlike or threadlike appearance

Helical

Tobacco mosaic viruses (TMV) have what type of capsid?

Helical capsid

Most viruses have a capsid that is ______ or _______ in terms of its basic structure and symmetry

Helical; Icosahedral

Which of these is the causative agent in the majority of cases of peptic ulcer disease?

Helicobacter pylori

If a dikaryotic or multinucleate hypha has nuclei that are derived from two genetically distinct individuals that hypha is called what

Heterokaryotic

How is the secondary mycelium of basidiomycetes described?

Heterokaryotic.

Which term describes all fungi?

Heterotrophic

Which term describes all fungi? (Ch. 31)

Heterotrophic

Select all features of ciliates. (SP:Chromalveolates)

Heterotrophic Unicellular

Plants that produce one spore type are called ______. (Ch. 29)

Homosporous

The earliest eukaryotic cells evolved through the transfer of genes across species boundaries, a process called __________ gene transfer.

Horizontal

The transfer of genes between different species is known as ______ gene transfer.

Horizontal

The ________________ are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems. (Ch. 29)

Horsetails

Genetic material is exchanged among two virions, undergoes recombination, and is packaged in capsids synthesized by the parents.

Host cells' transcription and translation systems are used to replicate the genome and create capsid proteins.

A virus' _______ ______ refers to the suitable cells they can infect.

Host range

Viruses can infect all types of organisms that have been investigated for their presence, but each type of virus has a relatively narrow _________ ___________.

Host range

Which of the following are characteristics used by early taxonomists to classify prokaryotes?

Human pathogen or not Unicellular or colony-forming or filamentous Motile or nonmotile Photosynthetic or non photosynthetic

A mycelium is composed of filaments called _____________. (Ch. 31)

Hyphae

A mycelium is composed of filaments called...

Hyphae

Cytoplasm flows throughout the what

Hyphae

What are fungal filaments called?

Hyphae

What are fungal filaments called? (Ch. 31)

Hyphae

Put the steps involved in sexual reproduction in ascomycetes in the proper order. Start with the mating of hyphae at the top.

Hyphae mate, a dikaryotic mycelium produces an ascocarp, nuclei in an ascus fuse by karyogamy, meiosis occurs, and ascospores are released.

Which of the following statements correctly describes asexual reproduction in ascomycetes?

Hyphae produce conidia, which grow into genetically identical hyphae.

Which of the following statements correctly describes asexual reproduction in ascomycetes? (Ch. 31)

Hyphae produce conidia, which grow into genetically identical hyphae.

Put the steps of zygomycete sexual reproduction in the right order. Start with the production of multinucleate gametangia at the top.

Hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia, gametangia fuse, karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops, a dark and thick-walled zygospore develops, and meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores.

The basic capsid shape of most animal viruses is a(n)

Icosahedral

Which of the following are the two types of structure typical of most viral capsids?

Icosahedral or helical

A virus that has a structure resembling a soccer ball, with 20 equilateral triangular facets is which of the following?

Icosahedral virus

Select the true statements about eukaryotic cells.

If a cell is photosynthetic it must be eukaryotic. Only eukaryotic cells are capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. If a cell has its chromosome in a separate bubble of membrane it would be eukaryotic. KEYWORDS o Eukaryotic cells, which are cells containing organelles such as a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts. o mRNA, which stands for "messenger RNA." Think of the chromosome as an important book the librarian won't let you take back to your desk. You read the book and write down what it says. Then you take your notepaper back to your desk to do your homework That notepaper is doing the same job as mRNA in a cell. o Genome, which is the collective word for all of the chromosomes in the nucleus or nucleoid region. o Cell wall, which is a rigid case around the outside of the cell. It can be made of many things, such as peptidoglycans or lignin. o Chloroplasts, which are organelles that turn sunlight into energy. o Oxygen photosynthesis, generally just called "photosynthesis," occurs when an organism uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to create sugar and oxygen. o Chromosome, which is a long strand of DNA that contains the instructions an organism needs to function. o Membrane, which is generally a phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from the outside environment.

Where does endophytic fungi live

In plants

Neocallimastigomycetes are predominantly found where?

In ruminant herbivores

Nematodes are psuedocoelomates that lack a body cavity. Is this correct and why or why not?

Incorrect; although not fully enclosed by mesoderm the pseudocoel is a body cavity.

How do the two nuclei of dikaryotic fungal cell function?

Independently from each other

The arrangement of flowers on the stem with the newest flowers near the end of the shoot is

Indeterminate inflorescence

Place the following steps in the reproductive cycle of a temperate bacteriophage in order, with the step following attachment at the top and the step preceding release at the bottom. Assume that the lysogenic cycle is initiated first.

Injection/Penetration ----> Integration-----> Propagation -----> Induction -----> Synthesis -------> Assembly

In seed-bearing plants, an extra layer of sporophytic tissue called the __________________ forms the outer portion of the ovule and eventually develops into a protective seed coat. (Ch. 30)

Integument

Describe the fungi in lichens.

It can not grow normally without their photosynthetic partners.

Select all features of the feeding phase of a plasmodial slime mold. (SP: Ameobozoa)

It does not have cell walls. It has multiple nuclei.

A minute fern in an aquatic habitat could be distinguished from a bryophyte by a botanist in what way?

It has xylem tissue.

Earth's atmosphere has much more free oxygen currently than it did 3 billion years ago. Why?

It is a by-product of photosynthesis.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between plants and glomeromycetes.

It is a mutualistic relationship: the fungus provides mineral nutrients, while the plant provided carbohydrates.

Choose the most appropriate description for a mature seed. (Ch. 30)

It is a vehicle for transporting the embryo to new sites

Which of the following describes the horizontal transfer of genes?

It is between different bacteria.

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that of other organisms in which way?

It is not followed by cell division

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that of other organisms in which way?

It is not followed by cell division.

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that of other organisms in which way? (Ch. 31)

It is not followed by cell division.

Endosymbiosis has resulted in what?

It is responsible for mitochondria.

Select all true statements about corn smut.

It produces an edible product and it is caused by a fungal pathogen.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of blue light in stomatal opening? (Ch. 36)

It triggers proton transport, which generates a proton gradient used to transport K+ into the cell.

Select all effects of aflatoxins.

Kidney damage, nerve damage, and cancer,

Both diplomas and parabasalids

Lack functional mitochondria

The following graph shows the relationship between extinction and island or habitat path area. Which of the following statements explain why extinction rates are lower on larger habitat patches? Check all that apply.

Larger patches correlate with higher extinction rates. Larger patch size reduces the probability of colonization Larger patches are more geographically isolated than smaller patches ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY predicts that larger islands have greater habitat heterogeneity (more diverse habitats) and therefore have greater species richness than smaller islands (Chapter 57). Larger islands have larger habitats and therefore can support larger populations. The larger the population the less likely the populations would experience severe declines due to chance events (genetic drift) (Chapter 20) . And, larger islands may also be easier to find and colonize. This is called the target area effect.

Vital to life as we know it, ___________________ are the plant organs where most of photosynthesis occurs. (Ch. 35)

Leaves

Which type of microscope will be used in lab?

Light microscope

The undulating membrane of parabasalids (supergroup excavata) is used in which of the following?

Locomotion

Based on the above diagram, what is most likely to be true about the evolution of loops of Henle in vertebrate nephrons?

Loops of Henle evolved once in vertebrates (e.g., the common ancestor of all vertebrates had Loops of Henle) and were subsequently lost in all but two lineages: birds and mammals This is an example of convergent evolution. MORE • The arrows on the cladogram indicate the new presence of the loop of Henle. • The vertebrate common ancestor, which would be present at the base of the cladogram, did not have an arrow near its placement on the cladogram, so the loop of Henle was not present in the vertebrate common ancestor. • The lack of this structure in the common ancestor means that this structure is considered to be derived. • Since the new presence of the loop of Henle is indicated in two separate groups, the birds and the mammals, this cladogram is showing the that evolution of the structure in these two groups happened independently. • Since this structure is shown to have evolved separately, this is an example of convergent evolution.

Which scientist settled the argument over spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur

Of the two types of leaves, those with a single vein supporting relatively small leaves are called _________________ while those with branching veins that likely arose when branching stems became webbed with leaf tissue are ___________________-. (Ch. 29)

Lycophylls, Euphylls

Even though ___________ diverged from all other vascular plants early in their evolutionary history, they are similar in having leaves and a treelike growth form. (Ch. 29)

Lycophytes

Even though _________________ diverged from all other vascular plants early in their evolutionary history, they are similar in having leaves and a treelike growth form. (Ch. 29)

Lycophytes

During which of the following reproductive cycles does a bacteriophage integrate its own DNA into the host cell's genome?

Lysogenic cycle

A bacteriophage that integrates its own DNA into that of its host cell, allowing it to replicate with the host's genome is a(n) _______phage

Lysogenic or temperate

When describing a microbial colony, the shape found at the edge of the colony is known as the

Margin

Match the structure in ascomycete fungi with the proper karyotype.

Mated hyphae, dikaryotic Zygote-diploid Ascospores-haploid

In roots, tissue specialization occurs in which zone? (Ch. 35)

Maturation

Which of the following are characteristics of at least some cercozoans? (SP:Rhizaria)

May exhibit primary endosymbiosis Live in the soil Use of pseudopods for movement

Spores are the most common what

Means of reproduction among fungi

In the moss life cycle, the sporangium is undergoing ___________ to produce spores. (Ch. 29)

Meiosis

Traditionally, fungi were divided into four phyla based primarily on which characteristic?

Meiosis

In this plant life cycle _________________ is occurring at the Gameotphyte position, and _________________ is occurring at the Sporophyte position. (Ch. 29)

Meiosis, fertilization

In humans, gametes such as sperm and eggs are formed by the cellular process of ___________________ whereas land plants produce gametes by the process of ________________.(Ch. 29)

Meiosis, mitosis

The tissue between the lower and upper epidermis of a leaf is called ____________________. (Ch. 35)

Mesophyll

Which of the following are obligate, intracellular, animal parasites, that lack mitochondria?

Microsporidia

What are the seven monophyletic phyla

Microsporidia, blastocladiomycota, neocallimastigomycota, chytridiomycota, glomeromycota, basidiomycota, and ascomycota

Mycorrhizal relationships provide plants with which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Minerals

Fungi exhibit an unusual form of what

Mitosis

Select all the true statements concerning mitosis.

Mitosis occurs in eukaryotic and archaeal cells but not in bacteria. Plants, animals, and fungi use mitosis to replicate their nuclei Spores of Bryophytes undergo mitosis to form the gametophyte. Mitosis and cytokinesis have endosymbiotic origins.

A hypha that has only one nucleus is called what

Monokaryotic

If a hypha has one nucleus, it is said to be ______________. (Ch. 31)

Monokaryotic

Chytrids and zygomycetes are not what

Monophyletic

Glomeromycetes are what

Monophyletic

Which of the following statements about amoeba is correct?

Most amoeba are free-living, but some are parasitic, and they live in the soil as well as freshwater.

Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell walls of which microbes?

Most bacteria

Select all features of water molds. (SP:Chromalveolates; Oomycetes)

Motile spores Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Many conidia are what

Multinucleate

Which of the following is the best description of how many times multicellularity has arisen?

Multiple times among the eukaryotes

Select all examples of basidiomycetes.

Mushrooms Puffballs Toadstools Rusts

Select all examples of basidiomycetes.

Mushrooms Rusts Toadstools Puffballs

A symbiotic relationship where all organisms in the relationship benefit is known as a

Mutualism

What is the relationship between glomeromycetes and plants

Mutualistic, the glomeromycetes providing essential minerals, and the plant providing carbohydrates

A mass of connected hyphae is called a(n) ________________.(Ch. 31)

Mycelium

A mass of connected hyphae is called a(n)...

Mycelium

A mass of connected hyphae is called what

Mycelium

The main body of a multicellular fungus is called a(n) _________________.(Ch. 31)

Mycelium

The main body of a multicellular fungus is called a(n) __________________. (Ch. 31)

Mycelium

The main body of a multicellular fungus is called a(n)...

Mycelium

Which of the following is the name given to the entire mass of connected hyphae that make up the body of a fungus?

Mycelium

A scientist who studies fungi is known as a(n) _____________.(Ch. 31)

Mycologist

What is the term for a scientist who studies fungi? (Ch. 31)

Mycologist

Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as

Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as ________________. (Ch. 31)

Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as ________________.(Ch. 31)

Mycorrhizae

This is an example of a mutualistic fungal-plant association.

Mycorrhizae

This is an example of a mutualistic fungal-plant association. (Ch. 31)

Mycorrhizae

Which of the following are glomeromycetes?

Mycorrhizae

______________________ is the general term for a direct infection usually of the skin and nails by various fungal species.(Ch. 31)

Mycoses

Assimilation of external DNA fragments from dead bacterial cells is called which of the following?

Natural transformation

Gram-________ bacteria have a relatively thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, and appear red after a Gram stain.

Negative

Fungi in this phylum are anaerobic and produce zoospores

Neocallimastigomycota

Fungi in this phylum are anaerobic and produce zoospores.

Neocallimastigomycota

Which of the following fungal phyla belong to the subdivision of the "chytrids"?

Neocallimastigomycota Blastocladiomycota Chytridiomycota

The flu vaccine in your town is used up. However, there is still some leftover from last year. Is this ok to use?

No, because each year the vaccine is made against different subtypes of the flu virus. WHY o Unlike most other viruses, the influenza virus is known for high rates of mutation and recombination. o Different strains of flu virus, called subtypes, differ in their protein spikes. One of these proteins, hemagglutinin (H), aids the virus in gaining access to the cell interior. The other, neuraminidase (N), helps the daughter viruses break free of the host cell after replication. o Parts of the H molecule contain "hotspots" with a high rate of mutation. o Also, viral RNA segments are readily reassorted by genetic recombination when two different subtypes simultaneously infect the same cell. This may put together novel combinations of H and N spikes unrecognizable by human antibodies specific for the old configuration.

Why aren't all worm-like animals grouped together into the same taxonomic category?

No, because the worm-like body plan has appeared many times through evolutionary history and is not a useful trait for classification. CLADES AND EVOLUTION o Animals are classified according to their evolutionary relationships. o In cladistics, scientists attempt to group animals into monophyletic clades - that is, a group in which all members are more closely related to each other than any members are to another type of organism.

Transduction vs transformation - the same process?

No; although both involve gene transfer the sources of the genetic material differ.

The bryophytes are also known as ________________ plants becayse they lack tracheids (Ch. 29)

Nontracheophyte

Plants that lack the transport cells called tracheids are called (Ch. 29)

Nontracheophytes

The bryophytes are also known as ___________________ plants because they lack tracheids. (Ch. 29)

Nontracheophytes

Diplomonads are unique because they possess two _________ per cell.

Nuclei

Which of the following is not found in the viral envelope?

Nucleic acids

If a symbiosis is essential for survival, it is described as a(n) ______symbiosis.

Obligate

The symbiosis for fungi is what

Obligate symbiosis, while in other cases it is facultative symbiosis

What is the most likely environment that animals originated in?

Oceans

A monokaryotic hypha has which of the following structures?

One haploid nucleus

A monokaryotic hypha has which of the following structures? (Ch. 31)

One haploid nucleus

Animals, fungi, and choanoflagellates are members of what supergroup?

Opisthokonta

If you are allergic to the polysaccharides found in rhodophytes but you love sushi you should

Order the Nigiri sushi which consists of just tuna, rice, and sauce.

What benefit do mycorrhizal fungi receive from their plant partners?

Organic nutrients

What benefit do mycorrhizal fungi receive from their plant partners? (Ch. 31)

Organic nutrients

Which of the following explains why you might expect the number of individuals in a population to increase exponentially but you should expect the number of tables that a carpenter produces to increase linearly?

Organisms can make more organisms, but tables cannot make more tables

Which of the following explains why you might expect the number of individuals in a population to increase exponentially but you should expect the number of tables that a carpenter produces to increase linearly?

Organisms can make more organisms, but tables cannot make more tables. WHY Exponential growth is a special property of biological organisms because, unlike tables, each new organism has the potential to create subsequent organisms. Therefore, as the number of organisms in a population increases, so does the maximum growth rate.

The diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane is called _______________. (Ch. 36)

Osmosis

Which structure of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of penicillin and similar antibiotics?

Outer lipopolysaccharide membrane

Flooding damages plants because __________________ deprivation leads to decreased cellular respiration. (Ch. 36)

Oxygen

The atmosphere of the early earth was reducing and means it likely contained all of the following except what?

Oxygen

One possible explanation for the rapid diversification of angiosperms suggests that the breakup __________________ of led to climate change, subsequently leading to opportunities for angiosperms to expand into newly formed ecosystems. (Ch. 30)

Pangea

An organism that gains resources from its host (thereby having a negative effect) but does not cause disease (except in some extreme cases) is called a(n) ______________. (Ch. 31)

Parasite

What is the difference between pathogens and parasites

Pathogens cause disease, but parasites do not

Which of the following are particularly susceptible to Toxoplasma parasites? (SP:Chromalveolates)

Patients with AIDS Developing fetuses, infected by Toxoplasma parasites that have crossed the placental barrier

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed of ___________which is not present in archaea.

Peptidoglycan

A fruit contains multiple genotypes. Choose the fruit component that has a genotype identical to the seed coat. (Ch. 30)

Pericarp

In angiosperms, the ovary wall is called the ________________ and is composed of three layers. (Ch. 30)

Pericarp

Which of the following are nutritional strategies found in protists?

Phagotrophs Mixotrophs Lysotrophs Phototrophs

Heterotrophic protists include those that are

Phagotrophs Mixotrophs (also phototrophic)

Girdling can result in the death of a tree by interrupting transport of solutes through the vascular tissue called ________________. (Ch. 35)

Phloem

The main food-conducting tissue in plants is called the _________________. (Ch. 35)

Phloem

Girdling kills a tree by interrupting which of the following? (Ch. 35)

Phloem transport

The pressure-flow hypothesis describes which of the following? (Ch. 36)

Phloem transport

Most of terrestrial life on Earth depends on the _________________ activity of leaves. (Ch. 35)

Photosynthesis

Select all features of dinoflagellates.

Photosynthetic Two flagella

The pattern of leaf arrangement is called _______________. (Ch. 35)

Phyllotaxy

The water potential of a solution has two components: _______________ forces (such as pressure, or gravity), and the concentration of __________________ in the solution. (Ch. 36)

Physical, solute

Glomeromycetes cannot survive in the absence of a host ______.

Plant

Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits through improved uptake of nutrients?

Plant

Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits through improved uptake of nutrients? (Ch. 31)

Plant

The two functions of roots are? (Ch. 29)

Plant support and transport of water

In a mycorrhizal relationship, the host _____________ produces organic nutrients for use by the __________________. (Ch. 31)

Plant, fungus

Some zygomycetes are parasites of which of the following?

Plants and animals

Some zygomycetes are parasites of which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Plants and animals

Fungi can form beneficial associations with which of the following?

Plants and animals.

Fungi can form beneficial associations with which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Plants and animals.

A _________ is a small independently replicating circle of accessory DNA found in many prokaryotic cells.

Plasmid

Prokaryotes may gain a selective advantage in their particular environments when _________ are transferred to them via conjugation.

Plasmid

Which of the following statements regarding plasmids is true?

Plasmids can be transferred to another bacteria. Plasmids carry information for resistance to certain drugs and heavy metals. Plasmids carry information for the making of a sex pilus

Some slime molds produce a non-walled, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called a(n)

Plasmodium

The parasite that is responsible for causing malaria is called

Plasmodium.

If a cell loses water, the cell membrane pulls away from the wall in a process called _____________. (Ch. 36)

Plasmolysis

Which of the following diseases are the result of an infection by a pathogenic bacterium?

Pneumonia Whooping cough Tetanus Cholera

____ flagella are attached at the ends of the bacterial cell while _____ flagella are attached all around the bacterial cell.

Polar; peritrichous

In some seed-bearing plants, the need for water during fertilization has been eliminated because the sperm moves to the egg by traveling through a(n) _______________ _____________________. (Ch. 30)

Pollen tube

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma is called __________________. (Ch. 30)

Pollination

The cell walls of fungi are formed by what

Polysaccharides

What structures in septate hyphae allow material to pass through the hyphae?

Pores

Which of the following is not a fungal group?

Poriferamycota

Which of the following is not a fungal group? a. Ascomycota b. Poriferamycota c. Glomeromycota d. Zygomycota e. Chytridiomycota

Poriferamycota

Gram- ______ bacteria have cell walls with a thick peptidoglycan layer.

Positive

This type of staining occurs when the dye sticks to the cell to give the cell color

Positive

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of ascomycetes?

Presence of a dikaryon stage

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of ascomycetes? (Ch. 31)

Presence of a dikaryon stage

Which of the following are important features of eukaryotes that distinguish them from prokaryotes?

Presence of a nucleus Presence of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts Presence of a cytoskeleton

The model for phloem transport is called the ______________ -__________________ hypothesis. (Ch. 36)

Pressure-flow

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the ________ mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the ________ mycelium.

Primary Secondary

A basidiomycetes mycelium made up of monokaryotic hyphae is called what

Primary mycelium

Algae also serve as major ___ for the planet.

Primary producers

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the _________________ mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the __________________ mycelium.(Ch. 31)

Primary, secondary

The shoot apical meristem produces small bulges which develop into leaves, other shoots or flowers. What are these bulges called? (Ch. 35)

Primordia

Xylem and phloem elements arise from this type of meristem?

Procambium

Bacteria and archaea are collectively referred to as ________

Prokaryote

What does endophytic fungi do

Protect their host from herbivores by producing chemical toxins or deterrents

Seeds are very resistant structures, that can _______________ and nourish the young _______________. (Ch. 29)

Protect, plant

What is the function of integuments in seed plants? (Ch. 30)

Protecting the embryo

Euglenozoans exhibit extreme flexibility; they change shape while swimming thanks to strips of ______ encircling their cells rather than a cell wall.

Protein

Virions lack the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of _______, as well as most of the enzymes necessary for the replication of _______ acids.

Proteins; nucleic

A eukaryotic organism that lacks the characteristics necessary to be classified with animals, plants, or fungi is a(n)

Protist

The most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms is the

Protista Kingdom.

Select the correct answer regarding all protists.

Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi.

Which of the following is true for all protists?

Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi.

Which of the following best describes reproduction among protists?

Protists typically reproduce asexually, but some undergo sexual reproduction regularly and others reproduce sexually only at times of stress.

Which is the correct statement?

Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore, and the anus or anal pore develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development.

Members of the supergroups Rhizaria and Amoebozoa primarily use which of the following for locomotion?

Pseudopods

Select all examples of basidiomycetes.

Puffballs Toadstools Mushrooms Rusts

A Gram-positive bacillus would be indicated by...

Purple rod shaped cells

A group of cells located in the center of the root apical meristem which divide only very infrequently is called the _____________ center. (Ch. 35)

Quiescent

For life to originate there are some key things that had to occur. One of these would be a molecule that can store information and catalyze reactions. Which of the following molecules can do that?

RNA

Viruses are nonliving particles with a genome made of DNA or ___________, surrounded by a shell (capsid) made of ________

RNA; protein

Conidia allows for what

Rapid colonization of a new food source

These organisms are autotrophic protists that lack flagella. They have numerous accessory photosynthetic pigments such as phycoerythrin and range in size from microscopic to over 2 m in length.

Red Algae (SP:Archaeplastida; Rhodophyta)

Check all that apply regarding mycorrhizae.

Represents an important symbiosis between a fungus and an algae. Provides a source of water and nutrition for it's symbiont. Was instrumental in the evolution of terrestrial plants. Provides antibiotics for plants to prevent pathogens from causing them harm.

Which supergroups include organisms that primarily use pseudopods for locomotion? Amoebozoa

Rhizaria

Which of the following are currently recognized supergroups of protists?

Rhizaria Amoebozoa Archaeplastida Ophisthokonta Excavata Chromalveolata

Why is a rhizoid not considered a true root?

Rhizoids lack xylem tissue

Mitochondria can synthesize proteins with their own __________, Correct Unavailable which are very similar to those of bacteria in size and structure.

Ribosomes

Mitochondria can synthesize proteins with their own ___________ which are very similar to those of bacteria in size and structure.

Ribosomes

A helical capsid has a shape that resembles which of the following?

Rod or thread

The penetration of roots into the soil is made easier through the secretion of a mucilaginous substance by cells of the ___________________ __________________. (Ch. 35)

Root cap

The two systems in a plant body are the ______________________ system and the ______________________ system. (Ch. 35)

Root, shoot

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes? (Ch. 29)

Roots

Which fungus is the most widely used model organism for fundamental biological studies?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Which fungus is the most widely used model organism for fundamental biological studies? (Ch. 31)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Which of the following is the most important yeast in baking, brewing, and wine making?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pollination in pines occurs when pollen enters openings between the ______________________ of the female cone. (Ch. 30)

Scales

Structural and functional support cells for neurons are what?

Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and other neuroglia

Places these animal groups in order. Put those that are evolutionarily most close to us first and those most distant last.

Sea star, crab, acoel flatworm, jellyfish, sponge

______ are a type of deuterostome, and closely related to the chordates, despite their radial symmetry. (Check all that apply.)

Sea urchins Acoel flatworms Anemones

Basidiocarps are formed entirely of what

Secondary mycelium

Different mating types of monokaryotic hyphae may fuse forming what

Secondary mycelium

All fungi obtain their food by do what

Secreting digestive enzymes into their surroundings and then absorbing the organic molecules

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, pterophytes, and _______________________ plants. (Ch. 29)

Seed

TSA and PDA are which type of media?

Selective

Will the TSA and PDA be in semi-solid (agar) or liquid form?

Semi-solid

The outermost whorl of a flower contains green leaflike structures called _________________, while the next whorl to the inside is composed of ____________________, which are often colorful.(Ch. 30)

Sepals, petals

Glomeromycetes lacks what

Septa

Other hyphae are typically made up of long chains of cells joined end-to-end and divided by cross-walls called what

Septa

When reproductive structures form they are cut off by what

Septa

An important role of the ascomycete fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is that it does which of the following?

Serves as a model organism

An important role of the ascomycete fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is that it does which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Serves as a model organism

The two conducting cells in phloem are ______________ cells and _________________-tube elements. (Ch. 35)

Sieve, sieve

Which of the following are the two conducting cells in phloem? (Ch. 35)

Sieve-tube elements, Sieve cells

Radiolarians secrete glassy exoskeletons made of which of the following?

Silica

Fungi exist as either what two things

Single-celled yeasts or multicellular

Which of the following describe source-sink metapopulations?

Sink populations near source populations are less likely to go extinct. Sink populations without access to immigrants from source populations are less likely to go extinct. Source populations usually occupy better habitats Source populations are less likely to go extinct. The emigration rate from source populations exceeds that from sink populations

Which of the following describes fungal spores?

Small and light

Which of the following describes fungal spores? (Ch. 31)

Small and light

Many sharks must swim continuously. Check all that apply regarding their respiration.

So fresh oxygen-rich water keeps flowing over their gills. So the blood keeps moving through their gills. So water passes over their gills in the opposite direction that blood is traveling through their gills. So the carbon dioxide concentration in the water outside their gills increases due to the increased cellular respiration in their muscles. Because they have gills which function through a concurrent exchange of oxygen between the water and the blood.

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following?

Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called ___________. (Ch. 29)

Sori

In early spring, as the buds of a tree are just beginning to open, the main source and sink of sugars in the phloem are which of the following? (Ch. 36)

Source: roots; Sink: buds

Antheridia and archegonia produce which of the following, respectively? (Ch. 29)

Sperm and eggs

What does fungi use instead of centrioles

Spindle plaques

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, hyphae produce which of the following?

Sporangia

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, hyphae produce which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Sporangia

Sori are clusters of (Ch. 29)

Sporangia in ferns

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, sporangia are produced on the tips of stalks called

Sporangiophores

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, sporangia are produced on the tips of stalks called ______________. (Ch. 31)

Sporangiophores

Apicomplexans are _____________-forming parasites of ___________

Spore;animals

Fungal reproductive cells are called _____________. (Ch. 31)

Spores

Some fungal species produce specialized mycelial structures to house the production of what

Spores

The ___________________ is/are the part of a fungus that when inhaled may cause allergies or asthma.(Ch. 31)

Spores

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid _____________. (Ch. 29)

Spores

What are conidia?

Spores produced by asexual reproduction

The alternation of generations in brown algae involves the production of diploid ________ and haploid _____________ generations. (SP:Chromalveolates)

Sporophyte ; Gametophyte

Moss sporophytes typically have a slender ______________ with a swollen capsule, known as the ________________, at its tip.(Ch. 29)

Stalk, sporangium

Which of the following is an example of translocation? (Ch. 36)

Starch in a tuber is converted to sucrose and transported to a leaf bud.

During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first? (Ch. 29)

Stems

An opening in the epidermis of plants, usually flanked by two guard cells, is called which of the following? (Ch. 35)

Stoma

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants conserve water in dry environments by opening ___________ at night. (Ch. 36)

Stomata

Which of the following statement accurately describes the relationship between CO2 concentration and stomatal opening? (Ch. 36)

Stomata may close when CO2 concentrations are high.

In addition to transporting water and minerals through the plant, what is another function of xylem? (Ch. 35)

Structural support

What is obligate symbiosis essential for

Survival

Lichens are what

Symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner

Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Synthesizing essential organic molecules

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of what disease?

TB

The function of pneumatophores in mangroves is to do which of the following? (Ch. 36)

Take up oxygen

How are a taproot system and a fibrous root system different? (Ch. 35)

Taproot systems have one large root while fibrous root systems have many smaller roots of similar diameter.

Select all of the following that are correct regarding hearing.

Terrestrial animals utilize otoliths composed of calcium carbonate crystals contained in a labyrinth Sound waves traveling through the air cause vibrations of the tympanic membrane and small bones of the middle ear. The frequency range of human hearing is between 20 and 100,000 Hz Fishes utilize otoliths composed of calcium carbonate crystals contained in a labyrinth. Hearing works better in water because water transmits pressure waves more efficiently.

How could a biologist distinguish an acoel flatworm from a free living platyhelminth?

The acoel worm would be solid throughout, since it lacks a gut. MORE ON FLATWORMS o Acoel flatworms are the simplest bilaterians. They are called "acoel" because they lack a coelom. o They are the sister group to all the other Bilateria - the protostomes and the deuterostomes. Acoel flatworms lack a gut. They also have a primitive nervous system. o Platyhelminthes, in contrast, have a proper gut and a more advanced nervous system. They are superficially similar to acoel flatworms, but different on the inside.

Rotifers are very different from Paramecia. However, Paramecia use cilia for locomotion and for gathering organic matter - how are rotifers similar?

The corona is made of cilia, and used for swimming and feeding.

a critical period during imprinting plays what important role?

The critical period is the time during which imprinting will have its greatest effect. MORE The critical period is the time, usually shortly after birth, when success of imprinting is the highest.

Euglenozoans are genetically very distinct from land plants, yet some euglenids possess chloroplasts. How is this possible?

The development of chloroplasts via endosymbiosis was not a unique event.

Select the main evolutionary innovation that helped the tracheophytes to become dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems. (Ch. 29)

The development of vascular tissue

Select all characteristics of ectomycorrhizae

The fungal component is usually a basidiomycete and most plant hosts are forest trees such as pines, oaks, and birches.

What happens in arbuscular mycorrhizae

The fungal hyphae penetrate the outer cells of the plant root, forming coils, swellings, and minute branches

How do the two nuclei of a dikaryotic fungal cell function?

The genomes of both nuclei are transcribed.

What happens in ectomycorrhizae

The hyphae surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of the roots

Check all that apply regarding the intermediate disturbance hypothesis are true.

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that most communities eventually reach an end-state or climax community. Intermediate disturbance should lead to increases in species richness.

What is arbuscular mycorrhizae

The intracellular associations with plant roots

Which of the following choices best describes the relationship that exists between moisture and air temperature?

The moisture-holding capacity of air increases when it is warm and decreases when it is cool.

Match each genotype to its location in the fruit: The embryo (Ch. 30)

The next sporophyte generation

Mitosis in fungi divides what

The nucleus but not the hypha itself

The coelacanth is one of your closest fish relatives. Which structure is homologous to your forearm?

The pectoral fin lobe

How does nutrient exchange occur in lichens?

The photosynthetic component provides organic food molecules while the fungal component provides water and minerals.

Chytrid refers to what

The pot like shape of the structure that releases zoospores

How does the primary mycelium in Basidiomycota differ from that of the secondary mycelium? (Ch. 31)

The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae

Fungi, together with bacteria are what

The principal decomposers in the biosphere

Match each genotype to its location in the fruit: Fruit and seed coat (Ch. 30)

The prior sporophyte generation

Which of the following describes a viral capsid?

The protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core

To understand the early atmosphere of the earth, we can use air bubbles from rocks. Which is correct when comparing rocks < 3.8 billion years old vs rocks > than 3.8 billion years?

The ratio of the carbon-12 isotope will be lower in the younger rocks, because living organisms preferentially use carbon-12 over other isotopes.

What are you looking at when you see a fungus growing above the ground in forest soil?

The reproductive structures

When a fungus undergoes mitosis, which of the following occurs?

The spindle apparatus forms within the nucleus.

Today, club mosses are most abundant in what areas? (Ch. 29)

The tropics and moist temperate regions

Spores are dispersed by what

The wind

What feature of dinoflagellates is responsible for flashing effects seen in warm seas at night?

Their ability to luminesce

Which of the following apply regarding theories in science?

Theories are educated guesses put forth by scientists. Theories are subject to change as new evidence comes forth. Theories are based on proven ideas in science Theories are based on many different studies and hypotheses that all point in the same direction.

check

Theories are educated guesses put forth by scientists. Theories are subject to change as new evidence comes forth. Theories are based on proven ideas in science. Theories are based on many different studies and hypotheses that all point in the same direction

View the animation below, then complete the quiz to test your knowledge of the concept.

There is a concentration gradient with more K+ in the intracellular space and more Na+ in the extracellular space.

Select all true statements about neocallimastigomycetes.

They are anaerobic. They produce zoospores with multiple flagella

Which of the following describe density-dependent factors?

They are especially important in K-selected populations.

Protists are classified into a single kingdom because of which of the following features?

They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals.

Which of the following are true of protists?

They are eukaryotes. Many are macroscopic, with some being very large.

Select all characteristics of dinoflagellate plate. (SP:Chromalveolates)

They are made of a cellulose-like material. They are encrusted with silica.

Select all true statements about microsporidia.

They are obligate animal parasites They were once classified as protists

Which of the following describes the ribosomes in mitochondria?

They are similar to bacterial ribosomes.

Which of the following are NOT true of protists?

They are unicellular fungi. They are unicellular plants. They are unicellular animals.

Select all features of diplomonads.

They are unicellular. They lack functional mitochondria. They have two nuclei.

Select features common to members of the supergroup Excavata.

They are unicellular. They possess a feeding groove. They move using flagella.

What is the function of the undulating membranes in parabasalids?

They are used for locomotion

Which of the following is true regarding decomposer fungi?

They break down organic material into carbon dioxide, which is used by plants and algae

Which of the following is true regarding decomposer fungi? (Ch. 31)

They break down organic material into carbon dioxide, which is used by plants and algae

Which of the following are characteristics of red algae?

They can be as large as 2 meters. They have unique accessory pigments, e.g., phycoerythrin. They have a haplodiplontic life cycle with both haploid and diploid phases.

What feature best distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes?

They cannot be categorized into a single kingdom.

Which feature best distinguishes protists from other eukaryotes?

They cannot be categorized into a single kingdom.

Why are dikaryotic mycelia functionally diploid?

They contain two copies of each gene.

Parasitic flatworms can have complex life cycles with multiple hosts. What would happen if the terminal host was not available for a liver fluke?

They could not reproduce.

Select a feature that distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms. (Ch. 30)

They do not enclose seeds in fruits

Select all true statements about the Glomeromycota.

They do not undergo sexual reproduction and they form arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Select all true statements about the Glomeromycota.

They form arbuscular mycorrhizae. They do not undergo sexual reproduction.

Select all true statements about blastoclads.

They have a haplodiplontic life cycle. They produce zoospores.

Individuals with HIV/AIDS are particularly susceptible to Toxoplasma infection for which reason?

They have a weakened immune system.

Which of the following describes the similarity between Diplomonads and parabasalids the best?

They have modified mitochondria and multiple flagella EXCAVATA.

Both bacteria and archaea have cell walls, but the cell walls are chemically different between the two. Which describes the cell wall of the Archaea?

They lack peptidoglycan

Viruses are unable to reproduce outside a host cell for which of the following reasons?

They lack ribosomes and the enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and nucleic acid replication.

Which best describes endosymbiotic bacteria?

They live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells.

Which of the following statements best describes viral genomes?

They may be circular or linear, single-stranded or double-stranded, and composed of DNA or RNA.

Which statement about fungal cells is true?

They may have one, two, or more nuclei

Which statement about fungal cells is true?

They may have one, two, or more nuclei.

Select all true statements about blastoclads

They produce zoospores and they have a haplodiplontic life cycle

Select all true statements about blastoclads.

They produce zoospores. They have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

What do integuments do? (Ch. 30)

They will develop into a seed coat.

Zygomycete sporangia contain which of the following?

Thin-walled asexual spores

How are fungal spores produced?

Through sexual or asexual reproduction

How are fungal spores produced? (Ch. 31)

Through sexual or asexual reproduction

What is the function of a basidiocarp?

To disperse spores

What do amoebas use their pseudopods for (choose the best answer)?

To move or engulf their food

Which of the following are reproductive structures found in fungi?

Toadstools Puffballs Mushrooms

Nontracheophytes are plants that lack ________________. (Ch. 29)

Tracheids

Natural __________occurs when a cell dies and releases its contents into the surrounding environment and DNA fragments are taken up by other living cells.

Transformation

Water is pulled through the xylem by the process of ______________. (Ch. 36)

Transpiration

Water transport in xylem is driven by evaporation from leaves, a process called _____________. (Ch. 36)

Transpiration

What is the name of the type of evaporation that drives water movement through the xylem. (Ch. 36)

Transpiration

Hairlike structures on leaf epidermal cells are called ________________. (Ch. 35)

Trichomes

Biomes are broad regional areas with defined flora and fauna. Which one of the following choices correctly identifies the biomes shown plotted in the included graph of precipitation versus temperature?

Tropical Rain forest = 1; Desert = 2; Tundra = 3; Grassland = 4

True or false: Fungal cells or hyphae may have more than one nucleus.

True

True or false: Sucrose can be transported in the phloem both up and down the plant. (Ch. 36)

True

Viruses are self-replicating but the replication can only occur in a host cell.

True

True or false: Fungal cells or hyphae may have more than one nucleus. (Ch. 31)

True Rationale: Fungi are different from most animals and plants in that each cell or hypha can contain one, two, or even more nuclei.

The hydrostatic pressure that builds as water enters plant cells and presses on the cell wall, is called _________________ pressure. (Ch. 36)

Turgor

A dikaryotic cell contains which of the following? (Ch. 31)

Two separate nuclei

What are yeasts? (Ch. 31)

Unicellular fungi

Which fungal genus includes a plant pathogen?

Ustiliago

Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because of their ability to produce (Ch. 29)

Vascular tissue

Unlike horizontal gene transfer, __________ gene transfer occurs when genes are passed from one generation to the next.

Vertical

Select the most efficient type of water conducting cell in the xylem. (Ch. 35)

Vessel

Which of the following is true about the size of tracheids and vessel members? (Ch. 35)

Vessel members tend to be shorter and wider than tracheids.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the host specificity of viruses?

Viruses infect all types of organisms, but individual viruses are very limited in the species and cell types they can infect.

What are fungal septa?

Walls that form between the cells of certain fungal hyphae.

Bryophytes are often found in moist areas in tropical and temperate regions because they rely on the presence of ______________ for sexual reproduction. (Ch. 29)

Water

In bryophytes the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of ______________ is necessary for fertilization. (Ch. 29)

Water

In bryophytes the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of is necessary for fertilization. (Ch. 29)

Water

Seeds with air-filled chambers surrounded by impermeable membranes are dispersed by (Ch. 30)

Water

If the water potential outside a cell is -0.3 MPa and the water potential inside the cell is -0.5 MPa, will water move and in what direction? (Ch. 36)

Water will move into the cell.

Transpiration aids in the movement of _________ and dissolved ____________ over long distances in plants. (Ch. 36)

Water, minerals

What is mutualistic relationship

When both parties benefit

What is commensal relationship

When one partner benefits while the other is not affected

What is facultative symbiosis

When the fungus can survive without the host

What is karyogamy

When the haploid nuclei fuses to form a diploid zygote nucleus

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves? (Ch. 29)

Whisk ferns

Because the microscopes are parfocal, the images (will or will not) stay in focus as the lens objective is changed.

Will

Name the hexapod evolutionary novelty?

Wings

Water solutions that pass through the membranes of root endodermal cells will enter which structure? (Ch. 36)

Xylem

What are the two types of vascular tissue? (Ch. 29)

Xylem and Phloem

Which of the following are two types of conducting vascular tissue? (Ch. 35)

Xylem and phloem

Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called ______

Yeast

Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called _______________. (Ch. 31)

Yeasts

Can root pressure be present when the transpiration rate is low and why? (Ch. 36)

Yes, because root pressure is caused by accumulation of ions in the root which can occur at all times.

In leaf cutter ant colonies, the ants clip leaves to feed a fungus garden and then the ants feed on the fungus. Is this a mutualistic relationship?

Yes, the ants and the fungus are engaged in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.

Blastocladiomycetes have uniflagellated what

Zoospores

Chytridiomycota are distinguished from other fungi because they possess flagellated ________ , released from a specialized structure called a chytridion.

Zoospores

Asexual reproduction occurs much more frequently than sexual reproduction in what

Zygomycetes

Black bread molds are members of this phylum.

Zygomycota

Microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi in the Phylum __________________. (Ch. 31)

Zygomycota

Select the four traditional fungal phyla. Chytridiomycota

Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Select the four traditional fungal phyla.

Zygomycota, ascomycota, chytridiomycota, and basidiomycota.

Of the following features, which of the following is the most widely shared characteristic among animals?

a body plan with symmetry

Plasmolysis would occur when (Ch. 36)

a cell is placed in a very concentrated solution.

Ribbon worms (Nemerteans) are flat, but differ from flatworms (Platyhelminthes) how?

a complete gut with mouth and anus MORE o Nemerteans are cylindrical or flattened very long worms. o Most nemerteans are marine; a few species live in freshwater and humid terrestrial habitats. o The nemertean body plan resembles that of a flatworm, with networks of fine tubules constituting the excretory system, and with internal organs not lying in a body cavity. A bit of cephalization is present, with two lateral nerve cords extending posteriorly from an anterior ganglion; some animals have eyespots on the head. But, by contrast with a platyhelminth, a nemertean has a complete gut, with both mouth and anus, connected by a straight tube. Nemerteans also possess a fluid-filled cavity called a rhynchocoel. This sac serves as a hydraulic power source for the proboscis to capture prey.

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is (Ch. 29)

a cuticle on exposed surfaces.

The major harmful effect of flooding on a plant is (Ch. 36)

a decrease in cellular respiration in roots.

All vertebrates have this in addition to a vertebral column

a distinctive head or skull.

A population of squirrels is in a phase of exponential growth. What events would act to slow this growth? (Check all that apply.)

a forest fire that destroys habitata forest fire that destroys habitat Correct logging of nut treeslogging of nut trees Correct growth of the hawk populationgrowth of the hawk population Correct heavy rainfall, resulting in larger seed and nut harvestheavy rainfall, resulting in larger seed and nut harvest Correct increased population that is outstripping food supplyincreased population that is outstripping food supply Correct less competition from a diminished population of ground squirrels

Solutions that are not bounded by a cell wall or cell membrane have (Ch. 36)

a pressure potential of 0.

According to one hypothesis, the breakup of Pangaea and subsequent climate change led to (Ch. 30)

a rapid diversification and expansion of the angiosperms

A fern embryo is produced when (Ch. 29)

a sperm swims to an egg.

asexual

a sprorangium is

Tracheophytes move water and nutrients around via

a vascular system

what proportion of terrestrial plant families form mycorrhizae

about 90%

An animal lacking a body cavity and that is solid is known as a

acoelomate

An animal lacking a body cavity and that is solid is known as a

acoelomates

Perception of the type and intensity of a stimulus depends on which part of the brain the impulse projects to and the firing frequency of the sensory neuron. However, all sensory input arrives at the central nervous system in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent neurons.

action potentials

Potassium is ___ transported into and out of the vacuoles in the guard cells.

actively

This primary meristem derives from what kind of tissue? Intercalary meristem (Ch. 35)

ads internode length

Plants that grow in fresh water have specialized parenchyma tissue containing large spaces. This tissue is called _______. (Ch. 36)

aerenchyma

Carcinogenic compounds produced by some Aspergillus flavus strains are called ___.

aflatoxins

the glomeromycota fungi are important in the evolution of plants because they

aided in the transition to land

Seeds that are dispersed by water often have (Ch. 30)

air chambers

Which of these is not true regarding the ecological importance of fungi.

all can exist in symbiotic relationships

The lycophytes are the sister group to (Ch. 29)

all other vascular plants.

The apicomplexans are

alveolates

Early earth experiments by Miller-Urey and others produces what in their work?

amino acids prokaryotes DNA organic molecules

egg parts

amnion (fluid sac), yolk sac, allantois, chorion

Choose the group includes birds, mammals, and reptiles but none of the other chordates?

amniotes

A very important evolutionary innovation and adaptation of reptiles regarding life on land was the

amniotic egg

Positive pressure breathing occurs in which of these animals?

amphibians

A root cap senses gravity using plastids called ______________. (Ch. 35)

amyloplasts

Which of the following examples would be undergoing secondary succession? Check all that apply.

an abandoned landfill rocks in a national park covered by mosses and lichens

Each stamen of a flower is composed of (Ch. 30)

an anther and a filament

The structure that contains the male reproductive organs in anthophytes is

androecium

Fruits with fleshy coverings are dispersed by (Ch. 30)

animals

Fungi are most closely related to

animals

Seeds with edible fruit are most likely dispersed by

animals

Seeds with hard seed coats are likely dispersed by (Ch. 30)

animals

Only the Bilateria have what...?

anterior cephalization BILATERAL CHARACTERISTICS o The Bilateria are bilaterally symmetrical - in other words, the left half of the body is identical to the right half. o Moreover, they have an anterior and a posterior -- a head and a tail end. o The head end tends to be larger and loaded with sensory structures and more nervous system.

In the fern life cycle, a new fern sporophyte is created when a sperm cell produced in the ________________ fertilizes a single egg housed in a(n) _________________ and subsequently forms a zygote. (Ch. 29)

antheridium, archegonium

The movement of water across membranes is aided by transport channels called _______. (Ch. 36)

aquaporins

A mycorrhizal association in which the fungus grows in the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane of a plant root is called a(n) mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

Most vascular plant species enhance water and mineral absorption through ___ mycorrhizae

arbuscular

The glomeromycetes form intracellular associations with plant roots, called mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

The symbiosis involving plant roots and glomeromycete fungal hyphae that penetrate the root cell walls is known as _______________. (Ch. 31)

arbuscular

The symbiosis involving plant roots and glomeromycete fungal hyphae that penetrate the root cell walls is known as mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

the glomeromycetes form intracellular associations with plant roots, called __________ mycorrhizae

arbuscular

The structure that creates female gametes in the gametophyte is the

archegonia

A fern gametophyte produces eggs and sperm in (Ch. 29)

archegonia and antheridia, respectively

Chitin is also a major portion of the exoskeleton of ___, a group of animals that includes insects and crustaceans.

arthropods

The phylum Ascomycota derives its name from the production of microscopic sacs called , which carry sexual spores.

asci or ascus

Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called

ascocarps

Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called .

ascocarps

Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called ___.

ascocarps

Dikaryons are formed during the life cycle of these fungi: basidiomycetes and

ascomycetes

Ascomycete fungi produce sexual spores called

ascospores

Ascomycetes produce sexual spores within a sac called a(n) .

ascus

In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within a microscopic, saclike structure called the

ascus

In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within a microscopic, saclike structure called the .

ascus

The phylum Ascomycota derives its name from the production of sac called a(n) ___, which carries sexual spores

ascus

The sac that contains sexual spores in ascomycetes is called a(n)

ascus

What is the primary means of reproduction among the protists, cnidaria, and tunicates?

asexual reproduction

A grasshopper sitting on a bush pumping its abdomen is likely doing what?

assisting gas exchange in tracheal system

A grasshopper on piece of barbed wire is sitting and pumping its abdomen like an accordion. What is it most likely doing?

assisting gas exchange in tracheal system INSECT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM o The insect respiratory system consists of small, branched ducts called tracheae. o Very small tracheoles allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse directly into individual cells. o Since insects depend on the respiratory system (not the circulatory system) to carry oxygen to their tissues, all parts of the body must be near a respiratory passage, limiting their maximum size. o Air passes into the tracheae through openings in the exoskeleton called spiracles along the thorax and abdomen.

what are mycorrhizae

associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

Hyphae grow in length

at their tips

deutermoycota

athlete's foot or ringworm are examples

Transpiration rates may be slowed down due to the closing of stomata when (Ch. 36)

atmospheric CO2 concentrations are high.

Action potentials travel along what elongated extension of a neuron?

axon

Long, thin locomotion structures called ___________ can be contracted and extended.

axopodia

Cholera, Lyme disease, scarlet fever, and pneumonia are all examples of diseases caused by _________

bacteria

the main decomposers in the ecosystem are fungi and

bacteria

the fungal components of ectomycorrhizae are usually members of what phylum

basidiomycota

In the basidiomycetes, sexual spores are called

basidiospores

The internal temperature of a snake is maintained by

behavioral mechanisms

The internal temperature of a snake is maintained by

behavioral mechanisms.

Hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow

between the cell wall and plasma membrane of the plant root cell

Fats are emulsified by _____________ that is produced by the liver

bile

Fats are emulsified in the liver by what substance?

bile

The rate at which a population of a given species will increase when no limits are placed on its rate of growth is called its

biotic potential or intrinsic rate of increase

The rate at which a population of a given species will increase when no limits are placed on its rate of growth is called its

biotic potential.or intrinsic rate of increase

Most eudicot leaves have a flattened portion called the leaf ______ to maximize photosynthetic capacity. (Ch. 35)

blade

Snails and clams are very different looking. What evidence groups them together?

both have a mantle that secretes calcium carbonate MOLLUSK SHELL o One of the best-known characters of the mollusk phylum is the shell, which protects against predators and adverse environmental conditions. o A mollusk shell is secreted by the outer surface of the mantle. o A typical mollusk shell consists of two layers of calcium carbonate, which is precipitated extracellularly. The outer layer consists of densely packed crystals. In some species, the inner layer is pearly in appearance, and is called mother-of-pearl or nacre. o Pearls are formed when a foreign object, such as a grain of sand, becomes lodged between the mantle and the inner shell layer. The mantle coats the object with layer upon layer of nacre to reduce the irritation caused by the object.

it is often more difficult to treat diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria because

both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

zygomycota

bread mold is an example

A taxonomic category of plants without a vascular system are referred to as

bryophytes

All of the following are examples of vascular plants except _______. (Ch. 29)

bryophytes

Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophytes, and the lack of tracheids, are features of (Ch. 29)

bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the (Ch. 29)

bryophytes

The plant group with the little cell specialization is the (Ch. 29)

bryophytes

A taxonomic category of plants without a vascular sytem are referred to as

bryophytes.

Swollen underground buds with adventitious roots are called ______________. (Ch. 35)

bulbs

Ascomycetes often disperse their sexual spores

by throwing them

Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top.

c basidia n m b