bio exam 2..chapters 6 & 9
if you wanted to go to sleep at 11 pm the best time to take melatonin would be
9 pm
after isolating a neuron from the rest of the brain, you find that it has a moderately stable circadian rhythm. The most likely home of this neuron is in the
SCN
which theory emphasizes the idea that color vision depends on the relative responses of three kinds of cones?
Yung-Helmholtz theory
what is stabismus?
a failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time
cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing
acetylcholine
why we sleep
allow body to recover, conserve energy when we would otherwise be inefficient, consolidate memories and learning
some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they
block histamine
a cell that responds to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive field, without a strong inhibitory area at one end
complex cell
cell that responds best to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive, without a strong inhibitory area at one end is most likely a
complex cell
according to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to
conserve energy
after cutting each of the individual tracts that enter the medlla and spinal cord, deprivating the brain of almost all sensory input, an animal
continues to have periods of wakefulness and sleep
a zeitberg is an
environmental cue that resets a biological clock
the law of specific nerve energies states that
every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision
false
stages 2 and 3 together constitue slow wave sleep (sws)
false
the optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following cells
ganglion
this cell has strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field
hypercomplex
a person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have
interrupted or shortened REM sleep
zeitberg examples
light, exercise, noise
young adults deprived of a nights sleep show deficits on___tasks
memory
when the PER and TIM levels increase, they feed back to inhibit the genes that produce the __molecules
messenger RNA
damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of
motion perception
loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to
narcolepsy
after a period of sleep deprivation, pgo waves begin to
occur during sleep stages 2-4 and wakefulness
if a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to
only the eye that has been active
chemicals that release energy when struck by light
photopigments
why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information
receptors are tightly packed here
color constancy is the ability to
recognize color of an object despite changes in lighting
a person with visual agnosia is unable to
recognize visual objects
in depth perception, different views are recieved by each eye, depending on the distance of the object being viewed.
retinal disparity
in the visual system, the __and__ constantly feed information back and forth
thalamus, cortex
after damage to the floor of the pons, what happens during a cat's rem sleep?
the cats muscles are not relaxed
light from the left half of the world strikes what part of the retina
the right half
according to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
three kinds of cones
after removing all sensory input to the brain, an animal would continue to have periods of sleep and wakefulness
true
alpha waves are characteristic of relaxation, not of all wakefulness
true
faces excite frustration gyrus more than any other visual stimulus
true
rem sleep deoends on a relationship between the neurotransmitters serotonin and acetylcholine
true
the onset of sleep requires active brain processes
true
the optic nerve is composed of axons from ganglion cells
true
people with a mutation in their PER gene are more likely to
wake up early