Bio Exam 3

A population of 100 animals undergoing logistic growth has rmax = 0.4 and K = 102. Given that r = r = rmax(K N)/K, calculate the value of r. a. 0.0078 b. 0.792 c. 0.580 d. 0.078 e. 0.99

a. 0.0078

The oldest known Bd infections in the world dated to ____. a. 1894 in Brazil b. 1894 in Korea c. 1900 in Illinois d. 1911 in Korea e. 1900 in Brazil

a. 1894 in Brazil

The ____ horizon is the most fertile soil layer where the roots of most herbaceous plants are located? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. O

a. A

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which letter represents the littoral zone? a. A only b. B only c. C only d. A and B e. B and C

a. A only

Which statement best describes parasitism? a. A parasite is harmful to the host. b. A parasite provides nutrients for the host. c. A parasite does not harm the host. d. A parasite does not receive any benefits from the host. e. A parasite always kills its host.

a. A parasite is harmful to the host.

Who believed that once a mature community was established, its species composition was at equilibrium? a. Clements b. Gleason c. Darwin d. Whittaker e. Connell

a. Clements

What was one of the primary results from the Hubbard Brook Watershed Project? a. Deforestation increases flooding. b. New plant species that absorb less water were discovered. c. Pollution gravely affected the water supply. d. Primary consumers are the most important part of the energy pyramid. e. Trees absorb too much water and are not useful in a watershed area.

a. Deforestation increases flooding.

The main natural source of phosphorus is ____. a. Earth's crust b. fertilizer c. guano d. legumes e. water

a. Earth's crust

Which forms of nitrogen are readily usable by plants? a. NH3, NH4+ and NO3- b. NH4+ and NO2- c. N2 and NH3 d. NH4 and NH3 e. NO3- and NO4-

a. NH3, NH4+ and NO3-

The enzyme nitrogenase is irreversibly inhibited by low concentrations of ____. a. O2 b. NO3- c. N2 d. CO2 e. NH4+

a. O2

What is the effect of stress on a population? a. Plants compete less with each other in stressful environments. b. Plants compete more with each other in a stressful environments. c. Only abiotic factors contribute to environmental stress. d. Stressful environments brought about by humans do not affect populations. e. Stressful environments brought about by nature do not affect populations.

a. Plants compete less with each other in stressful environments.

During daylight hours, primarily ____. a. Pr absorbs red light and is converted to Pfr b. Pr absorbs far-red light and is converted to Pfr c. Pfr absorbs red light and is converted to Pr d. Pfr absorbs far-red light and is converted to Pr e. Pfr is converted to Pr

a. Pr absorbs red light and is converted to Pfr

Which statement best describes the interactive view of communities? a. Species exhibit similar distributions along environmental gradients, and the boundaries between communities are sharp. b. Species distributions are independent, and the boundaries between communities are wide transition zones. c. Species exhibit similar distributions along environmental gradients, and the boundaries between communities are wide transition zones. d. Species distributions are independent, and the boundaries between communities are sharp. e. Species exhibit the same distribution along environmental gradients, and there are no boundaries between communities.

a. Species exhibit similar distributions along environmental gradients, and the boundaries between communities are sharp.

What was the overall effect of removing the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus from its food web? a. Species richness decreased rapidly. b. Species richness increased rapidly. c. Species richness stayed the same. d. Another predator moved to the top position in the food web. e. Mussel populations decreased.

a. Species richness decreased rapidly.

How has the grasshopper mouse coevolved to consume the Eleodes longicollis beetle? a. The grasshopper mouse avoids the undesirable secretions by burying the beetle's abdomen. b. The grasshopper mouse uses cryptic coloration to sneak up on the beetle. c. The grasshopper mouse is immune to the beetle's toxins. d. The grasshopper mouse poisons the beetle first. e. The grasshopper mouse uses heat detectors to easily locate the beetle.

a. The grasshopper mouse avoids the undesirable secretions by burying the beetle's abdomen.

Which statement characterizes human population growth? a. The rate of human population growth appears to be declining. b. The rate of human population growth appears to be increasing. c. The rate of human population growth is exponential. d. Human birth rates are higher than death rates. e. Human death rates are higher than birth rates.

a. The rate of human population growth appears to be declining.

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Humans living in environments with access to good medical care are most likely to exhibit which of the following survivorship curves? a. Type I, which is graph A b. Type II, which is graph B c. Type I, which is graph C d. Type III, which is graph C e. Type III, which is graph A

a. Type I, which is graph A

Why did local residents in the Pacific Northwest remain hostile to conservation efforts? a. When the northern spotted owl was listed as endangered, logging workers lost jobs. b. The northern spotted owl has not been listed as endangered. c. When the northern spotted owl was listed as endangered, the logging industry experienced a boom. d. Conservation efforts to protect trees from logging have been unsuccessful. e. Conservation efforts focus on the local population and take their jobs into consideration.

a. When the northern spotted owl was listed as endangered, logging workers lost jobs.

Consider a living plant cell in a living leaf that has a higher water potential than the fluids surrounding the cell. In such a situation there should be ____. a. a net flow of water out of the cell b. gain of water by the cell only if the cell's pressure potential is high enough c. no net flow of water into or out of the cell d. a net flow of water into the cell e. gain of water by the cell only if the cell's pressure potential is low enough

a. a net flow of water out of the cell

What is an invasive species? a. a nonnative species that often outcompetes native species, leading to their extinction b. a native species that evolves a new trait and occupies more ecological niches c. a nonnative species that enriches the species diversity of a new ecosystem d. a nonnative species that often outcompetes native species, leading to evolution e. a nonnative species that eventually becomes extinct

a. a nonnative species that often outcompetes native species, leading to their extinction

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the internal leaf structure, the item labeled "5" is ____. a. a vascular bundle b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. a stoma e. palisade mesophyll

a. a vascular bundle

A biome is most specifically defined as ____. a. a vegetation type plus its associated microorganisms, fungi, and animals b. a biological community and the physical environment with which it interacts c. the total dry weight of plants present in a specific area at any given time d. an assemblage of species living in the same place e. a group of organisms of the same species living together at one time

a. a vegetation type plus its associated microorganisms, fungi, and animals

The plant hormone ____ trigger plant responses to environmental stresses such as cold snaps, high salinity, and drought. a. abscisic acid b. cytokinin c. oligosaccharin d. jasmonate e. ethylene

a. abscisic acid

Areas that receive heavy rainfall tend to have ____ soils, and arid regions tend to have ____ soils. a. acidic; alkaline b. pH-neutral; acidic c. alkaline; acid d. acidic; pH-neutral e. pH-neutral; alkaline

a. acidic; alkaline

A fruit that develops from several ovaries in a single flower, such as a raspberry, is called a(n) ____. a. aggregate fruit b. accessory fruit c. multiple fruit d. simple fruit e. compound fruit

a. aggregate fruit

Where do cold ocean currents generally occur? a. along the west coast of continents b. near the poles c. near the equator d. along the east coast of continents e. in the open ocean

a. along the west coast of continents

Statoliths, particles that move in the direction gravity pulls them, are typically ____ in plants. a. amyloplasts b. calcium carbonate crystals c. nuclei d. vacuoles e. hormones

a. amyloplasts

An ant species that can live only on acacia trees is an example of ____. a. an obligatory mutualism b. parasitism c. an ectoparasite d. an endoparasite e. character displacement

a. an obligatory mutualism

Plants with ____ life cycles typically ____. a. annual; lack secondary growth b. biennial; die after one growing season c. perennial; lack secondary growth d. perennial; lack primary growth e. annual; do not reproduce

a. annual; lack secondary growth

In the equation N/t = B D, expressing deaths and births as per capita rates allows ecologists to _____. a. apply the model to a population of any size b. accurately measure births c. accurately measure deaths d. find the population growth rate e. model geometric growth

a. apply the model to a population of any size

Plants having the ability to take up organic nitrogen are most likely to be found in the ____. a. arctic tundra b. salt marsh c. tropical forest d. grassland e. temperate forest

a. arctic tundra

Scientists are attempting to genetically modify rice so that it will not incorporate ____ into the grains. a. arsenic b. methylmercury c. chelated iron d. lead e. uranium hexafluoride

a. arsenic

The plant hormone ____ is primarily responsible for the bending of a plant shoot toward light. a. auxin b. ethylene c. systemin d. salicylic acid e. brassinosteroid

a. auxin

Trimming a shrub will make it become more bushy (have more lateral growth) primarily due to a reduction in the amount of ____. a. auxin b. ethylene c. abscisic acid d. gibberellin e. cytokinin

a. auxin

Work by Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin was instrumental in the discovery of ____. a. auxins b. brassinosteroids c. jasmonates d. cytokinins e. gibberellins

a. auxins

Sedimentation converts ions and particles from the ____ into rocks of the ____. a. available inorganic compartment; unavailable inorganic compartment b. unavailable inorganic compartment; unavailable organic compartment c. available inorganic compartment; available organic compartment d. available inorganic compartment; unavailable organic compartment e. available organic compartment; unavailable inorganic compartment

a. available inorganic compartment; unavailable inorganic compartment

An increase in generation time with increasing body size is least likely in ____. a. bacteria b. plants c. animals d. protists e. fungi

a. bacteria

Experiments in which nitrogen supplementation increased the biomass of both plants and herbivores show ____. a. bottom-up control b. top-down control c. indirect control d. inverted cascades e. nutrient cycling

a. bottom-up control

What is the main cause of carbon dioxide build-up in the atmosphere? a. burning fossil fuels b. deforestation c. droughts d. flooding e. respiration due to overpopulation

a. burning fossil fuels

Studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis the root-shoot axis is established ____. a. by the first cell division of the embryo b. within hours after the seed germinates c. during the torpedo stage of embryonic development d. shortly after the eight-cell embryo stage e. by plant tissues breaking through the seed coat and making contact with soil

a. by the first cell division of the embryo

Phloem sap does not normally contain ____. a. carbohydrates b. hormones c. water d. amino acids e. nitrate

a. carbohydrates

What macronutrient is rarely deficient? a. carbon b. hydrogen c. oxygen d. zinc e. carbon dioxide

a. carbon

The major cost to plants for having cuticle-covered epidermis in the shoot system to reduce water loss is reduced ____ uptake. a. carbon dioxide b. potassium c. nitrogen d. calcium e. oxygen

a. carbon dioxide

Which airborne pollutant contributes to global warming? a. carbon dioxide b. ozone c. mercury d. sulfur dioxide e. carbonic acid

a. carbon dioxide

Tertiary consumers feed directly on _____. a. carnivores b. producers c. herbivores d. parasites e. decomposers

a. carnivores

Aquaporins are ____. a. channel proteins for water b. carrier proteins for solutes c. channel proteins for solutes d. carrier proteins for water e. carrier proteins for water and solutes

a. channel proteins for water

Once a pollen tube lands on a compatible stigma ____. a. chemical cues guide the pollen tube from the stigma to the embryo sac of an ovule b. that pollen tube continues on to another ovule c. other pollen tubes are attracted to that ovule d. other pollen tubes can penetrate that ovule more easily e. the flower dies to prevent further pollination

a. chemical cues guide the pollen tube from the stigma to the embryo sac of an ovule

The species-area effect for island habits is greater than that for contiguous habitats because a. colonization rates are higher and extinction rates are lower in contiguous habitats than islands b. extinction rates are higher in contiguous habitats c. all islands have low species richness d. large islands have lower species richness than contiguous habitats e. immigration cannot be measured in contiguous habitats

a. colonization rates are higher and extinction rates are lower in contiguous habitats than islands

Which interaction is advantageous for one species, but has no effect on the other? a. commensalism b. herbivory c. mutualism d. parasitism e. predation

a. commensalism

Biodiversity hotspots are defined as areas where biodiversity is both ____ and ____. a. concentrated; endangered b. researched; protected c. low; increasing d. overexploited; studied e. low; declining

a. concentrated; endangered

In the tropics, warm but nutrient-poor water above continental shelves is often occupied by ____. a. coral reefs b. kelp forests c. rocky shores d. salt marshes e. phytoplankton blooms

a. coral reefs

The petals of a flower make up the ____. a. corolla b. filament c. ovule d. calyx e. receptacle

a. corolla

Epidermal cells secrete a coating called the ____ that protects the plant from water loss and attacks by microbes. a. cuticle b. protoplast c. stoma d. trichome e. bark

a. cuticle

The plant hormone ____ causes chloroplasts to mature. a. cytokinin b. salicylic acid c. abscisic acid d. ethylene e. gibberellin

a. cytokinin

Which trophic level would be best represented by saprophytic fungi? a. decomposer b. detritivore c. primary consumer d. primary producer e. secondary consumer

a. decomposer

The Hubbard Brook Watershed Project illustrated that ____. a. deforestation increases nutrients in nearby aquatic ecosystems b. deforestation can result in polluted streams c. deforestation results in calcium retention in soil d. primary consumers are the most important part of that energy pyramid e. trees absorb too much water and are not useful in a watershed area

a. deforestation increases nutrients in nearby aquatic ecosystems

The increased mortality of coniferous trees in the Pacific Northwest between 1955 and 2007 is an example of a reaction to ____. a. density-independent factors b. density-dependent factors c. predation d. crowding e. population growth

a. density-independent factors

The ____ tissue system forms a protective covering on the plant. a. dermal b. ground c. meristem d. organ e. vascular

a. dermal

Which biome experiences the dryest and warmest conditions? a. desert b. tropical rainforest c. chaparral d. temperate deciduous forest e. boreal forest

a. desert

Similar to animal cells, cells in some plant organs, such as leaves, flowers, and fruits, undergo ____ growth. a. determinate b. indeterminate c. lateral d. apical e. plastic

a. determinate

When pollen from one species lands on the stigma of a flower from another species, the pollen tube typically ____. a. does not develop b. forms, but the sperm cannot penetrate the egg c. forms and grows to the ovary, but then stops d. forms, but the sperm are killed e. forms and the egg is usually fertilized, but the embryo rarely grows

a. does not develop

Why do species with large body sizes typically have lower population densities? a. each large organism consumes more available resources b. there are not enough individuals to grow the population c. genetic diversity is low d. small organisms have more potential mates e. large organisms do not like living near one another

a. each large organism consumes more available resources

In ____, visitors pay a fee to visit a natural preserve. a. ecotourism b. mixed-use conservation c. ecosystem valuation d. restoration e. preservation

a. ecotourism

Disturbance and exposure at borders of habitat fragments are collectively termed ____. a. edge effects b. fragmentation effects c. anthropogenic disturbances d. reduced perimeter diversity e. boundary decline

a. edge effects

In the back and forth evolutionary struggle between plants and virulent bacteria, plants use ____ immunity to combat the bacteria. a. effector-triggered b. systemic acquired c. gene-for-gene d. hypersensitive e. jasmonate response

a. effector-triggered

The innermost layer of the root cortex, known as the ____, is a selectively permeable barrier that helps control the movement of water and dissolved minerals. a. endodermis b. root cap c. quiescent center d. pericycle e. root hairs

a. endodermis

Fruit ripening is promoted by ____. a. ethylene b. jasmonates c. gibberellins d. brassinosteroids e. abscisic acid

a. ethylene

A milkweed plant discourages consumption by herbivores by ____. a. exuding a toxic sap b. developing an appearance that mimics an undesirable plant c. having hairy leaves d. producing an undesirable scent e. having thorns

a. exuding a toxic sap

The typical movement of xylem sap from roots to shoot parts is best described as ____. a. facilitated diffusion b. symport c. guttation d. osmosis e. bulk flow

a. facilitated diffusion

The communities established under pure stands of eastern hemlock will likely become extinct because of ____. a. feeding on the trees by the wooly adelgid b. the Bd infection of hemlock trees c. pathogenic viruses attacking these populations d. pathogenic fungi attacking hemlock trees e. invasive species exploiting their niche

a. feeding on the trees by the wooly adelgid

Soil mineral particles that range from 0.2-0.02 mm in diameter are called ____. a. fine sand b. humus c. clay d. silt e. coarse sand

a. fine sand

The ____ and ____ of rivers are key determinants of their physical habitats. a. flow rate; volume b. size; shape c. flow rate; temperature d. location; volume e. biodiversity; species richness

a. flow rate; volume

The growth of a new plant on the margin of a leaf that eventually falls to the ground and grows independently is an example of ____. a. fragmentation b. protoplast fusion c. somaclonal selection d. grafting e. apomixes

a. fragmentation

A crow that consumes plants, insects and carrion is a ____. a. generalist and an omnivore b. generalist and a herbivore c. specialist and a carnivore d. specialist and a generalist e. specialist and a herbivore

a. generalist and an omnivore

The plant hormone ____ is primarily responsible for helping break the dormancy of seeds and buds. a. gibberellin b. cytokinin c. ethylene d. auxin e. jasmonate

a. gibberellin

Among other functions, the ____ of a vascular plant performs most of the photosynthesis conducted by the plant. a. ground tissue b. protoderm c. vascular tissue d. meristem e. dermal tissue

a. ground tissue

Hydroponic culture is the process of ____. a. growing plants in pure water mixed with carefully measured amounts of specific minerals b. irrigation of dry areas to improve mineral absorption by plants c. growing plants in ponds and lakes to improve their access to water, allowing the plants to place more resources into the shoot system d. irrigation of dry areas to prevent crop plants from wilting e. growing plants with specific hydrocarbons added to the soil to test the effect on plant growth

a. growing plants in pure water mixed with carefully measured amounts of specific minerals

Meiosis in flowering plants gives rise to cells that are ____. a. haploid gametophytes b. diploid sporophytes c. sporophytes that can be haploid or diploid d. diploid gametophytes e. haploid sporophytes

a. haploid gametophytes

Type III survivorship curves reflect ____. a. high juvenile mortality b. low juvenile mortality c. high survivorship d. relatively constant mortality e. high adult mortality

a. high juvenile mortality

The intrinsic rate of increase is ____ for bacteria, protists, and animals with short generation times and ____ for those with long generation time. a. high; low b. high; constant c. low; high d. low; constant e. constant; low

a. high; low

Apical dominance is maintained by ____. a. hormones released by the terminal bud b. sugars produced in the leaves c. water transported from the roots d. hormones released by the lateral buds e. sugars produced in the lateral buds

a. hormones released by the terminal bud

Suppose you are culturing tobacco callus in a Petri dish at a 10:1 ratio of auxin to cytokinin. To promote only shoot development you would ____. a. increase the cytokinin ratio b. increase the auxin ratio c. reduce the auxin level significantly and increase the cytokinin level slightly d. grow the tobacco in the dark e. grow the tobacco in the light

a. increase the cytokinin ratio

Climate change leads to ____, which releases additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. a. increased frequency and severity of forest fires b. increased logging c. increased size of polar ice caps d. sea level reductions e. increased severity of volcanic eruptions

a. increased frequency and severity of forest fires

What is the main factor contributing to the current human-caused mass extinction? a. increased population growth b. burning of fossil fuels c. the industrial revolution d. global-warming e. decreased population growth

a. increased population growth

Burning fossil fuels has clearly resulted in ____. a. increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide b. increases in extinction rates c. increases in concentrations of carbon dioxide in soils d. increases in carbon retention in animals e. decreases in atmospheric concentrations of oxygen

a. increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide

Stomata open when K+ concentration in guard cells ____, followed by water ____ the guard cells by osmosis. a. increases; entering b. decreases; entering c. decreases; leaving d. increases; leaving e. increases H+; leaving

a. increases; entering

Tropical forests receive ____. a. intense solar radiation and heavy rainfall b. moderate solar radiation and heavy rainfall c. intense solar radiation and virtually no rainfall d. moderate solar radiation and moderate rainfall e. low solar radiation and heavy rainfall

a. intense solar radiation and heavy rainfall

Consider a living plant cell in a living leaf that is not wilted. The solute potential (wS) of such a cell ____ than that in the fluids surrounding the cell. a. is typically lower b. varies widely from higher to lower c. is typically higher d. is typically about the same as e. is typically less negative

a. is typically lower

Conservation efforts using ____ are being used to protect the critically endangered Florida panther by allowing the animals to move safely between fragmented conservation areas. a. landscape corridors b. ecotourism c. beta-diversity d. population viability analyses e. introduction of nonnative prey species

a. landscape corridors

Compared to other regions, day length is ____ and sunlight intensity is ____ near the equator. a. least variable; strongest b. least variable; weakest c. more variable; strongest d. more variable; weakest e. least variable; constant

a. least variable; strongest

How much energy is ultimately converted into chemical energy by photosynthesis? a. less than 1% b. 1-2% c. 5% d. 10% e. 20%

a. less than 1%

Which sequence lists the correct order of dominant plants in the ecological succession in Glacier Bay, Alaska? a. lichens and moss, shrubs, young conifers, established spruce and hemlock forests b. shrubs, young conifers, lichens and moss, established spruce and hemlock forests c. established spruce and hemlock forests, shrubs, young conifers, lichens and moss d. established spruce and hemlock forests, young conifers, shrubs, lichens and moss e. lichens and moss, shrubs, established spruce and hemlock forests, young conifers

a. lichens and moss, shrubs, young conifers, established spruce and hemlock forests

At a source the phloem typically has a water potential that is ____ that in surrounding xylem. a. lower than b. about the same as c. higher than d. exactly the same as e. less negative than

a. lower than

The ____ method is often used to estimate the population size of mobile animals that live within a restricted geographic range. a. mark-release-recapture b. direct count c. extrapolation of counts from quadrants to entire population d. plot e. indirect count

a. mark-release-recapture

A group of neighboring populations that exchange individuals is defined as a ____. a. metapopulation b. megapopulation c. community d. source population e. sink population

a. metapopulation

The ____ of the plant refers to its external form. a. morphology b. ecology c. anatomy d. distribution e. physiology

a. morphology

In Gibson's experiment with small mammal populations in the tropical forest, ____. a. most species disappeared from small islands within the first 5-7 years after fragmentation b. all species disappeared from small islands within the first 5-7 years after fragmentation c. populations increased 25 years after fragmentation d. most species disappeared from small islands, but quickly recolonized after 5-7 years e. fragmentation had no affect on small mammal species

a. most species disappeared from small islands within the first 5-7 years after fragmentation

Photosynthetic organisms are essential for limiting the damage done by global warming because they ____. a. move carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms b. move carbon from the soil to the atmosphere c. move carbon from the atmosphere to the soil d. produce oxygen e. sequester carbon in geologic sediments

a. move carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms

An ecologist who studies the distribution of a frog species along a latitudinal gradient is performing a(n) ____ experiment. a. natural b. experimental c. predictive d. lab e. modeling

a. natural

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Letter "C" in the diagram represents the ____ zone. a. neritic b. abyssal c. oceanic d. benthic e. intertidal

a. neritic

The process in which NH4+ is oxidized to NO3- is called ____. a. nitrification b. ammonification c. nitrogen cycling d. nitrogen fixation e. nitrogen assimilation

a. nitrification

Which of these species' population growth rate is least affected by the number of males? a. northern elephant seals b. trumpeter swans c. Canadian geese d. European rabbits e. Norwegian rats

a. northern elephant seals

An example of passive parental care is ____. a. nutrients that cross the placenta b. nursing c. nurturing d. the nest environment e. protection from predators

a. nutrients that cross the placenta

What is thought to be responsible for the worldwide deaths of corals and their endosymbiotic algae? a. ocean acidification b. nitrogen fixation c. soil runoff d. declining primary productivity e. depletion of oxygen in the oceans

a. ocean acidification

The largest reservoir of water is the ____. a. oceans b. polar ice and glaciers c. groundwater d. lakes and rivers e. atmosphere

a. oceans

In flowering plants, how many egg cells are typically produced from each megaspore mother cell? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. eight

a. one

In CAM plants, such as cacti, stomata are ____. a. open during the night and closed during the day b. nearly always open c. closed only when guard cells are not exposed to sunlight d. almost never open e. open during the day and closed during the night

a. open during the night and closed during the day

Which ecosystem covers a large percentage of Earth's surface and, despite having low productivity, contributes a high percentage of total net primary productivity? a. open ocean b. extreme desert, rock, sand, ice c. desert and thornwoods d. tropical deciduous forest e. temperate rainforest

a. open ocean

The fruit wall, or pericarp, develops from the ____. a. ovary wall b. petals c. seed coat d. endosperm e. receptacle

a. ovary wall

Which element is considered an essential macronutrient for plants? a. oxygen b. boron c. lithium d. silicon e. molybdenum

a. oxygen

The difference between the per capita birth rate and the per capita death rate is the ____. a. per capita growth rate b. per capita population curve c. intrinsic rate of increase d. geometric population curve e. exponential population curve

a. per capita growth rate

Which term refers to plants that typically grow for many years? a. perennials b. annuals c. monocots d. biennials e. eudicots

a. perennials

A flower with carpels and stamens but no petals or sepals is ____. a. perfect and incomplete b. imperfect and complete c. imperfect and incomplete d. perfect and complete e. sterile

a. perfect and incomplete

The parts of a flower most likely to have distinctive colors, patterning, and shapes for attracting pollinators are the ____. a. petals b. carpels c. stamens d. receptacles e. sepals

a. petals

Which of the following serves as a switching mechanism in the photoperiodic response in plants? a. phytochrome b. auxin c. cryptochrome d. calmodulin e. phytoalexin

a. phytochrome

Epiphytes are ____. a. plants that are not parasites but that do grow on other plants instead of the soil b. plants that trap animals and digest them c. parasitic plants that use mycorrhizae to obtain nutrients and food indirectly from other plants d. plants that deal with nutrient-deficient soil by growing a large, netlike mesh of roots through several layers of the soil e. parasitic plants that use haustoria to obtain nutrients and food directly from other plants

a. plants that are not parasites but that do grow on other plants instead of the soil

When the protoplast shrinks away from the cell wall, it is called ____. a. plasmolysis b. tight c. wilted d. turgid e. full

a. plasmolysis

Which characteristic is descriptive of a population experiencing geometric population growth? a. population doubles in size after each generation b. graph of the population growth produces a "J" shaped curve c. per capita growth rate remains constant d. N/t is increasing e. population increases at an increasing rate

a. population doubles in size after each generation

70. Some studies suggest that, as global warming progresses, tropical lowland trees may be limited in their ability to move northward because of ____. a. predicted desertification of temperate areas b. temperatures in the north still being too low c. flooding of coastal areas d. extreme weather events like hurricanes and blizzards e. development and habitat loss

a. predicted desertification of temperate areas

A population of mostly ____ individuals with a ____ generation time and a ____ proportion of females is expected to show the most growth in the future. a. prereproductive; short; high b. reproductive; short; low c. reproductive; long; low d. postreproductive; long; low e. prereproductive; short; low

a. prereproductive; short; high

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the diagram of a root tip, the structure labeled "4" is the ____. a. quiescent center b. zone of cell division c. zone of elongation d. root cap e. zone of maturation

a. quiescent center

Populations in which environmental conditions don't vary much within a habitat tend to have ____ dispersion. a. random b. clumped c. uniform d. dynamic e. unpredictable

a. random

A climax community is ____. a. relatively stable b. a result of primary succession only c. a result of secondary succession only d. defined by high species diversity e. dominated by r-selected species

a. relatively stable

Leaves on the lower part of a bush primarily feed the ____. a. roots b. leaf tips c. stems d. upper leaves e. flowers

a. roots

Which term refers to the concentration of salts in soil? a. salinization b. desertification c. erosion d. deforestation e. overexploitation

a. salinization

A soil that is mostly ____ will tend to dry quickly compared to other soil types. a. sand b. humus c. clay d. silt e. organic matter

a. sand

When ____ cells mature, they develop thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin and cellulose and die, leaving empty cells that serve as pipelines for water and mineral transport. a. sclerenchyma b. tracheids c. collenchyma d. parenchyma e. vessel members

a. sclerenchyma

Allopatric populations that are morphologically ____ use ____ resources. a. similar; similar b. similar; different c. different; different d. different; similar e. unrelated; mimicry

a. similar; similar

Recent studies have demonstrated evolution in some populations over a span of time as short as ____. a. single years b. decades c. centuries d. thousands of years e. millions of years

a. single years

In flowering plants, the gametophytes are ____. a. smaller than the sporophytes and do not nourish themselves b. smaller than the sporophytes but are free-living and nourish themselves for most of their lives c. usually larger than the sporophytes, and free-living d. usually larger than the sporophytes, and both nourish themselves e. roughly equal in size tosporophytes and both nourish themselves

a. smaller than the sporophytes and do not nourish themselves

Plants exude ____ from roots to stimulate the growth of soil fungi. a. strigolactones b. cytokinins c. ethylene d. auxins e. jasmonates

a. strigolactones

Most mineral ions that plants need are moved into the ____. a. symplast via active transport b. transmembrane pathway via bulk flow c. apoplast via facilitated diffusion d. symplast via facilitated diffusion e. the apoplast via bulk flow

a. symplast via active transport

Sucrose moves into a cell against its concentration gradient at the same time that protons move into the cell along their concentration gradient. This is an example of ____. a. symport b. passive diffusion c. antiport d. facilitated diffusion e. active transport

a. symport

Bioactive specialized compounds are ____. a. synthesized in some plants as part of basic metabolism b. only synthesized in plant leaves c. molecules that attract herbivore pollinators d. synthesized in floral structures to attract pollinating insects e. only synthesized in plant roots

a. synthesized in some plants as part of basic metabolism

After a plant has survived a microbial invasion, the rest of the plant is often less vulnerable to future infections. This is called ____. a. systemic acquired resistance b. wound defense c. gene-for-gene recognition d. hypersensitive response e. jasmonate response

a. systemic acquired resistance

If nitrifying bacteria were not present in a soil, plants would ____. a. take up nitrogen for their use mainly as NH4+ b. not survive because they could not get useful nitrogen c. take up nitrogen for their use mainly as N2 d. take up nitrogen for their use mainly as NH3 e. take up nitrogen for their use mainly as NO3-

a. take up nitrogen for their use mainly as NH4+

The site of new primary growth at the apex of a shoot is the ____. a. terminal bud b. internode c. axil d. lateral bud e. node

a. terminal bud

Biogeochemical cycles describe ____. a. the constant recycling of nutrients between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems b. pathways by which energy and nutrients move through biotic components of ecosystems c. all available nutrients in an ecosystem d. a series of mathematical equations that define an ecosystem's most important relationships e. the input of solar energy into a closed ecosystem

a. the constant recycling of nutrients between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems

What is an example of an extrinsic control of cycles in population size? a. the relationship between a species and its predators b. hormonal changes c. dispersal d. population density e. a single reproductive event

a. the relationship between a species and its predators

Stomata generally close in response to ____. a. the release of abscisic acid by the roots b. a drop in CO2 concentration in leaf air spaces c. exposure to red light d. a drop in O2 concentration in leaf air spaces e. an increase in CO2 concentration in the leaf air spaces

a. the release of abscisic acid by the roots

The success of human populations resulted from ____. a. their ability to solve ecological problems b. a stable climate c. their society d. their hunting ability e. absence of predators

a. their ability to solve ecological problems

Companion cells load most of the carbohydrates into sieve tube members ____. a. through plasmodesmata b. by osmosis c. by antiport d. through carrier proteins e. by symport

a. through plasmodesmata

A state of extreme sluggishness is known as ____. a. torpor b. endothermic c. migration d. extinction e. reproduction

a. torpor

Which winds push surface water toward the equator? a. trade winds b. westerlies c. easterlies d. polar e. adiabatic

a. trade winds

Which environment would be most likely to harbor a biodiversity hotspot? a. tropical island b. temperate grassland c. temperate deciduous forest d. desert e. savanna

a. tropical island

Multistranded cords of primary xylem and phloem are ____. a. vascular bundles b. found only in monocots c. found only in dicots d. formed by stele e. formed by pith

a. vascular bundles

What is the main determinant of biome distribution? a. vegetation type b. climate c. ocean currents d. elevation e. weather

a. vegetation type

The beginning of the industrial and scientific revolution occurred ____. a. when human population size was approximately one billion b. when human population size was approximately one million c. when human population size was approximately five million d. approximately 500 years ago e. approximately 100 years ago

a. when human population size was approximately one billion

What makes temperate rainforests different from their tropical counterparts? a. winters are mild and wet and summers are cool b. winters are cold and summers are mild and wet c. they receive more rain d. they contain more species e. they differ only in latitude

a. winters are mild and wet and summers are cool

If a living plant cell is placed in a beaker with pure water, it will take up water until ____. a. within the cell wP = -wS b. it bursts c. its wP = 0 d. its wS = wS of the pure water e. its wS = 0

a. within the cell wP = -wS

You would expect essentially no transpiration to occur in conditions of ____. a. brisk winds b. 100 percent relative humidity c. no winds d. one percent relative humidity e. hot air temperature and no winds

b. 100 percent relative humidity

The transformation of humans from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculturally based ones occurred approximately ____. a. 14,000 years ago b. 11,000 years ago c. 7,000 years ago d. 1,500 years ago e. 200 years ago

b. 11,000 years ago

Theoretically, based on the cohesion-tension mechanism, the maximum height for the tallest trees should be about ____. a. 50 ft b. 130 m c. 6 ft d. 3 m e. 75 m

b. 130 m

About how much solar energy is intercepted by Earth every minute? a. 9 kcal per square meter b. 19 kcal per square meter c. 190 kcal per square meter d. 19 kcal per square kilometer e. 190 kcal per square kilometer

b. 19 kcal per square meter

To estimate population size using the mark-release-recapture method, ____ samples must be captured. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

b. 2

Approximately ____ percent of water that enters a plant's roots is used for photosynthesis and other parts of metabolism and growth. a. 1-3 b. 2-5 c. 5-10 d. 15-20 e. 25-30

b. 2-5

Approximately ____ genes have been identified in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. a. 5,400 b. 28,000 c. 67,000 d. 120,000 e. 3,200,000

b. 28,000

In marine environments, salinity averages about ____%. a. 1 b. 3 c. 8 d. 12 e. 25

b. 3

Cool, dry air descends at which latitude? a. the equator b. 30o N and S c. 45o N and S d. both 30o and 60o N and S e. at the poles

b. 30o N and S

The first complete plant genome to be sequenced was that of ____. a. Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) b. Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) c. Zea mays (corn) d. Capsella burse-pastoris (shepherd's purse) e. Oryza sativa (rice)

b. Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)

Which organism controls its salt concentration by releasing salt from a structure on the leaf epidermis? a. Dionaea muscipula b. Atriplex spongiosa c. Lathyrusodoratus d. Phaseolus e. Quercus suber

b. Atriplex spongiosa

The ____ horizon is usually light in color and contains little organic matter. a. A horizon b. B horizon c. C horizon d. D horizon e. O horizon

b. B horizon

The ____ horizon tends to accumulate mineral ions but relatively little organic matter, and is generally penetrated by mature tree roots? a. A horizon b. B horizon c. C horizon d. D horizon e. O horizon

b. B horizon

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which letter(s) represent(s) the limnetic zone? a. A only b. B only c. C only d. A and B e. B and C

b. B only

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The benthic province includes the intertidal zone, represented by letter ____, and the abyssal zone, represented by letter ____. a. G; H b. B; H c. E; H d. B; C e. E; F

b. B; H

The monarch butterfly has an undesirable taste and the viceroy butterfly has a selective advantage because it looks like the monarch. This is an example of ____. a. aposematic coloration b. Batesian mimicry c. competitive exclusion principle d. cryptic coloration e. Müllerian mimicry

b. Batesian mimicry

____ were first discovered in experiments to define the nutrient media required for plant tissue culture. a. Gibberellins b. Cytokinins c. Salicylic acid d. Auxins e. Brassinosteroids

b. Cytokinins

What were the conclusions of Gibson's experiments with small mammal populations? a. Fragmentation increases biodiversity. b. Fragmentation leads to extinction of native populations. c. Fragmentation does not affect small mammal populations. d. Fragmentation has the same effect on large and small mammal populations. e. Fragmentation has more impact in aquatic than in terrestrial habitats.

b. Fragmentation leads to extinction of native populations.

The individualistic view of communities proposed by ____ is supported by data showing that species compositions change gradually across environmental gradients. a. Clements b. Gleason c. Darwin d. Whitaker e. Connell

b. Gleason

How does reduced river connectivity affect aquatic species? a. It helps nonnative species establish in certain ecosystems. b. It prevents species from migrating freely. c. It reduces water temperature. d. It increases river volume. e. It assists species in long migrations.

b. It prevents species from migrating freely.

Which statement best summarizes the results of the experiment by Damschen and her colleagues on the effect of landscape corridors on species richness? a. Habitat patches with landscape corridors are at higher risk of encroachment by exotic species than are isolated habitat patches. b. Over time, the number of native species harbored by habitat patches with landscape corridors was increasingly greater than in isolated habitat patches. c. The number of both native and exotic species increased over time in habitat patches that were connected by landscape corridors. d. The number of native species increased over time in isolated habitat patches but not in those connected by corridors. e. The number of exotic and native species decreased in patches connected by landscape corridors.

b. Over time, the number of native species harbored by habitat patches with landscape corridors was increasingly greater than in isolated habitat patches.

What are the specific environmental consequences of a phytoplankton bloom? a. An increase in phytoplankton acidifies ocean water. b. Phytoplankton are decomposed by aerobic bacteria, which depletes the surrounding water of oxygen. c. Phytoplankton fix nitrogen in the water causing nitrification. d. Phytoplankton are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria which enriches the surrounding water with oxygen. e. Phytoplankton use up hydrogen ions, which decreases the acidity of the surrounding water.

b. Phytoplankton are decomposed by aerobic bacteria, which depletes the surrounding water of oxygen.

Life history patterns of guppies in Trinidad are a result of which natural selection force? a. Competition differences in different streams. b. Predation differences in different streams. c. Temperature differences in different streams. d. Pollution differences in different streams. e. Salt concentration differences in different streams.

b. Predation differences in different streams.

According to researchers Parmesan and Yohe, how are living systems responding to anthropogenic global warming? a. All biomes are remaining intact but are shifting their distributions northward. b. Some species are moving northward and others are not, so communities are being disrupted. c. All biomes are remaining intact, but some are shifting their distributions and other biomes are not. d. Most plants are shifting their distributions northward, but most animals are not. e. Most animals are shifting their distributions northward, but most plants are not.

b. Some species are moving northward and others are not, so communities are being disrupted.

Why is the COI gene sequence unsuitable as a DNA barcode for plants? a. The gene has a much faster evolution rate in plants. b. The gene has a much slower evolution rate in plants. c. There are too many plant species. d. There are not enough plant species. e. It is too difficult to extract plant DNA.

b. The gene has a much slower evolution rate in plants.

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. A species with a relatively constant rate of mortality in all age classes would most likely exhibit which survivorship curve? a. Type I, which is graph A b. Type II, which is graph B c. Type I, which is graph C d. Type III, which is graph C e. Type III, which is graph A

b. Type II, which is graph B

Stomata generally open in response to ____. a. the release of abscisic acid by the roots b. a drop in CO2 concentration in leaf air spaces c. exposure to red light d. a drop in O2 concentration in leaf air spaces e. an increase in CO2 concentration in the leaf air spaces

b. a drop in CO2 concentration in leaf air spaces

Worldwide declines in the population size of frogs have recently been linked to ____. a. overharvesting b. a fungus c. dams d. decreases in global temperatures e. increases in precipitation

b. a fungus

According to the MacArthur-Wilson model, the mainland harbors ____. a. a lower species richness than islands b. a species pool from which species migrate to nearby islands c. none of the same species as on nearby islands d. an easier community to study than nearby islands e. many species that are extinct on nearby islands

b. a species pool from which species migrate to nearby islands

Imagine that you own a nursery and you want to reduce the chance that plants you ship will suffer from shipping damage. You should you apply ____ to the plants before shipping. a. cytokinins b. abscisic acid c. oligosaccharins d. gibberellins e. ethylene

b. abscisic acid

The second messenger inositol triphosphate (IP3) appears to be involved in stomatal closure triggered by ____. a. auxins b. abscisic acid c. oligosaccharins d. salicylic acid e. gibberellins

b. abscisic acid

Greenhouse gases ____, which is directed back toward Earth, maintaining the temperature of the atmosphere. a. emit heat energy b. absorb heat energy c. emit carbon dioxide d. absorb solar energy e. absorb carbon dioxide

b. absorb heat energy

A fruit, such as a strawberry, that develops from tissues of the receptacle as well as the ovary would be considered a(n) ____. a. aggregate fruit b. accessory fruit c. multiple fruit d. simple fruit e. compound fruit

b. accessory fruit

Stomata close when ____ guard cells and they become ____. a. active transport pumps H+ into; turgid b. active transport of H+ stops in; flaccid c. active transport pumps H+ out of; turgid d. active transport pumps H+ into; flaccid e. active transport of H+ stops in; turgid

b. active transport of H+ stops in; flaccid

The process of producing NH4+ from decaying organic material is called ____. a. nitrification b. ammonification c. nitrogen cycling d. nitrogen fixation e. nitrogen assimilation

b. ammonification

Which term refers to plants that complete their life cycle in one growing season? a. perennials b. annuals c. monocots d. biennials e. eudicots

b. annuals

If you want all of the orange trees in your orchard to uniformly flower and set fruit, you should spray ____ on your plants. a. brassinosteroids b. auxins c. ethylene d. salicylic acid e. cytokinins

b. auxins

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which image represents the position of the Earth during the vernal (March) equinox? a. a b. b c. c d. d e. A and C

b. b

Which organisms live in the profundal zone? a. amphibians b. bacterial decomposers c. plants d. zooplankton e. photosynthetic algae

b. bacterial decomposers

Plants can generally absorb and make use of nitrogen in the form of ____. a. NO3- only b. both NO3- and NH4+ c. NH4+ only d. N2 only e. both N2 and NH4+

b. both NO3- and NH4+

The plant hormones ____ appear to regulate the expression of genes associated with a plant's growth responses to light. a. salicylic acid b. brassinosteroids c. gibberellins d. jasmonates e. oligosaccharins

b. brassinosteroids

Permafrost is a major repository of ____ in the environment. a. water b. carbon c. oxygen d. carbon dioxide e. ice

b. carbon

Greenhouse gases include ____. a. carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, and hydrogen b. carbon dioxide, water, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide c. carbon dioxide, phosphorous, water, and ozone d. carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide e. carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrous oxide, and phosphorous

b. carbon dioxide, water, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide

The female gametophyte in flowering plants forms in a _____. a. calyx b. carpel c. receptacle d. corolla e. stamen

b. carpel

The female reproductive whorl of a flower typically consists of one or more ____. a. petals b. carpels c. stamens d. receptacles e. sepals

b. carpels

The innermost whorl of a flower typically consists of one or more ____. a. petals b. carpels c. stamens d. receptacles e. sepals

b. carpels

Sympatric populations are able to coexist without competing for resources due to morphological differences known as ____. a. niches b. character displacements c. resource partitions d. mimics e. parasitoids

b. character displacements

. The membrane potential refers to the ____ across a cell membrane. a. difference in water concentration b. charge difference c. rate of movement d. distance e. difference in salt concentration

b. charge difference

Which population dispersion is the most common in nature? a. random b. clumped c. uniform d. dynamic e. unpredictable

b. clumped

The evolution of genetically based, reciprocal adaptations in two or more interacting species is called ____. a. commensalism b. coevolution c. mutualism d. parasitism e. predation

b. coevolution

Which factor is responsible for reductions in population size? a. immigration b. death c. birth d. reproduction e. dispersion

b. death

In response to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere over the past 200 years, stomata in leaves of some species have ____. a. become smaller b. declined in number c. increased in number d. disappeared e. become larger

b. declined in number

Which class of organisms makes up the detrital food web? a. carnivores and decomposers b. decomposers and detritivores c. decomposers and producers d. herbivores and carnivores e. producers and herbivores

b. decomposers and detritivores

Crowding ____. a. has a positive effect on reproduction b. decreases the growth rate of individuals c. only occurs in plant species d. causes immigration e. stimulates developmental and behavioral changes

b. decreases the growth rate of individuals

Carrying capacity is ____. a. determined by the individuals of a species b. defined for each population, and varies from one habitat to another c. the same across all environments d. the same in one habitat through time e. the same across all populations

b. defined for each population, and varies from one habitat to another

Which event accounts for 20% of the greenhouse gases recorded annually? a. deforestation of dry tropical forests b. deforestation of moist tropical forests c. burning of fossil fuels d. burning of coal e. urbanization

b. deforestation of moist tropical forests

Intraspecific competition and predation are ____ factors. a. crowding b. density-dependent c. reproductive d. population e. logistic

b. density-dependent

A plant species where each plant can only make either male or female flowers is called a ____ species and always has ____ flowers. a. monoecious; complete b. dioecious; imperfect c. dioecious; complete d. monoecious; imperfect e. monoecious; perfect

b. dioecious; imperfect

An air temperature rise of 10C will typically ____ evaporation from leaves. a. completely eliminate b. double the rate of c. mostly eliminate d. triple the rate of e. quadruple the rate of

b. double the rate of

In monoecious species of plants, plants that have separate "male" and "female" flowers both on the same plant, applications of gibberellin ____. a. cause all flowers formed to be "female" b. encourage proportionally more "male" flowers to develop c. cause all flowers formed to actually be both "male" and "female" d. cause all flowers formed to be "male" e. encourage proportionally more "female" flowers to develop

b. encourage proportionally more "male" flowers to develop

Which of the following is an unusual event that occurs as trichomes differentiate? a. DNA replication b. endoduplication c. cell expansion d. mitosis e. regulation of the cell cycle

b. endoduplication

Unique to flowering plants, the making of an embryo-nourishing ____ is an outcome of double fertilization. a. hypocotyl b. endosperm c. seed coat d. cotyledon e. epicotyl

b. endosperm

Assimilation efficiency is the ratio of ____. a. energy content of food consumed to the energy content of food available b. energy absorbed from consumed food to the food's total energy content c. energy content of new tissue produced to the energy assimilated from food d. net productivity at one trophic level to the trophic level below e. producers to consumers

b. energy absorbed from consumed food to the food's total energy content

If the w of surrounding soil is higher than that in living root epidermal cells, then water should ____. a. leave the root cells, making them flaccid b. enter the root cells, making them turgid c. leave the root cells, making them turgid d. enter the root cells, making them flaccid e. none of these accurately describe water movement

b. enter the root cells, making them turgid

Coastal regions where seawater mixes with fresh water from rivers, streams, and runoff are called ____. a. neritic zones b. estuaries c. benthos d. wetlands e. intertidal zones

b. estuaries

Placing a ripe apple with other apples that are not ripe will cause the other apples to ripen sooner due to the release of ____. a. brassinosteroids b. ethylene c. auxins d. oligosaccharins e. abscisic acid

b. ethylene

The plant hormone ____ is a gas at normal temperature and pressure. a. abscisic acid b. ethylene c. auxin d. salicylic acid e. systemin

b. ethylene

Population growth of rabbits in Australia can best be described as ____. a. fast b. exponential c. virulent d. stable e. epidemic

b. exponential

Saltmarsh cordgrass is known as a(n)_____ because patches slow the velocity of incoming tides and stabilize stormy beach habitat. a. parasite b. foundation species c. symbiote d. mimic e. ecotone

b. foundation species

What is true of most deciduous trees in the temperate zone? a. they spend all of their energy on reproduction b. growth and reproduction occur simultaneously c. they only produce one or two offspring annually d. they produce thousands of seeds for one or two years e. they only begin to breed after reaching adulthood

b. growth and reproduction occur simultaneously

Unlike in animal meiosis, meiosis in plants gives rise to ____. a. diploid spores b. haploid spores c. diploid gametes d. haploid gametes e. cells without walls

b. haploid spores

What is the ratio of the energy content of food consumed to the energy content of food available? a. ecological efficiency b. harvesting efficiency c. production efficiency d. assimilation efficiency e. net primary productivity

b. harvesting efficiency

Primary and secondary xylem that can no longer transport water and solutes, but can store defensive compounds, is called ____. a. bark b. heartwood c. vascular cambium d. sapwood e. secondary epidermis

b. heartwood

Which adaptation(s) allow(s) a rattlesnake to locate prey more effectively? a. acute sense of hearing only b. heat and chemical sensors c. acute sense of smell only d. acute sense of vision and chemical sensors e. acute sense of smell and vision

b. heat and chemical sensors

Which physiological process allows many organisms to maintain relatively constant conditions within their cells and tissues? a. torpor b. homeostatic responses c. facultative responses d. behavioral adaptations e. photosynthesis

b. homeostatic responses

Conservation biologists conduct population viability analyses to determine ____. a. whether an environment is too badly degraded to support a species b. how large a population must be to ensure its long-term survival c. likely source populations d. likely sink populations e. the annual reproduction rate of a population

b. how large a population must be to ensure its long-term survival

Soil particles composed of decomposing organic matter are called ____. a. sand b. humus c. silt d. clay e. mineral

b. humus

What soil component is most important for retaining water in soil for use by plants? a. sand b. humus c. clay d. silt e. rock

b. humus

The KN-1 gene in maize is normally expressed in ____. a. in primary meristems, where it initiates the process of differentiation b. in apical meristems, where it maintains the undifferentiated state c. in apical meristems, where it initiates the process of differentiation d. in primary meristems, where it maintains the undifferentiated state e. in lateral meristems, where it initiates the process of secondary growth

b. in apical meristems, where it maintains the undifferentiated state

Salt marsh cordgrass is consumed by herbivorous marsh periwinkle snails, which in turn are consumed by blue crabs. Research has shown that cordgrass productivity is controlled ____. a. indirectly by the abundance of snails b. indirectly by the abundance of snail predators c. directly by the abundance of snail predators d. directly by the availability of nutrients in the salt marsh e. indirectly by the amount of sunlight penetrating the water

b. indirectly by the abundance of snail predators

Zooplankton eating phytoplankton almost as soon as they appear in marine ecosystems causes the pyramid of biomass to ____. a. resemble the pyramid of energy b. invert c. widen at the base d. add trophic levels e. to become obsolete

b. invert

After fertilization in flowering plants, an embryo in a seed ____. a. begins as a gametophyte and ends up as a sporophyte before germination b. is always a sporophyte c. is usually a gametophyte but can be a sporophyte d. begins as a sporophyte and ends up as a gametophyte before germination e. is always a gametophyte

b. is always a sporophyte

Which habitat patch sustains more species? a. small b. large c. intact d. separated e. threatened

b. large

Research has shown that commercial fisheries place selective pressure on fish populations by harvesting mostly the ____ fish, resulting in ____. a. young; aging populations b. larger; maturity at smaller sizes c. smaller; maturity at larger sizes d. prereproductive; declining birth rates e. postreproductive; no change in population size

b. larger; maturity at smaller sizes

Often connected to a petiole, ____ may be either simple or compound and are typically the main organs of photosynthesis and gas exchange. a. roots b. leaves c. flowers d. stems e. trichomes

b. leaves

The lifetime patterns of growth, maturation, and reproduction determine the ____ of a species. a. survivorship curve b. life history c. specific mortality d. age-specific fecundity e. dispersion

b. life history

. A soil with roughly equal amounts of humus, silt, clay, and sand is called a ____. a. topsoil b. loam c. subsoil d. compost e. oversoil

b. loam

If a living plant cell is placed in a beaker with a solution that has a value lower than the value of the plant cell, the plant cell will ____. a. take up water until it bursts b. lose water until its w = w of the solution c. take up water until within the cell wP = -wS d. take up water until its w = wS of the solution e. lose water until its wS = its wP

b. lose water until its w = w of the solution

Earth is essentially a closed system with respect to ____. a. energy b. matter c. oxygen d. photosynthesis e. ecosystems

b. matter

An increase in air temperature will result in ____ water vapor in the atmosphere because warm air holds ____ water vapor than cold air does. a. more; less b. more; more c. less; less d. less; more e. no change in; less

b. more; more

Farmers often grow legumes such as soybeans every few years and plow much of the plant parts into the soil. This practice serves mainly to replenish the soil with useful forms of ____. a. carbon b. nitrogen c. phosphorus d. oxygen e. manganese

b. nitrogen

You might infer from packages of commercial fertilizer that which nutrients are most limiting to plant growth? a. carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous b. nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium c. hydrogen, phosphorus and magnesium d. iron, Magnesium and nitrogen e. phosphorus, potassium, and calcium

b. nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium

In vascular plants, sugars are transported throughout the plant by ____. a. sclerenchyma b. phloem c. collenchyma d. parenchyma e. xylem

b. phloem

Sieve tube elements are components of the ____. a. ground tissue b. phloem c. dermal tissue d. meristem e. xylem

b. phloem

A plant's response to the relative lengths of light and dark periods in its environment during each 24-hour period is a phenomenon called ____. a. gravitropism b. photoperiodism c. thigmotropism d. circadian rhythms e. phototropism

b. photoperiodism

Bioactive specialized compounds that function to protect plants from viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens are ____. a. systemins b. phytoalexins c. PR proteins d. R genes e. heat-shock proteins

b. phytoalexins

Which group exhibits the longest generation time? a. bacteria b. plants c. animals d. protists e. fungi

b. plants

A human population with an age structure diagram that is narrower at the base than at the top would have ____. a. zero population growth b. r < 0 c. r > 0 d. been affected by density independent factors e. (K N)/K < 1

b. r < 0

Photosynthetic organisms provide ____ to ecosystems. a. provisioning services b. regulating services c. nutrient cycling d. hybridization e. support services

b. regulating services

Plant hormones generally ____ concentrations to be effective, and usually have ____ on different plant tissues. a. are effective only in extremely large; the same effect b. require only low; different effects c. require only low; the same effect d. are effective only in extremely large; different effects e. require moderate; the same effect

b. require only low; different effects

Expanding air masses ____. a. sink b. rise c. are cool and dry d. can hold less water e. experience no change

b. rise

The root apical meristem is surrounded and protected by a structure called the ____. a. endodermis b. root cap c. quiescent center d. pericycle e. root hairs

b. root cap

When a plant has a hypersensitive response, production of ____ triggers effects such as the expression of PR proteins. a. oligosaccharins b. salicylic acid c. ethylene d. cytokinin e. brassinosteroids

b. salicylic acid

Monsoon cycles are a result of_____. a. rain shadows b. seasonal reversals of wind direction c. microclimate d. proximity to the ocean e. adiabatic cooling

b. seasonal reversals of wind direction

Wood is composed of ____. a. primary xylem b. secondary xylem c. primary phloem d. secondary phloem e. both xylem and phloem

b. secondary xylem

The female gametophyte in flowering plants usually consists of ____. a. a complete pistil b. seven cells embedded in floral tissues c. a single ovary d. a seed e. shoot parts bearing female flowers

b. seven cells embedded in floral tissues

Geological processes in the nutrient cycle operate ____. a. quickly b. slowly c. on living material d. only on organic matter e. on solar energy

b. slowly

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the internal leaf structure, the structure labeled "3" is ____. a. a vascular bundle b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. a stoma e. palisade mesophyll

b. spongy mesophyll

Which of the following is the main reason why pollen withstands decay much better than typical plant parts? a. hemicellulose b. sporopollenin c. lignin d. cellulose e. pectin

b. sporopollenin

The landing platform for pollen in flowering plants is the ____. a. filament b. stigma c. anther d. style e. ovary

b. stigma

Chemical cues that help guide a developing pollen tube toward an ovule are released by the ____. a. antipodal cells b. synergids c. egg d. central cell e. sperm

b. synergids

The first peptide hormone discovered in plants was ____, which functions in wound response in the tomato. a. cytokinin b. systemin c. gibberellin d. jasmonate e. salicylic acid

b. systemin

Which biome occurs in the interiors of continents where winters are cold and snowy and summers are warm and fairly dry? a. tropical montane forests b. temperate grasslands c. chaparral d. dry savannas e. temperate forests

b. temperate grasslands

In the Northern Hemisphere, seasonal variation in temperatures is caused mainly by ____. a. the Earth's elliptical orbit taking it closer to and farther away from the sun b. the Earth's tilt on its axis of 23.5 c. seasonal variation of energy output from the sun d. warm equatorial air masses rising and spreading north and south e. uneven warming of the ocean's surface water

b. the Earth's tilt on its axis of 23.5

The Bartlett pear and McIntosh apples are example of commercially important fruits that come from plants produced by ____. a. fragmentation b. tissue culture c. somaclonal selection d. grafting e. apomixes

b. tissue culture

Vascular tissue cells with long, tapered, overlapping ends are known as ____. a. sclerenchyma b. tracheids c. collenchyma d. parenchyma e. vessel elements

b. tracheids

Birth rates generally reach their highest point in which stage of a country's demographic transition? a. preindustrial b. transitional c. industrial d. postindustrial e. stage 1

b. transitional

The general term for long-distance transport of substances in plants is called ____. a. cohesion-tension b. translocation c. pressure flow d. osmosis e. transpiration

b. translocation

Water that moves through living cells in a root is following the ____. a. symplastic pathway only b. transmembrane and symplastic pathways c. transmembrane pathway only d. apoplastic, transmembrane, and symplastic pathways e. apoplastic pathway only

b. transmembrane and symplastic pathways

The loss of water vapor from above ground plant parts is called ____. a. passive transport b. transpiration c. root pressure d. evaporation e. sublimation

b. transpiration

Scientists have found that extinction rates among ____ are accelerating rapidly. a. endangered species b. trigger species c. bird species d. amphibian species e. plant species

b. trigger species

Which biome occurs where winter drought reduces photosynthesis and most trees drop their leaves? a. tropical montane forests b. tropical deciduous forests c. boreal forests d. dry savannas e. temperate forests

b. tropical deciduous forests

Herbivores are ____ energy transfer(s) away from the sun. a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

b. two

Taxol, a drug treatment for breast and ovarian cancer, was isolated from ____. a. frog skin b. vascular cambium of a tree c. roots of a tree d. insects e. primates

b. vascular cambium of a tree

The thermocline prevents ____ the top layer of the limnetic zone and the deep profundal zone. a. plankton growth in b. vertical mixing between c. autumn overturn in d. photosynthesis in e. detritus formation in

b. vertical mixing between

The administration of the drug diclofenac to livestock inadvertently poisoned ____ and led to an increase in ____ cases. a. cattle; hoof and mouth b. vultures; rabies c. children; epilepsy d. coyotes; hemolytic E. coli e. cattle egrets; avian flu

b. vultures; rabies

Plant tissues are more than 90 percent ____ by weight. a. carbohydrates b. water c. carbon d. nitrogen e. cellulose

b. water

Which of the following it the most typical order of events in seed germination? a. shoot cells divide and elongate -> root cells divide and elongate -> seed coat splits -> water imbibition b. water imbibition -> seed coat splits -> root cells divide and elongate -> shoot cells divide and elongate c. water imbibition -> root cells divide and elongate -> seed coat splits -> shoot cells divide and elongate d. seed coat splits -> water imbibition -> root cells divide and elongate -> shoot cells divide and elongate e. seed coat splits -> water imbibition -> shoot cells divide and elongate -> root cells divide and elongate

b. water imbibition -> seed coat splits -> root cells divide and elongate -> shoot cells divide and elongate

Active transport in plant root cells requires that those cells have access to O2. Normally there is enough O2 available in air pockets in the soil, but flooded soil has very little O2. Thus, unless they have special adaptations, plants in flooded soil effectively have no active transport in their roots. Which of the following should you expect to occur for trees without special adaptations to flooding after several days in flooded soil? a. excess uptake of water and minerals in the xylem only b. wilting of their leaves c. bursting of leaf cells due to excess water flow d. excess water pushed out at the margins of their leaves only e. excess uptake of water and minerals in the xylem, and excess water pushed out at the margins of their leaves

b. wilting of their leaves

Conservation biology is a ____. a. mature science b. young science c. science that addresses speciation rates d. science practiced by environmentalists e. declining science

b. young science

The postindustrial age is defined by ____. a. high birth and death rates b. zero population growth c. dramatic slowing in population growth d. declining death rate e. declining birth rate

b. zero population growth

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the diagram of a root tip, the structure labeled "2" is the ____. a. quiescent center b. zone of cell division c. zone of elongation d. root cap e. zone of maturation

b. zone of cell division

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. According to the graph, the upper mean annual temperature for boreal forests is approximately ____oC. a. -7 b. 2 c. 15 d. 25 e. 35

c. 15

Forest burning contributes nearly ____ % of all greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30 e. 50

c. 20

Adiabatic cooling reduces air temperatures by ____ oC per 1,000 m increase in altitude. a. 1 - 2 b. 2 c. 3 - 6 d. 8 - 10 e. 20 - 30

c. 3 - 6

The overall ecological efficiency of most organisms is between ____ percent. a. 1 and 2 b. 2 and 5 c. 5 and 20 d. 10 and 50 e. 50 and 75

c. 5 and 20

Background extinction rates eliminate approximately ____ species ____. a. 7-8; per 100 years b. 7-8; per 1000 years c. 7-8; per year d. 100; per year e. 100; per 1000 years

c. 7-8; per year

Generally, the energy for pumping protons outside of a plant cell comes most directly from ____. a. sunlight b. starch c. ATP d. diffusion e. glucose

c. ATP

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Rapid population growth is represented by the letter ____. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

c. C

The ____ horizon extends to the underlying bedrock, and consists of mineral particles and rock fragments but generally no organic material? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. O

c. C

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which image represents the position of the Earth during the December solstice? a. A only b. B only c. C only d. D only e. A and C

c. C only

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which lake zone(s) support(s) detritivores and decomposers, but not photosynthesizers? a. A only b. B only c. C only d. A and B e. B and C

c. C only

How is pollentube elongation facilitated? a. Pollen tube growth relies onchemical signals released by the pollen grain. b. Pollentube elongation will occur as long as the pistil provides moisture and energy. c. Chemical cues from female tissues help guide pollen tube growth, but the identity of these chemicals is not known. d. All the details of the chemical interactions between the pollen tube and pistil tissue have been elucidated and are well-described. e. Pollentube elongation occurs only in the absence of chemical cues from the female tissues.

c. Chemical cues from female tissues help guide pollen tube growth, but the identity of these chemicals is not known.

The addition of excess phosphorus causes lakes to become eutrophic because the nutrients trigger blooms of photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Why do these blooms cause low oxygen levels in lakes? a. Cyanobacteria use up more oxygen than they produce. b. Excess phosphorus binds to dissolved oxygen in the water. c. Cyanobacteria are net producers of oxygen while alive, but when they die aerobic bacteria use oxygen while decomposing them. d. Cyanobacterial blooms only occur in waters naturally low in oxygen. e. Cyanobacteria are aerobic heterotrophs, consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide.

c. Cyanobacteria are net producers of oxygen while alive, but when they die aerobic bacteria use oxygen while decomposing them.

Roots obtain cations through cation exchange, where soil particles absorb ____ provided directly or indirectly by the root, and thus release cations. a. Cl- b. K+ c. H+ d. water e. CO2

c. H+

How does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity? a. As long as the fragments are of good quality habitat, biodiversity will not be affected. b. Habitat fragmentation increases biodiversity because it reduces entry of exotic species. c. Habitat fragmentation is a threat to biodiversity because small habitat patches sustain only small populations. d. Habitat fragmentation increases biodiversity because adaptation to local conditions stimulates evolution. e. Habitat fragmentation connects terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

c. Habitat fragmentation is a threat to biodiversity because small habitat patches sustain only small populations.

Movement of IAA in a shoot tip is as follows: ____. a. IAA initially moves downward from the shoot tip via polar transport. b. IAA initially moves laterally from the shaded to illuminated side of the shoot tip. c. IAA initially moves laterally from the illuminated to shaded side of the shoot tip. d. IAA initially moves laterally in the shoot tip via non-polar transport. e. IAA moves from root tips upwards towards leaves.

c. IAA initially moves laterally from the illuminated to shaded side of the shoot tip.

The most prominent known role in the opening and closing of stomata is played by____ ions. a. Ca2+ b. Cl- c. K+ d. NH4+ e. Na+

c. K+

Which consequence is a documented result of global warming? a. Cold-adapted species are more common. b. Plants display later flowering and growth. c. Minimum temperatures at Yosemite have increased about 3o over the last century. d. Animals display later migration and breeding. e. Minimum temperatures at Yosemite have decreased about 3o over the last century.

c. Minimum temperatures at Yosemite have increased about 3o over the last century.

In the process of nitrogen assimilation, ____ is converted to ____, which is then rapidly used to synthesize organic molecules. a. NH4+; NO3- b. N2; NO3- c. NO3-; NH4+ d. NH3; NH4+ e. NO3-; N2

c. NO3-; NH4+

Chitinases are examples of ____. a. systemins b. phytoalexins c. PR proteins d. R genes e. heat-shock proteins

c. PR proteins

Which statement describes the general relationship between population density and body size? a. Population density increases with increasing body size. b. Population density is equal to body size. c. Population density decreases with increasing body size. d. Population density is not related to body size. e. Population density first decreases then increases with increasing body size.

c. Population density decreases with increasing body size.

Why have so few primates gone extinct compared to other species, such as mussels or birds? a. Primates have large brains. b. Primates are not killed for food or other human uses. c. Primates live in stable environments. d. Primates are among the most closely monitored and protected species. e. Primates are highly mobile.

c. Primates live in stable environments.

What is the difference between an estuary and a salt marsh? a. Salt marshes are found far from the ocean, while estuaries border the ocean. b. Salt marshes are not affected by tides, while estuaries are. c. Salt marshes are dominated by grasses, while estuaries are defined by tidal influence. d. Salt marshes border the ocean, while estuaries exist in river environments. e. Salt marshes are affected by tides, while estuaries are not.

c. Salt marshes are dominated by grasses, while estuaries are defined by tidal influence.

When an apical meristem cell divides, one daughter cell is called the initial and the other is called the derivative. What are the fates of these cells? a. The initial is used to form primary meristems, and the derivative remains part of the apical meristem. b. Both the initial and the derivative remain part of the apical meristem. c. The initial remains part of the apical meristem, and the derivative is used to form primary meristems. d. Both the initial and the derivative are used to form primary meristems. e. The initial is used to form primary meristems, and the derivative is used to form secondary meristems.

c. The initial remains part of the apical meristem, and the derivative is used to form primary meristems.

How do the pyramids of biomass for Silver Springs, Florida, and the English Channel compare? a. They are both typical of most ecosystems. b. They both indicate that producers are quickly eaten by herbivores. c. The pyramid for Silver Springs is typical of most ecosystems and the English Channel pyramid indicates that producers are quickly eaten by herbivores. d. The pyramid for Silver Springs indicates that producers are quickly eaten by herbivores, and the English Channel pyramid is typical of most ecosystems. e. Both pyramids indicate overgrowth of producers.

c. The pyramid for Silver Springs is typical of most ecosystems and the English Channel pyramid indicates that producers are quickly eaten by herbivores.

Adiabatic cooling takes place when ____. a. latitudinal differences alter rainfall amounts b. reversals of wind direction occur seasonally c. a decrease in air temperature occurs without loss of heat energy d. an increase in air temperature occurs without loss of heat energy e. anytime air loses heat energy

c. a decrease in air temperature occurs without loss of heat energy

Animals trapped and digested by "carnivorous" plants such as the cobra lily are used primarily as ____. a. an energy supplement during winter months b. a carbon source for the plant c. a nutrient supplement in nutrient-deficient environments d. food for bacteria and fungi that grow symbiotically with the plant roots e. an energy supplement for small plants growing in shady areas

c. a nutrient supplement in nutrient-deficient environments

Biologists believe that whooping cranes suffer from a high rate of developmental deformities of the spine and trachea because of ____. a. biological magnification of DDT b. exposure to hormone-mimicking pollutants from plastics c. a population bottleneck and loss of genetic variability d. conservation biologists saving chicks that would have died at hatching e. exposure to PCBs used as insulators in electronics

c. a population bottleneck and loss of genetic variability

A human population living without medical care in a developing country would probably have ____. a. a rectangle-shaped age structure diagram b. an r value < 0 c. a pyramid-shaped age structure diagram d. per capita birth and death rates consistent with those of a stage 4 society e. no density-dependent factors operating

c. a pyramid-shaped age structure diagram

The micropyle is ____. a. the mature male gametophyte b. the inner seed coat c. a small opening at one end of an ovule d. a passageway through the style for sperm e. the eight-cell stage of a plant embryo

c. a small opening at one end of an ovule

The plant hormone ____ is apparently synthesized from carotenoid pigments inside plastids. a. salicylic acid b. cytokinin c. abscisic acid d. jasmonate e. brassinosteroid

c. abscisic acid

The plant hormone ____ stimulates stomata to close during a drought. a. salicylic acid b. gibberellin c. abscisic acid d. auxin e. oligosaccharin

c. abscisic acid

A cell expends energy when moving substances against a gradient during ____. a. symport b. passive diffusion c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion e. antiport

c. active transport

Stomata are opened when ____ guard cells and they become ____. a. active transport pumps H+ into; turgid b. active transport of H+ stops in; flaccid c. active transport pumps H+ out of; turgid d. active transport pumps H+ into; flaccid e. active transport of H+ stops in; turgid

c. active transport pumps H+ out of; turgid

The ____ of the plant refers to the structure and arrangement of its internal parts. a. morphology b. ecology c. anatomy d. distribution e. physiology

c. anatomy

Experiments have shown that sap transport peaks ____. a. in the early morning b. by mid-morning c. at midday d. in the evening e. overnight

c. at midday

The type of plant hormone primarily responsible for inhibiting growth of lateral meristems on shoots and restricting the formation of branches is/are ____. a. abscisic acid b. cytokinins c. auxins d. salicylic acid e. gibberellins

c. auxins

The type of plant hormone primarily responsible for promoting the formation of lateral roots is/are ____. a. jasmonates b. gibberellins c. auxins d. systemin e. cytokinins

c. auxins

The upper angle between a stem and attached leaf is called a(n) ____. a. terminal bud b. internode c. axil d. lateral bud e. node

c. axil

A pea plant that is not able to make GA1 will ____. a. grow away from light b. not be able to make flowers c. be a dwarf d. not be able to make fruits e. have nearly no root growth

c. be a dwarf

Stands of white spruce and balsam fir dominate North America's ____. a. tropical montane forests b. temperate grasslands c. boreal forest d. temperate rainforest e. chaparral

c. boreal forest

The plant hormone ____ has been shown to both promote pollen tube elongation and inhibit root elongation. a. jasmonate b. ethylene c. brassinosteroid d. salicylic acid e. oligosaccharin

c. brassinosteroid

Studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis whether or not a root epidermal cell develops a root hair is determined ____. a. by the distance of the cell from the root tip b. from the timing of cell division c. by positional information from cells of the root cortex d. shortly after the eight-cell embryo stage e. by the direction of cell division

c. by positional information from cells of the root cortex

Harrison and van Buuren used ____ to reveal the molecular basis of how mycorrhizae transport phosphate. a. proteins b. mRNA c. cDNA d. cRNA e. viruses

c. cDNA

An available nutrient molecule ____. a. exists in living or dead tissues b. cannot be assimilated by organisms c. can be assimilated by organisms d. exists in rocks and soil e. exists as an ion

c. can be assimilated by organisms

Which scenario is an example of commensalism? a. acacia trees coevolved with ant colonies that protect the tree from herbivores b. bacteria provide glucose to legume plants c. cattle egrets feed on insects flushed out from the grass by cattle d. plants coevolved with their pollinators e. tapeworms feed and reproduce in the intestines of pigs

c. cattle egrets feed on insects flushed out from the grass by cattle

Experiments have shown that even if it is supplied by no other means, plants near the ocean can get enough of the essential micronutrient ____ from the air, and plants can also get this essential micronutrient from sweat from a person's hands. a. sulfur b. manganese c. chlorine d. magnesium e. sodium

c. chlorine

Legumes grown in sterile soil would be expected to have ____. a. purplish veins b. chlorosis and mottled or bronzed leaves c. chlorosis in older leaves and stunted growth d. burned leaf edges and curled, mottled, or spotted older leaves e. pale green, rolled, or cupped leaves

c. chlorosis in older leaves and stunted growth

An herbivore with the ability to recognize odors and avoid toxic plants is exhibiting evidence of ____. a. predation b. herbivory c. coevolution d. optimal foraging e. mimicry

c. coevolution

Plant cells called ____ form flexible support strands such as the "strings" in celery. a. sclerenchyma b. tracheids c. collenchyma d. parenchyma e. vessel members

c. collenchyma

An ecologist who studies groups of populations that occur together in one area is a(n) ____ ecologist. a. behavioral b. population c. community d. ecosystem e. organismal

c. community

Thigmotropism is a growth response to ____. a. light b. day length c. contact with a solid object d. circadian rhythms e. gravity

c. contact with a solid object

A unique characteristic of plant cells is their ability to ____. a. photosynthesize b. carry out cellular respiration c. continuously grow and generate new organs throughout their life cycle d. form defensive compounds e. protect themselves through movement

c. continuously grow and generate new organs throughout their life cycle

Boiling DNA can produce ____. a. salicylic acid b. auxins c. cytokinins d. abscisic acid e. jasmonates

c. cytokinins

Leaf aging is retarded by ____. a. salicylic acid b. abscisic acid c. cytokinins d. ethylene e. gibberellins.

c. cytokinins

Which human activity is an example of hydrologic alteration? a. overfishing b. small-scale diversion of water for agriculture c. damming of rivers d. digging wells e. desalination

c. damming of rivers

Which event occurs during a strong El Niño year? a. light rains in the central and eastern Pacific ocean b. upwelling of cold water in the western Pacific ocean c. death of phytoplankton in western coastal areas d. cold surface currents flowing from west to east e. strengthened equatorial winds

c. death of phytoplankton in western coastal areas

A foundation species ____. a. provides a foundation for parasites b. has mutualistic relationships with many species c. defines the nature of a community d. lives in many different habitats e. provides protection for species in its community

c. defines the nature of a community

Mathematical models suggest that ____ will be favored by natural selection if organisms grow larger as they age. a. fecundity b. iteroparity c. delayed reproduction d. early reproduction e. semelparity

c. delayed reproduction

The products of ____ are N2O and N2. a. ammonification b. biological magnification c. denitrification d. nitrification e. nitrogen fixation

c. denitrification

In a study examining the effects of disturbances and recruitment on the growth of coral in a portion of the Great Barrier Reef, researchers concluded that changes in the coral colonies are ____. a. due to external factors only. b. due to internal factors only. c. due to both external and internal factors. d. solely due to human interference. e. not observable after disturbances

c. due to both external and internal factors.

The female gametophyte in flowering plants is the ____. a. ovary b. seed c. embryo sac d. megasporocyte e. ovule

c. embryo sac

The ____ prevents important substances in the xylem form leaking into the root cortex. a. primary xylem b. root hairs c. endodermis d. tonoplasts e. pericycle

c. endodermis

Organisms use ____ for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. a. survivorship b. predation c. energy d. parental care e. dispersion

c. energy

Which plant function is NOT typically a main task performed by stems? a. mechanical support b. the storage of water, nutrients and sugars c. energy capture d. routes for vascular tissues e. new growth

c. energy capture

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the internal leaf structure, the structure labeled "1" is ____. a. a vascular bundle b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. a stoma e. palisade mesophyll

c. epidermis

A time lag in the response of survivorship and fecundity to a population's density can occur because ____ is usually determined by the availability of resources at some time in the past. a. death b. immigration c. fecundity d. competition e. population growth

c. fecundity

Root systems that are adapted to absorb water and nutrients from the upper layers of soil are called a(n) ____. a. adventitious root systems b. prop root systems c. fibrous root systems d. taproot systems e. storage root systems

c. fibrous root systems

Where in a flowering plant should you expect meiosis to occur? a. leaves b. roots and leaves c. flowers d. flowers, roots, and leaves e. roots

c. flowers

In the case of the red harvester ant, colonies that survive to ____ years of age are likely to contribute to the next generation of colonies. a. one b. three c. four d. seven e. ten

c. four

Unlike most angiosperms, Theobroma cacao flowers are produced ____. a. at the tips of floral shoots b. from buds on the roots c. from buds on the tree trunk d. asexually e. only on trees grown on plantations

c. from buds on the tree trunk

A small decrease in seawater pH was shown to have a significant effect on ____. a. climate change b. the oceanic sink for carbon dioxide c. gene expression in sea urchin larvae d. genes expression in zooplankton e. carbon dioxide accumulation in the ocean

c. gene expression in sea urchin larvae

Metabolomics is based on the premise that ____. a. plant mitochondria are unique to harnessing ATP to develop alternative energy sources b. plant chloroplasts are unique to harnessing light for energy c. harnessing the 200,000 to 1 million different chemicals produced by plant metabolism for human needs is increasingly important d. plant metabolism is difficult to manipulate e. plant metabolism is simple to manipulate

c. harnessing the 200,000 to 1 million different chemicals produced by plant metabolism for human needs is increasingly important

Succession in abandoned farms ("old fields") takes at least 100 years, and therefore is often reconstructed using ____. a. field experiments b. laboratory experiments c. historical records d. evolutionary records e. fossil records

c. historical records

The ____ includes all of the water on Earth. a. abiotic environment b. biotic environment c. hydrosphere d. lithosphere e. atmosphere

c. hydrosphere

A flower with petals, sepals, and one carpel but no stamens is ____. a. perfect and incomplete b. imperfect and complete c. imperfect and incomplete d. perfect and complete e. sterile

c. imperfect and incomplete

According to Hertz and Huey, which compensatory mechanism allows lizards living at high altitudes to survive lower mean air temperatures? a. hibernation b. torpor c. increased time spent basking d. increased consumption of food e. shelter-seeking behavior

c. increased time spent basking

Most plants have parts that can continue growing throughout its life. This is referred to as ____ growth. a. determinate b. meristematic c. indeterminate d. shoot e. immortal

c. indeterminate

According to the ____, new species are prevented from entering a community by the existing species. a. equilibrium theory of island biogeography b. facilitation hypothesis c. inhibition hypothesis d. intermediate hypothesis e. tolerance hypothesis

c. inhibition hypothesis

Interference competition and exploitative competition are both examples of ____. a. coevolution b. mimicry c. interspecific competition d. intraspecific competition e. parasitism

c. interspecific competition

A population's ____ occurs under ideal, unrealistic conditions. a. per capita growth rate b. per capita population curve c. intrinsic rate of increase d. geometric population curve e. exponential population curve

c. intrinsic rate of increase

Consider a living plant cell in a living leaf that is not wilted. The pressure potential (wP) of such a cell ____ than that in the fluids surrounding the cell. a. is typically lower b. varies widely from higher to lower c. is typically higher d. is typically about the same as e. is typically less negative

c. is typically higher

In 1935, the cane toad was introduced to Australia to control insect pests. Its population has since grown to 2 million, mostly due to ____. a. herbivory of sugar cane b. the absence of competing species or natural predators c. its mutually beneficial relationship with some native species d. parasitism of sugar cane e. it only occupies a small niche environment

c. its mutually beneficial relationship with some native species

The synthesis of ____ is triggered when cells bind systemin. a. gibberellin b. auxin c. jasmonate d. cytokinin e. brassinosteroids

c. jasmonate

Which marine ecosystem has the highest mean net primary productivity? a. continental shelf b. estuaries c. kelp beds and reefs d. open ocean e. upwelling zones

c. kelp beds and reefs

What is the average annual rainfall in the desert biome? a. over 250 cm b. 80 - 90 cm c. less than 25 cm d. 40-80 cm e. 100-150 cm

c. less than 25 cm

Leghemoglobin, which contains an iron-containing heme group, is used to ____. a. remove O2 from roots b. produce H2O from O2 c. limit O2 entry into the nodule d. transport O2 in the xylem e. produce O2 from H2O

c. limit O2 entry into the nodule

The smallest population that fits specifications of a conservation plan is a(n) ____. a. target population b. endangered population c. minimum viable population size d. an entire ecosystem e. threatened species

c. minimum viable population size

The ____ both parasitizes other plants and performs photosynthesis. a. snow plant b. lady-of-the-night orchid c. mistletoe d. cobra lily e. dodder

c. mistletoe

The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is an example of ____. a. conservation through preservation, with people completely excluded b. conservation through preservation, with people allowed only as temporary visitors c. mixed use conservation, with some human residents and livestock grazing d. mixed use conservation, with no human residents and limited livestock grazing e. conservation through restoration, with efforts to remove contaminants underway

c. mixed use conservation, with some human residents and livestock grazing

A community in which many species are involved in a food web is ____. a. more fragile since organisms have more than a single food source b. more fragile since organisms have only a single food source c. more stable since organisms have more than a single food source d. more stable since organisms have only a single food source e. most prone to damage from human interference

c. more stable since organisms have more than a single food source

Respiration affects a compartment model by ____. a. moving carbon, but not oxygen, from the available organic compartment to the available inorganic component b. moving oxygen, but not carbon, from the available organic compartment to the available inorganic component c. moving both carbon and oxygen from the available organic compartment to the available inorganic component d. moving both carbon and oxygen from the available inorganic compartment to the available organic component e. moving carbon, but not oxygen, from the available inorganic compartment to the available organic component

c. moving both carbon and oxygen from the available organic compartment to the available inorganic component

A fruit that develops from several ovaries in multiple flowers, such as a pineapple, is called a(n) ____. a. aggregate fruit b. accessory fruit c. multiple fruit d. simple fruit e. compound fruit

c. multiple fruit

Which interaction is advantageous to both populations? a. commensalism b. competition c. mutualism d. parasitism e. predation

c. mutualism

Harrison and van Buuren identified a phosphate transport protein in Glomus, which is a ____. a. carnivorous plant b. bacterium that parasitizes plants c. mycorrhizal fungus d. bacteroid e. parasitic plant

c. mycorrhizal fungus

What benefit do legumes derive from Rhizobium? a. help make carbon dioxide more available b. increase root surface area c. nitrogen fixation d. protection from predators e. retain water so it is more available to the plant

c. nitrogen fixation

Studies of a soybean plant (Glycine max) and the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum have shown that after the bacterium enters the root, cells of the root cortex begin to divide in response to ____. a. a flavonoid released by soybean roots b. nod gene products produced by soybean roots c. nod gene products produced by the bacterium d. nitrogen fixation by the bacterium e. a flavonoid produced by the bacterium

c. nod gene products produced by the bacterium

Studies of a soybean plant (Glycine max) and the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum have shown that the tip of a root hair curls toward the bacterium in response to ____. a. a flavonoid released by soybean roots b. nod gene products produced by soybean roots c. nod gene products produced by the bacterium d. nitrogen fixation by the bacterium e. a flavonoid produced by the bacterium

c. nod gene products produced by the bacterium

Which area of the United States experiences rainfall with the lowest pH? a. southwest b. southeast c. northeast d. Midwest e. northwest

c. northeast

The density of a population is defined as the ____. a. number of individuals in a population at a specified time b. number of individuals in a population at a specified place c. number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume of habitat d. size of the individual organisms per unit area e. number of individual organisms per family unit

c. number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume of habitat

Ecologists use compartment models to describe ____. a. grazer food webs b. detrital food webs c. nutrient cycling d. species richness e. inputs of solar energy

c. nutrient cycling

The surfaces of clay particles in soil ____. a. often bear positively charged ions b. release water to plants easily c. often bear negatively charged ions d. are generally hydrophobic e. acidify the soil

c. often bear negatively charged ions

The analysis of energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem in Silver Springs, Florida revealed that ____. a. energy flows are difficult to measure b. most of the sun's energy is harvested c. only a little energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next d. the energy flow in carnivores is equal to that of producers e. trophic energy losses are not significant

c. only a little energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next

A cougar investing more time hunting a mountain goat than a jackrabbit is an example of ____. a. a specialist species b. a generalist species c. optimal foraging theory d. predation e. high prey density

c. optimal foraging theory

Anthropogenic events ____. a. refer to the carbon cycle b. refer to all nutrient cycles c. originate with human activities d. refer to absorption of the sun's energy in the atmosphere e. are caused by human overpopulation

c. originate with human activities

An insect lays eggs inside another organism and the young consume the tissues of the living host. This is an example of a(n)____. a. parasite b. fundamental niche c. parasitoid d. mutualist e. carnivore

c. parasitoid

Vascular plant bodies typically consist of a(n) ____ shoot system and a ____ root system. a. photosynthetic; photosynthetic b. nonphotosynthetic; photosynthetic c. photosynthetic; nonphotosynthetic d. nonphotosynthetic; nonphotosynthetic e. heterotrophic; phototrophic

c. photosynthetic; nonphotosynthetic

In the experiment involving bluegill sunfish and their choice of diet, when equal numbers of small, medium, and large Daphnia are present, the sunfish ____. a. prefer small Daphnia b. prefer medium Daphnia c. prefer large Daphnia d. show no preference e. will not consume Daphnia

c. prefer large Daphnia

The most widely accepted and supported model that explains the movement of phloem sap in flowering plants is the ____ mechanism. a. cohesion-tension b. translocation c. pressure flow d. osmosis e. transpiration

c. pressure flow

The most widely accepted and supported model that explains the movement of xylem sap is the ____ mechanism. a. cohesion-tension b. translocation c. pressure flow d. osmosis e. transpiration

c. pressure flow

Which trophic level would be best represented by an herbivorous rabbit? a. decomposer b. detritivore c. primary consumer d. primary producer e. secondary consumer

c. primary consumer

Which three factors determine the ecological efficiencies of consumers? a. assimilation and harvesting efficiencies, and nutrient volume b. assimilation and harvesting efficiencies, and water volume c. production, harvesting, and assimilation efficiencies d. production and harvesting efficiencies, and amount of sunlight e. production and harvesting efficiencies, and percentage of decomposers

c. production, harvesting, and assimilation efficiencies

According to the acid-growth hypothesis, auxin causes increased acidity in cell walls, which then activates ____ that disrupt(s) bonds between cellulose microfibrils, allowing cell expansion. a. a membrane potential b. AUX1 transporters c. proteins called expansins d. an mRNA e. K+ ions

c. proteins called expansins

More _____ need to be studied in order to find out whether interspecific competition strongly influences the species composition and structure of most communities. a. communities b. K-selected species c. r-selected species d. predators e. prey species

c. r-selected species

The end of floral shoot where a flower develops is called the ____. a. ovule b. calyx c. receptacle d. filament e. carpel

c. receptacle

The cold adaptation of the octopus nervous system ____. a. is a feature of all octopus species b. is caused by Na+ ion flow out of the neurons c. relies on the temperature sensitivity of K+ channels in neurons d. is caused by K+ ion flow into the neurons e. relies on the temperature sensitivity of Na+ channels in neurons

c. relies on the temperature sensitivity of K+ channels in neurons

Three plants that share the same niche have taproots of different length. This is an example of ____. a. character displacement b. the competitive exclusion principle c. resource partitioning d. allopatric speciation e. sympatric speciation

c. resource partitioning

The principal driving force for guttation is ____. a. passive transport b. sunlight c. root pressure d. upward pressure as sugar is forced into the roots e. pumping by the xylem cells

c. root pressure

The movement of xylem sap is best described from the ____ to the ____. a. shoot system; root system b. sinks; sources c. root system; shoot system d. sources; sinks e. shoot system; sinks

c. root system; shoot system

The plant signaling molecule ____ is similar in structure to aspirin. a. abscisic acid b. ethylene c. salicylic acid d. jasmonate e. oligosaccharin

c. salicylic acid

Sea otter populations were reduced by overhunting, allowing an overgrowth of one of their prey animals, the ____, which subsequently consumed and decimated ____.populations. a. crabs; shrimp b. abalone; algae c. sea urchin; kelp d. harbor seals; fish e. crab; kelp

c. sea urchin; kelp

Self-incompatibility in flowering plants is a biochemical recognition and rejection process that prevents ____. a. both self-fertilization and self-pollination b. self-pollination and occasionally prevents self-fertilization c. self-fertilization but not self-pollination d. self-pollination but not self-fertilization e. self-fertilization and occasionally prevents self-pollination

c. self-fertilization but not self-pollination

Which part of a flower is typically the most leaf like, and when green can carry out photosynthesis? a. carpels b. receptacles c. sepals d. petals e. stamens

c. sepals

In flowering plants, companion cells are connected via plasmodesmata to ____. a. trichomes b. tracheids c. sieve tube elements d. guard cells e. vessel members

c. sieve tube elements

Which element is not considered an essential micronutrient for plants in general, but is required by horsetails and perhaps some grasses such as wheat? a. gold b. boron c. silicon d. zinc e. magnesium

c. silicon

Populations that occupy ____ inevitably experience low carrying capacities. a. ecotones b. endangered habitats c. small habitat patches d. large habitat patches e. small ecological niches

c. small habitat patches

Almost immediately after a young leaf primordium first begins to bulge out ____. a. undifferentiated vascular tissues that will later become xylem and phloem penetrate it b. small xylem vessels penetrate it first, followed soon after by phloem c. small phloem vessels penetrate it first, followed soon after by xylem d. small xylem and phloem vessels penetrate it together e. specialized vascular tissue cells penetrate and soon differentiate into phloem or xylem vessels

c. small phloem vessels penetrate it first, followed soon after by xylem

Growing useful mutants that develop from callus culture is called ____. a. fragmentation b. protoplast fusion c. somaclonal selection d. grafting e. apomixes

c. somaclonal selection

The male gametophyte in flowering plants forms in a ____. a. corolla b. receptacle c. stamen d. calyx e. carpel

c. stamen

The male reproductive whorl of a flower typically consists of one or more ____. a. petals b. carpels c. stamens d. receptacles e. sepals

c. stamens

The structure between the carpel and stigma is the ____. a. stamen b. sepal c. style d. ovary e. anther

c. style

Mycorrhizae are ____. a. intertwined roots of different species of plants b. connecting points between branching roots c. symbiotic associations between a fungus and plant roots d. specialized root hairs e. localized swellings in plant roots filled with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

c. symbiotic associations between a fungus and plant roots

Which factors besides sunlight influence the rate of primary productivity? a. temperature and total number of organisms b. photosynthesis and availability of nutrients c. temperature and availability of water d. photosynthesis and availability of water e. temperature and photosynthesis

c. temperature and availability of water

Fecundity is ____. a. a summary of the demographic characteristics of a population b. a group of individuals of similar age c. the average number of offspring produced d. the proportion of individuals alive at the start of an interval that die during that interval e. the proportion of individuals alive at the start of an interval that survive to the start of the next interval

c. the average number of offspring produced

Biological magnification is best defined as ____. a. the increase in toxicity of a chemical compound resulting from its metabolism by a living organism b. the higher relative proportion of biomass among producers as compared to consumers in an ecosystem c. the concentration of nondegradable poisons within organisms at higher trophic levels d. the concentration of degradable poisons within organisms at lower trophic levels e. the declining relative proportion of nondegradable poisons in organisms at higher trophic levels as compared to those at lower trophic levels

c. the concentration of nondegradable poisons within organisms at higher trophic levels

Hydrothermal vents allow organisms to live in ____. a. the open ocean b. the intertidal zone c. the deep sea d. the kelp forest e. coral reefs

c. the deep sea

Which marine zone supports kelp forests? a. the pelagic province b. the benthic province c. the neritic zone d. the abyssal zone e. the intertidal zone

c. the neritic zone

Thomas Bell and his colleagues studied bacterial species richness in isolated European beech treehole basins ("islands"). Their data showed that ______. a. island size affects beech tree populations b. the number of bacterial species decreases with treehole volume c. the number of bacterial species increases with treehole volume d. large beech trees support higher bacteria populations than small beech trees e. the species-area effects on bacterial species differs from species-area effects on animal and plant populations on true islands

c. the number of bacterial species increases with treehole volume

Connell studied two barnacle species, Balanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatus. Where these species coexist, ____. a. the realized niche of Balanus is smaller than its fundamental niche due to competition by Chthamalus b. the realized niche of Balanus is larger than its fundamental niche due to competition by Chthamalus c. the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche due to competition by Balanus d. Balanus' fundamental niche includes all of Chthamalus fundamental niche e. the realized niche of Balanus is about equal to its fundamental niche

c. the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche due to competition by Balanus

Temperate deciduous forests generally have ____ annual precipitation levels and ____ temperatures than boreal forests. a. higher; higher b. the same; lower c. the same; higher d. lower; lower e. lower; the same

c. the same; higher

What is the relationship between age-specific mortality and age-specific survivorship? a. age-specific mortality is the proportion of individuals alive at the start of an age interval; age-specific survivorship is the proportion that die before the start of the next interval b. age-specific survivorship is the proportion of individuals alive at the start of an age interval that die during the age interval; age-specific mortality is the proportion that survive until the start of the next interval c. the sum of age-specific mortality and age-specific survivorship always equals 1 d. the sum of age-specific mortality and age-specific survivorship always equals 1 e. age-specific survivorship is always greater than 1

c. the sum of age-specific mortality and age-specific survivorship always equals 1

Where does most photosynthesis occur in the open ocean? a. the top 10 meters b. below 100 meters c. the top 50 meters d. below 50 meters e. photosynthesis occurs uniformly in the open ocean

c. the top 50 meters

Rabbits introduced to Australia overpopulated because in their new habitat, ____. a. people rarely hunted them b. they had no natural diseases c. they had no natural predators d. their food supply was larger e. there were few herbivorous competitors

c. they had no natural predators

In the equation N/t = B D, B represents ____. a. change in population size b. time period c. total births d. total deaths e. change in population size over time

c. total births

The standing crop biomass is the ____. a. amount of sunlight absorbed by the plants b. amount of water accumulated per acre of crop plants c. total dry weight of plants at a given time d. number of plant species present e. productivity of the plants

c. total dry weight of plants at a given time

In A. thaliana, genes encoding proteins involved in secondary cell wall development are regulated by an average of five different ____. a. tissues b. lignins c. transcription factors d. ribosomes e. genes

c. transcription factors

The Amazon rainforest's declining ability to withdraw CO2 from the atmosphere has not been attributed to increased ____. a. logging b. farming c. tree mortality rates d. logging bans e. fires

c. tree mortality rates

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. According to the graph, which biome is defined as having the highest overall mean annual precipitation? a. savanna b. grassland c. tropical rainforest d. tundra e. desert

c. tropical rainforest

Populations in which individuals repel each other because resources are in short supply tend to have ____ dispersion. a. random b. clumped c. uniform d. dynamic e. unpredictable

c. uniform

More than 40% of the 595 sites of imminent extinction are ____. a. completely protected b. already developed c. unprotected d. of large size e. of small size

c. unprotected

Humans have disrupted the nitrogen cycle primarily by ____. a. irrigation b. cutting down forests c. using nitrogen-containing fertilizers d. crop rotation e. leaching

c. using nitrogen-containing fertilizers

The ____ tissue system is made up of interconnecting cells that form transport channels throughout the plant. a. ground b. organ c. vascular d. dermal e. xylem

c. vascular

Plant tissue specialized for conducting fluids is known as ____. a. ground tissue b. protoderm c. vascular tissue d. meristem e. dermal tissue

c. vascular tissue

Xylem and phloem are types of ____. a. ground tissue b. protoderm c. vascular tissue d. meristem e. dermal tissue

c. vascular tissue

Which weather pattern is characteristic of a La Niña event? a. high pressure over the western Pacific b. high ocean surface temperatures c. warm and dry weather in the southern U.S. d. ocean surface waters moving from west to east e. air movement from west to east

c. warm and dry weather in the southern U.S.

According to the cohesion-tension mechanism of water transport, cohesion occurs because ____. a. waxy coatings on insides of xylem keep water molecules together in the xylem b. evaporation removes water from the leaves c. water molecules tend to form hydrogen bonds with each other d. water is pushed into the xylem by bulk flow e. water is pushed into the xylem by phloem pressure

c. water molecules tend to form hydrogen bonds with each other

Trophic pyramids typically have a ____ base and a ____ top portion. a. narrow; narrow b. narrow; wide c. wide; narrow d. wide; wide e. flat; flat

c. wide; narrow

Tropical deciduous forests experience ____. a. mean annual temperature of at least 25oC b. summer drought c. winter drought d. frequent mists e. slow growth

c. winter drought

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the diagram of a root tip, the structure labeled "5" is the ____. a. quiescent center b. zone of cell division c. zone of elongation d. root cap e. zone of maturation

c. zone of elongation

According to Myers, a biodiversity hot spot must harbor at least ____. a. 20 predator species b. 100 endemic plant species c. 15 extinct species d. 1500 endemic plant species e. 100 endangered species

d. 1500 endemic plant species

Most deserts occur near ____ latitude because of the presence of dry descending air masses. a. 0 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30 e. 40

d. 30

Chaparral dominates coastal land between ____ latitudes? a. 0 - 15 b. 20 - 30 c. 15 - 30 d. 30 - 40 e. 45 - 55

d. 30 - 40

Over ____ of analytes in plant samples identified from mass spectrometry are classified as "unknown". a. 6% b. 16% c. 46% d. 60% e. 96%

d. 60%

Which best describes a dominant species? a. A dominant species is the only species in an area. b. A dominant species has low genetic diversity. c. A dominant species has high species richness. d. A dominant species has a high relative abundance. e. A dominant species has a low relative abundance.

d. A dominant species has a high relative abundance.

According to Donald Perry, how do rainforest birds interact with the Norantea sessilis vine? a. Birds nest within the shelter of the thorny vine, which repels predators. b. Birds feed on the fruits of the vine, distributing the seeds around the forest in their droppings. c. Birds appear to be overfeeding on the vine's succulent fruits, probably limiting the plant's chances of long-term survival. d. Birds that feed on the nectar of the flowers inadvertently transfer pollen from one vine to another on their feet. e. Birds that feed on the nectar of the flowers inadvertently transfer pollen from one vine to another on their beaks.

d. Birds that feed on the nectar of the flowers inadvertently transfer pollen from one vine to another on their feet.

What is the relationship between species richness and recovery from natural disturbances? a. Communities with more diversity do not recover from natural disturbances. b. Communities with more diversity experience more natural disturbances. c. Communities with more diversity recover less rapidly from natural disturbances. d. Communities with more diversity recover more rapidly from natural disturbances. e. There is no correlation between community diversity and recovery from natural disturbances.

d. Communities with more diversity recover more rapidly from natural disturbances.

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The oceanic zone is represented by letter ____. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

d. D

Why should humans consider eating "lower on the food chain"? a. We digest and assimilate plant material more efficiently than meat. b. We digest and assimilate meat more efficiently than plant material. c. Many regions exist that support vegetation suitable only for feeding large herbivores. d. Energy efficiency is greater when passed through fewer trophic levels. e. No biological reaction is 100% efficient.

d. Energy efficiency is greater when passed through fewer trophic levels.

Which statement is true regarding typical plant development? a. Growing tips and zones are present throughout a plant's life, and final plant form is not influenced by the environment. b. Plant bodies have a fixed final size, and final plant form is influenced by the environment. c. Final plant form is not influenced by the environment, and growing tips and zones are present throughout a plant's life. d. Growing tips and zones are present throughout a plant's life, and plant bodies do not have a fixed final size. e. Plant bodies do not have a fixed final size, and final plant form is not influenced by the environment.

d. Growing tips and zones are present throughout a plant's life, and plant bodies do not have a fixed final size.

Most available carbon is present as ____. a. CO2 b. CaCO3 c. C d. HCO3¯ e. N2

d. HCO3¯

Why is a pyramid of numbers for a forest sometimes narrow at the bottom? a. Energy decreases as it passes through each trophic level. b. Energy increases as it passes through each trophic level. c. Individual producers are small and very numerous. d. Herbivorous insects vastly outnumber large producers. e. Large producers vastly outnumber insects.

d. Herbivorous insects vastly outnumber large producers.

Which city has a continental climate? a. London b. San Francisco c. Rio De Janeiro d. Minneapolis e. Mumbai

d. Minneapolis

Which characteristic is not true for an essential element? a. It may play only one role in plant metabolism. b. It is necessary for normal growth and reproduction. c. It may be contained in plant seeds in high enough quantities to sustain the adult plant. d. Occasionally, it can be functionally replaced by another element. e. It may be required in only trace amounts.

d. Occasionally, it can be functionally replaced by another element.

Plants are able to generate all of the substances they need for their metabolism using energy from the ____. a. soil b. air c. root d. Sun e. rain

d. Sun

An example from the text contrasts two forests, each with 10 species and a total of 50 trees. In the first forest, 39 of the 50 trees represent the dominant species. The second forest has 5 of each of the 10 different species. What conclusion can be drawn regarding these two forests? a. The amount of animal species in each forest would be the same. b. The first forest is more diverse than the second. c. The first forest must have had some human interference. d. The second forest is more diverse than the first. e. The second forest must have had some human interference.

d. The second forest is more diverse than the first.

What was the long-term effect of the introduction of myxoma virus to control rabbits in Australia? a. The rabbits were all killed. b. Most rabbits became immune to the virus. c. The virus killed off some of the rabbit population but also infected kangaroos and wallabies. d. The virus became less virulent and the rabbits gained some immunity. e. The virus had no effect.

d. The virus became less virulent and the rabbits gained some immunity.

How do pancake tortoises protect themselves from predators? a. Their coloration serves as a disguise. b. They emit an undesirable scent. c. They have large jaws with teeth. d. They puff themselves up and become wedged in between cracks in rocks. e. They retreat into their shell.

d. They puff themselves up and become wedged in between cracks in rocks.

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Sea turtles are likely to die when they are young, but have a good chance of surviving once they reach large size. Which survivorship curve best fits this species? a. Type I, which is graph A b. Type II, which is graph B c. Type I, which is graph C d. Type III, which is graph C e. Type III, which is graph A

d. Type III, which is graph C

Research by Christopher Cullis has shown that ____. a. the genome size of plants varies little between species b. the genome size of individual plants of the same species is constant c. a plant's environment can act as a selective agent to establish advantageous variants, but these variants cannot be transmitted to the next generation d. a plant's environment can act as a selective agent to establish advantageous variants, and these variants can be transmitted to the next generation e. the genome size of plants is related to plant size

d. a plant's environment can act as a selective agent to establish advantageous variants, and these variants can be transmitted to the next generation

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the internal leaf structure, the structure labeled "4" is ____. a. a vascular bundle b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. a stoma e. palisade mesophyll

d. a stoma

Which event can be followed by primary succession? a. a landslide b. a storm c. a fire d. a volcanic eruption e. logging

d. a volcanic eruption

What is an ecotone? a. a parasite that is external to the body b. a parasite that is internal to the body c. an example of an individualistic hypothesis d. a zone between two communities e. the combination of species in an environment that is constant

d. a zone between two communities

Loading of most carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis into companion cells at a source occurs by ____. a. osmosis b. proton pumping c. suction from unloading at a sink d. active transport e. diffusion of water from the xylem

d. active transport

The hypothesis that high pressure forces phloem sap to flow was tested and supported by studies using ____. a. caterpillars b. radiolabeled hormones c. vacuum chambers d. aphids e. radiolabeled sugars

d. aphids

Water can move inside a root via the ____. a. symplastic pathway only b. transmembrane and symplastic pathways c. transmembrane pathway only d. apoplastic, transmembrane, and symplastic pathways e. apoplastic pathway only

d. apoplastic, transmembrane, and symplastic pathways

The oldest cells in a mature leaf are found ____. a. at the base of the leaf b. near the very center of the leaf c. at the stomata d. at the leaf tip e. as files of cells at the widest point of the leaf

d. at the leaf tip

Sieve elements differentiate through a process called ____ that causes the destruction of certain cell structures. a. adsorption b. rotting c. ecdysis d. autolysis e. translocation

d. autolysis

The plant hormone ____ appears to play a major role in gravitropism in roots and shoots. a. salicylic acid b. gibberellin c. abscisic acid d. auxin e. oligosaccharin

d. auxin

In a living plant cell in a living plant, you would expect to find protons ____. a. moving out of the cell via passive diffusion b. being actively pumped into the cell c. moving out of the cell via facilitated diffusion d. being actively pumped out of the cell e. moving into the cell via passive diffusion

d. being actively pumped out of the cell

The success of Chitwan National Park in Nepal is attributed primarily to ____. a. ecotourism b. exclusion of local residents c. ecosystem valuation d. benefits provided to local residents e. income derived through hunting

d. benefits provided to local residents

Which term refers to plants that complete their life cycle in two growing seasons? a. perennials b. annuals c. monocots d. biennials e. eudicots

d. biennials

All environments have both ____ and ____ components. a. hydrospheric; lithospheric b. lithospheric; atmospheric c. ecologic; atmospheric d. biotic; abiotic e. organismal; ecologic

d. biotic; abiotic

The main stimulus for phototropism is light of ____ wavelengths. a. red b. green c. yellow d. blue e. far red

d. blue

The sepals of a flower make up the ____. a. receptacle b. corolla c. carpel d. calyx e. filament

d. calyx

Mycorrhizae, present for most plant species, generally do not help roots with the uptake of ____. a. water b. nitrogen c. phosphate d. carbon e. sugars

d. carbon

Plant activities that follow a biological clock so that they are based on cycles of about 24 hours are ____. a. gravitropisms b. photoperiodisms c. thigmotropisms d. circadian rhythms e. phototropisms

d. circadian rhythms

The logistic model assumes that ____ will become increasingly limited as population grows larger. a. deaths b. births c. immigration d. competition e. vital resources

d. competition

The plant hormone structurally similar to adenine is ____. a. brassinosteroid b. abscisic acid c. ethylene d. cytokinin e. systemin

d. cytokinin

Which benefit, derived from biodiversity, would be categorized as an ecosystem service? a. the anticancer drug Taxol, derived from the yew tree b. plants and fruits that are edible by humans c. cotton and other useful plant-derived fibers d. decomposition of wastes e. wild organisms as a source of genes for genetic engineering

d. decomposition of wastes

In streams flowing through dense forest, ____; therefore nutrients from organic detritus is particularly important. a. dissolved oxygen levels are high b. dissolved oxygen are low c. the water moves slowly d. dense vegetation blocks light necessary for photosynthesis e. photosynthetic organisms make up most of the life in these streams

d. dense vegetation blocks light necessary for photosynthesis

Which factors govern the rate of primary productivity in freshwater and marine ecosystems? a. availability of water b. availability of sunlight and nutrients only c. depth of the water only d. depth of the water and availability of sunlight and nutrients e. availability of oxygen

d. depth of the water and availability of sunlight and nutrients

Cuticle, guard cells, stomata, and trichomes are all terms associated with ____. a. ground tissue b. vascular tissue c. meristem d. dermal tissue e. secondary tissue

d. dermal tissue

Provisioning services ____. a. are critical functions that preserve and recycle resources upon which ecosystems depend b. transfer CO2 to a nutrient compartment in the biosphere c. enable populations to function within their food webs d. describe the availability of plants, animals, and other materials useful to all organisms e. involves planting crops for use by many organisms

d. describe the availability of plants, animals, and other materials useful to all organisms

When subtropical forest is cleared, which biome is most likely to replace it? a. grassland suitable for grazing b. cropland ideal for agriculture c. young forest with the same species d. desert with poor, eroded soil e. chaparral with grass and low bushes

d. desert with poor, eroded soil

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. According to the graph, which biomes are defined by a mean annual precipitation under 50 cm? a. tropical forest, desert, and savanna b. temperate deciduous forest, savanna, and tropical forest c. boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tundra d. desert, tundra, and chaparral e. desert, tundra, and grassland

d. desert, tundra, and chaparral

The Lake Erie ecosystem was affected by humans because human activities ____. a. extracted resources without replacement b. caused global warming c. used the water without replacement d. disrupted energy flow and the cycling of nutrients e. extracted energy without replacement

d. disrupted energy flow and the cycling of nutrients

Which factor disrupts the life histories of aquatic species? a. increased sedimentation b. reduced connectivity in river systems c. introduction of nonnative species d. disruption of river flow patterns e. low river volume

d. disruption of river flow patterns

Species richness on an island is determined by ____. a. distance from the mainland only b. island size only c. the type of species on the island only d. distance from the mainland and island size e. distance from the mainland and type of species on the island

d. distance from the mainland and island size

A rain shadow is created when ____. a. cool air descends and replaces warm air over land through onshore flow b. wind direction reverses seasonally c. cool air descends and replaces warm air over the sea through offshore flow d. dry air on the windward side rises and absorbs water on the leeward side, such that the leeward side remains dry e. mountains force air to sink and absorb water on the windward side, causing the leeward side of the mountains to receive excessive rainfall

d. dry air on the windward side rises and absorbs water on the leeward side, such that the leeward side remains dry

The sum total of all the resources we use is called the ____. a. demographic transition model b. age-structure diagram c. habitat d. ecological footprint e. transitional age

d. ecological footprint

Which concept helps visualize resource use and the potential for interspecific competition in nature? a. allopatric speciation b. the competitive exclusion principle c. sympatric speciation d. ecological niche e. resource partitioning

d. ecological niche

An ecologist who studies the cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecological community is a(n) ____ ecologist. a. behavioral b. behavioral c. community d. ecosystem e. organismal

d. ecosystem

Many plants wind up with a Na+ concentration that is considerably lower than that of the surrounding soil. Which of these plays a key role in allowing for such a difference to exist? a. water potential b. aquaporins c. root cap d. endodermis e. tonoplast

d. endodermis

The embryonic root, which is where the pollen tube enters the ovule prior to fertilization, is called the ____. a. suspensor b. epicotyl c. hypocotyl d. endosperm e. cotyledon

d. endosperm

Bacteroids are ____. a. specialized nitrifying bacteria b. small buds from ammonifying bacteria c. specialized bacteria that help some plant roots absorb phosphorus d. enlarged and immobilized nitrogen-fixing bacteria e. interactions between plant root hairs and bacteria

d. enlarged and immobilized nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Which list represents the correct order of structures from outside to inside in the stem of a vascular plant? a. stele, cortex, epidermis, pith b. epidermis, pith, cortex, stele c. cortex, stele, pith, epidermis d. epidermis, cortex, stele, pith e. stele, epidermis, pith, cortex

d. epidermis, cortex, stele, pith

Two species utilizing the same food source is an example of ____. a. coevolution b. mimicry c. interference competition d. exploitative competition e. mutualism

d. exploitative competition

For the bay checkerspot butterfly, a poor flyer, to recolonize small patch habitats, the new habitats must be ____. a. high quality b. low quality c. close to a source population d. far from a source population e. above a certain number of individuals

d. far from a source population

In a flower, an anther is typically at the tip of a(n) ____. a. calyx b. receptacle c. carpel d. filament e. ovule

d. filament

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, species richness is greatest in communities that experience ____. a. rare moderate disturbances b. high temperatures c. frequent severe disturbances d. frequent moderate disturbances e. rare intense disturbances

d. frequent moderate disturbances

The range of conditions and resources required by a population is known as its ____, while the range of conditions and resources that it actually uses is known as its ____. a. fundamental niche; habitat b. trophic level; habitat c. realized niche; fundamental niche d. fundamental niche; realized niche e. ecological niche; trophic level

d. fundamental niche; realized niche

The onset of the growth of a plant embryo, termed ____, starts when the seed begins to soak up water. a. imbibition b. hatching c. splitting d. germination e. gestation

d. germination

The plant hormone ____ is primarily responsible for the growth of a floral stalk in rosette plants such as cabbages. a. salicylic acid b. cytokinins c. ethylene d. gibberellin e. brassinosteroid

d. gibberellin

Molecular data has shown that ____ originated during the period when non-bryophytes diverged from the bryophytes. a. auxins b. cytokinins c. jasmonates d. gibberellins e. ethylene

d. gibberellins

Joining a scion with useful fruit traits to a stock with useful root traits is called ____. a. fragmentation b. protoplast fusion c. somaclonal selection d. grafting e. apomixes

d. grafting

By one estimation, the gross global ecosystem valuation is ____. a. equivalent to the total carbon dioxide processed by all ecosystems b. equivalent to the total amount of carbon fixed c. equivalent to the value of all goods produced on Earth d. greater than the value of all goods produced on Earth e. less than the value of all goods produced on Earth

d. greater than the value of all goods produced on Earth

An agar block filled with auxin is placed on top of a shoot that has had the shoot tip removed. The agar block is placed so that it covers only one side of the top of the shoot. You would expect the shoot to ____. a. stop growing b. grow faster on the side away from the agar block c. grow straight up d. grow faster on the side with the agar block e. grow faster on both the side away from the agar block and on the side with agar block

d. grow faster on the side with the agar block

A population's ____ is the specific environment in which it lives. a. growth rate b. geographical range c. size d. habitat e. dynamics

d. habitat

Many fully differentiated plant cells are totipotent, meaning that they ____. a. will grow roots if they touch the ground b. will perform photosynthesis if exposed to sunlight c. can fertilize an egg d. have the potential to form a whole, fully-functional plant e. can undergo meiosis

d. have the potential to form a whole, fully-functional plant

Colonization rates from one habitat patch to another are ____ and extinction rates within habitat patches are ____ in contiguous habitats than on islands. a. lower; lower b. lower; higher c. higher; higher d. higher; lower e. even; lower

d. higher; lower

The greatest rate of extinction of all time is/was probably caused by ____. a. an ice age b. unknown reasons c. formation of Pangea d. human activity e. asteroid impact

d. human activity

Which factor has caused primary productivity in Amazon forests to decline steadily over the past 30 years? a. ocean acidification b. nitrogen fixation c. soil runoff d. increasing droughts e. depletion of oxygen in the atmosphere

d. increasing droughts

The most important natural auxin is ____ acid. a. abscisic b. gibberellic c. jasmonic d. indoleacetic e. salicylic

d. indoleacetic

Which field of ecology analyzes how large-scale ecological factors influence local populations and communities? a. conservation ecology b. mixed-use conservation c. alpha-diversity d. landscape ecology e. community ecology

d. landscape ecology

One disadvantage of a simulation model of an ecosystem is that it ____. a. does not take into effect interactions between organisms b. does not take into effect nutrient availability c. does not take into effect water availability d. may not be accurate e. may predict disastrous consequences

d. may not be accurate

Scientists have found that the Bd infection ____. a. affects amphibians and fish b. enhances lymphocyte production c. may travel from low elevation to high elevation habitats d. may travel from high elevation to low elevation habitats e. cannot infect amphibians that never enter standing water

d. may travel from high elevation to low elevation habitats

The ____ is self-perpetuating embryonic tissue typically found at the tips of shoots and roots. a. ground tissue b. protoderm c. vascular tissue d. meristem e. dermal tissue

d. meristem

A DNA barcode is being developed for use in conservation biology based on ____. a. mitochondrial genes in plants b. chloroplast genes in plants c. nuclear genes in animals d. mitochondrial genes in animals e. bacterial genes

d. mitochondrial genes in animals

A plant species where each plant makes some flowers that are male and some that are female is called a ____ species and always has ____ flowers. a. monoecious; complete b. dioecious; imperfect c. dioecious; complete d. monoecious; imperfect e. monoecious; perfect

d. monoecious; imperfect

Flowering in Arabidopsis appears to require ____. a. production in leaves of CO protein and FT protein b. movement of CO protein from leaves to the shoot apex c. expression of CO protein in the shoot apex d. movement of FT mRNA from leaves to the shoot apex e. movement of FT protein from leaves to the shoot apex

d. movement of FT mRNA from leaves to the shoot apex

What element is considered an essential macronutrient for plants? a. gold b. manganese c. chromium d. nitrogen e. copper

d. nitrogen

Species of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium bacteria are most directly associated with ____. a. nitrification b. ammonification c. nitrogen cycling d. nitrogen fixation e. nitrogen assimilation

d. nitrogen fixation

The enzyme nitrogenase is most directly involved in the process called ____. a. nitrification b. ammonification c. nitrogen cycling d. nitrogen fixation e. nitrogen assimilation

d. nitrogen fixation

The process of adding hydrogen to N2, creating NH3 and eventually NH4+, and which requires a substantial input of ATP, is called ____. a. nitrification b. ammonification c. nitrogen cycling d. nitrogen fixation e. nitrogen assimilation

d. nitrogen fixation

Which of the following is mostly performed by bacteria living within the roots of plants in the legume family? a. nitrification b. ammonification c. nitrogen cycling d. nitrogen fixation e. nitrogen assimilation

d. nitrogen fixation

Which carbon reservoir contains the most carbon? a. atmosphere b. biomass on land c. lakes d. oceans e. soil

d. oceans

For a typical flowering plant, the first cell of the triploid (3n) endosperm is formed from ____. a. one sperm fused with two antipodal cells b. two sperm fused with the egg c. one sperm fused with the synergid d. one sperm fused with the endosperm mother cell e. two sperm fused with a synergid

d. one sperm fused with the endosperm mother cell

The direction of expansion for a plant cell is determined primarily by ____. a. location of the cell plate b. the direction of cell division c. the direction to the nearest meristem d. orientation of cellulose microfibrils e. gravity

d. orientation of cellulose microfibrils

Individual plant cells typically gain or lose water mainly via ____. a. facilitated diffusion b. symport c. guttation d. osmosis e. bulk flow

d. osmosis

Which organisms would most likely have the highest tissue concentration of DDT? a. zooplankton b. small herbivorous fish c. large predatory fish d. osprey e. large herbivorous fish

d. osprey

Plant cells called ____ make up the bulk of the soft primary growth of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. a. sclerenchyma b. tracheids c. collenchyma d. parenchyma e. vessel members

d. parenchyma

Teosinte, a wild relative of corn, was crossed with domestic corn in an attempt to produce a ____ variety. a. herbicide resistant b. pest resistant c. high lysine d. perennial e. higher yielding

d. perennial

A flower with petals, sepals, stamens, and one carpel is ____. a. perfect and incomplete b. imperfect and complete c. imperfect and incomplete d. perfect and complete e. sterile

d. perfect and complete

Lateral roots arise from the ____. a. endodermis b. root cap c. quiescent center d. pericycle e. root hairs

d. pericycle

High ____ concentrations in Lake Erie encouraged the growth of photosynthetic algae, which changed the phytoplankton community. a. sewage b. detergent c. coliform bacteria d. phosphorous e. dead fish

d. phosphorous

Where is the auxin receptor ABP1 located in plant cells? a. cell wall b. cytoplasm c. endoplasmic reticulum d. plasma membrane e. nucleus

d. plasma membrane

Which of the following are the male gametophytes in flowering plants? a. stamens b. sperm c. shoot parts bearing male flowers d. pollen grains e. anthers

d. pollen grains

Once in the ocean, most of the available phosphorous ____. a. enters marine food webs b. enters ocean plants c. becomes ionized d. precipitates out of solution e. enters a gaseous phase

d. precipitates out of solution

Lizards can control spider populations on Caribbean islands by which density-dependent mechanism(s)? a. predation only b. competition only c. predation on a common predator only d. predation and competition e. predation, competition, and predation on a common predator

d. predation and competition

Net primary productivity is a measure of the rate at which ____ accumulate energy, as well as the rate at which new ____ is added to a system. a. consumers; inorganic material b. producers; inorganic material c. carnivores; prey d. producers; biomass e. consumers; biomass

d. producers; biomass

In some cases, when an insect begins feeding on a leaf the plant responds by activating a signaling pathway that results in the production of ____, which disrupt an insect's capacity to digest proteins. a. gibberellins b. lipases c. chitinases d. protease inhibitors e. cytokinins

d. protease inhibitors

Which trait is characteristic of a K-selected species? a. adapted to rapidly changing environments b. small body size c. short generation time d. provide substantial parental care to offspring e. single reproductive event

d. provide substantial parental care to offspring

In the logistic model of population growth, what is expected to happen to r when N = K? a. r will approach rmax b. r will approach 1 c. r becomes negative d. r = 0 e. r > 0

d. r = 0

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the diagram of a root tip, the structure labeled "3" is the ____. a. quiescent center b. zone of cell division c. zone of elongation d. root cap e. zone of maturation

d. root cap

The nutrients that a plant needs are for normal growth and development are acquired through the ____. a. Sun b. rain c. leaves d. roots e. bark

d. roots

Which organism's reproductive pattern exhibits semelparity? a. grizzly bear b. oak tree c. red deer d. salmon e. maple tree

d. salmon

The movement of NH4+ ions into a cell down an electrochemical gradient created by H+ pumping is an example of ____. a. an ion pump b. passive diffusion c. facilitated diffusion d. secondary active transport e. passive transport

d. secondary active transport

The largest reservoir of carbon is ____. a. consumers b. nutrients in soil c. producers d. sedimentary rock e. water

d. sedimentary rock

Soil mineral particles that range from 0.02-0.002 mm in diameter are called ____. a. fine sand b. humus c. clay d. silt e. coarse sand

d. silt

A fruit that develops from a single ovary, such as a peach, in a single flower is called a(n) _____. a. aggregate fruit b. accessory fruit c. multiple fruit d. simple fruit e. compound fruit

d. simple fruit

The number of species a patch will support depends on its ____ and ____. a. size; species richness b. size; habitat c. area; species richness d. size; proximity to larger patches e. habitat; proximity to larger patches

d. size; proximity to larger patches

The movement of phloem sap is best described from the ____ to the ____. a. shoot system; root system b. sinks; sources c. root system; shoot system d. sources; sinks e. shoot system; sinks

d. sources; sinks

The main form in which sugars are transported in the phloem sap is ____. a. glucose b. lactose c. starch d. sucrose e. fructose

d. sucrose

Girdling is the process by which bark is removed from the entire circumference of a tree or branch. This is lethal to a tree because it prevents ____. a. water uptake b. photosynthesis c. respiration d. sugar transport to roots e. water transport to leaves

d. sugar transport to roots

Which molecule dissolves in water vapor and falls as acid precipitation? a. sulfuric acid b. ozone c. mercury d. sulfur dioxide e. carbonic acid

d. sulfur dioxide

Along with the egg, in the part of an embryo sac next to the micropyle you should find ____. a. the central cell b. a seed c. the pollen tube d. synergids e. antipodal cells

d. synergids

A(n) ____ is a single main root that is adapted for storage and typically grows downward and fairly deep. a. adventitious root b. fibrous root c. rhizome d. taproot e. tuber

d. taproot

In Arabidopsis the gene TRIPTYCHON is involved in determining ____. a. how closely trichomes will develop to each other b. whether or not trichomes are formed c. which side of a leaf will have trichomes d. the number of branches of a trichome e. cell division within trichomes

d. the number of branches of a trichome

The growth-promoting substance that promotes stem elongation and bending toward light is produced primarily in ____. a. root tips, traveling to the stem in the xylem b. the center of the stem region where elongation or bending occurs c. flowers and flower buds d. the shoot tip e. root tips, traveling to the stem in the phloem

d. the shoot tip

Where in the world does most deforestation occur? a. the taiga in Siberia b. the boreal forest in Canada c. the tropical rainforest in Africa d. the tropical rainforest in South America e. the temperate rainforest in North America

d. the tropical rainforest in South America

Phytoremediation is ____. a. rotating crops so that soil minerals are replenished b. replacing eroded topsoil so that plants can grow in the soil again c. plowing under all or parts of crops to improve the soil d. the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment e. replacing unwanted plants with plants useful to humans

d. the use of plants to remove pollutants from the environment

Why do early successional stages harbor many r-selected species? a. they often require shade b. they are long-lived c. they are not damaged by disturbances d. they produce many small seeds that colonize open areas e. they grow slowly

d. they produce many small seeds that colonize open areas

Ocean acidification is caused by ____. a. global warming b. nitrogen fertilizer runoff c. phosphorous fertilizer runoff d. transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean e. transfer of carbon dioxide from the ocean to the atmosphere

d. transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean

Specialized outgrowths of the plant epidermis called ____ are hairlike projections, such as root hairs. a. cuticles b. protoplasts c. stomata d. trichomes e. bark

d. trichomes

Which plant organelle stores solutes and plays a major role in maintaining turgor pressure? a. nucleus b. cell wall c. chloroplast d. vacuole e. mitochondrion

d. vacuole

Most plants would grow best in a soil with ____. a. very small air spaces b. relatively large air spaces c. air spaces filled almost entirely with water d. various sizes of air spaces e. no air spaces

d. various sizes of air spaces

Older roots become thick and woody through the buildup of ____. a. periderm b. meristem c. cork cambium d. vascular cambium e. pericycle

d. vascular cambium

Which tissue gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem? a. protoderm b. apical meristem c. ground meristem d. vascular cambium e. procambium

d. vascular cambium

In a lotic system ____. a. there is no border between freshwater and terrestrial systems b. water stands in an open basin c. freshwater and marine systems intermix d. water flows through channels e. marshes predominate

d. water flows through channels

Dissolved oxygen is highest in which body of water? a. warm eutrophic lake b. slow-moving tropical river c. pool within a cool forest stream d. white water stretch of a cold river e. dissolved oxygen should be the same in all waters

d. white water stretch of a cold river

Marine biologists tagged and released 50 marlin. Later, fishermen caught 300 marlin, 15 of which had tags. What is the estimate for the number of marlin in the population? a. 5,000 b. 315 c. 365 d. 2,500 e. 1,000

e. 1,000

Scientists at the Natural History Museum in London estimate that more than ____ percent of living species have not yet been discovered. a. 11 b. 27 c. 32 d. 56 e. 98

e. 98

A cinereous mourner bird's chicks resemble the poisonous larvae of flannel moths. This is an example of____. a. aposematic coloration b. Müllerian mimicry c. competitive exclusion principle d. cryptic coloration e. Batesian mimicry

e. Batesian mimicry

Why do most plants produce large numbers of seeds? a. Most seeds are not viable. b. Most of a plants seeds are produced as food for animals that disperse the seed. c. Most plants have many flowers. d. Most plants only flower once e. Few seeds survive, germinate and grow into mature individuals.

e. Few seeds survive, germinate and grow into mature individuals.

In aquatic ecosystems, CO2 reacts with water to form ____. a. HCO b. HNO3 c. CaCO3 d. CO e. H2CO3

e. H2CO3

What is the significance of genetic variation? a. It influences population interactions. b. It interacts within the biosphere. c. It is the raw material for sexual reproduction. d. It is the most fundamental level of species classification. e. It is the raw material for adaptation, speciation, and evolution.

e. It is the raw material for adaptation, speciation, and evolution.

Most plants absorb nitrogen in the form of ____. a. NH4+. b. CN. c. N2. d. NH3. e. NO3-.

e. NO3-.

Periwinkle snails prefer to feed on the green alga Enteromorpha. In tide pools, Enteromorpha, which other alga species, while in areas exposed at low tide, the red alga Chondrus outcompetes Enteromorpha. How did these feeding and competing interactions affect the algal populations? a. Periwinkles decreased species richness in both tide pools and exposed areas. b. Periwinkles eliminated all of the less dominant algal species. c. Periwinkles eliminated the dominant algae entirely. d. Periwinkles decreased species richness when Enteromorpha is dominant, but increased species richness when Enteromorpha is competitively inferior. e. Periwinkles increased species richness when Enteromorpha is dominant, but decreased species richness when Enteromorpha is competitively inferior.

e. Periwinkles increased species richness when Enteromorpha is dominant, but decreased species richness when Enteromorpha is competitively inferior.

At night, assuming no artificial lights, primarily ____. a. Pr absorbs red light and is converted to Pfr b. Pr absorbs far-red light and is converted to Pfr c. Pfr absorbs red light and is converted to Pr d. Pfr absorbs far-red light and is converted to Pr e. Pfr is converted to Pr

e. Pfr is converted to Pr

How can predators influence the species richness and structure of communities? a. Predators increase the carrying capacity of their prey. b. Predators destabilize competitive interactions among their prey. c. Predators increase the population sizes of pathogens. d. Predators increase the population sizes of their prey. e. Predators reduce the population sizes of their prey.

e. Predators reduce the population sizes of their prey.

How do North American porcupines protect themselves from predators? a. Their coloration serves as a disguise. b. They seek shelter in a tree. c. They have large jaws with teeth. d. They release a noxious spray. e. They release sharp modified hairs that stick in a predator's mouth.

e. They release sharp modified hairs that stick in a predator's mouth.

Which conclusion can be drawn from Gause's experiments on interspecific competition between two species of Paramecium that are cultured together and feed on the same resource? a. Both populations of Paramecium expire due to a build-up of waste products. b. One population of Paramecium used the other as a food source. c. Paramecium populations survive well together because they have no limiting resources. d. When two populations of Paramecium use the same limiting resource, they can coexist long term. e. When two populations of Paramecium use the same limiting resource, they cannot coexist long term.

e. When two populations of Paramecium use the same limiting resource, they cannot coexist long term.

Darwin's experiments on phototropism illustrated that ____. a. plant stems bend away from bright lights b. signals from plant roots control phototropism c. an opaque cap placed over a shoot tip will cause a plant to bend toward light, but will inhibit growth d. a translucent cap placed over a shoot tip will cause a plant to bend toward light, but will inhibit growth e. a translucent cap placed over a shoot tip will cause a plant to both grow and bend toward light

e. a translucent cap placed over a shoot tip will cause a plant to both grow and bend toward light

In herbaceous plants, the stress-related closing of stomata is regulated by ____. a. sunlight b. ion concentrations in the xylem c. CO2 concentration d. O2 concentration e. abscisic acid

e. abscisic acid

The plant hormone ____ is generally responsible for long-term inhibition of plant growth such as in buds and seeds. a. auxin b. gibberellin c. oligosaccharin d. brassinosteroid e. abscisic acid

e. abscisic acid

Nitrogen is made available to plants for their use by the process(es) of ____. a. ammonification only b. nitrification only c. nitrogen fixation only d. ammonification and nitrification only e. ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation

e. ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation

A stage 3 society, based on the demographic transition model, would not be characterized by ____. a. an r value > 0 b. industrialization c. a clumped population distribution d. (K N)/K approaching 1 e. an r value approaching 1

e. an r value approaching 1

Males have little influence on population growth in populations with ____. a. more males than females b. more females than males c. equal numbers of females and males d. one male e. animals that form lifelong pairs

e. animals that form lifelong pairs

In the part of an embryo sac farthest away from the micropyle you should find ____. a. the central cell b. a seed c. the pollen tube d. synergids e. antipodal cells

e. antipodal cells

The process of asexual reproduction where a diploid embryo develops from an unfertilized egg or from diploid cells in ovule tissue is called ____. a. fragmentation b. protoplast fusion c. somaclonal selection d. grafting e. apomixes

e. apomixes

The Casparian strip of the endodermis stops water from the ____ before it reaches the stele. a. symplastic pathway only b. transmembrane and symplastic pathways c. transmembrane pathway only d. apoplastic, transmembrane, and symplastic pathways e. apoplastic pathway only

e. apoplastic pathway only

Water that moves through nonliving regions of root, such as air spaces in root tissue, is following the ____. a. symplastic pathway only b. transmembrane and symplastic pathways c. transmembrane pathway only d. apoplastic, transmembrane, and symplastic pathways e. apoplastic pathway only

e. apoplastic pathway only

Forests containing ____ trees once stretched unbroken across eastern North America, Europe and eastern Asia before farmers cleared the land. a. white spruce and balsam fir b. sages c. epiphytes d. teak e. ash, beech, birch, elm, and oak

e. ash, beech, birch, elm, and oak

Geographically, where is net primary productivity the highest? a. at the north pole b. at the south pole c. between 30o and 60o d. in the Northern hemisphere e. at the equator

e. at the equator

The most widely used herbicide in the world, 2,4-D, is a synthetic form of ____. a. abscisic acid b. ethylene c. salicylic acid d. gibberellin e. auxin

e. auxin

The type of plant hormone primarily responsible for inhibiting leaf abscission is/are ____. a. gibberellins b. ethylene c. jasmonates d. abscisic acid e. auxins

e. auxins

Fleshy fruits, such as blueberries, usually aid seed dispersal by ____. a. catching in the hair or feathers of animals b. being buried by animals c. falling directly under the parent plant d. floating away from the parent plant e. being eaten by animals

e. being eaten by animals

Which concept reflects the increasing numbers of species present in an area that includes a wide variety of habitats, vegetation types, and small-scale environments? a. landscape ecology b. the species-area relationship c. conservation biology d. alpha-diversity e. beta-diversity

e. beta-diversity

Leaf chlorosis is not likely to be caused by a deficiency in ____. a. nitrogen b. magnesium c. iron d. zinc e. boron

e. boron

What element is considered an essential macronutrient for plants? a. zinc b. uranium c. iron d. nickel e. carbon

e. carbon

Which substance is not released by plant roots to enable and improve access to particular nutrients in the soil? a. amino acids b. carbohydrates c. enzymes d. fatty acids e. carbon dioxide

e. carbon dioxide

In flowering plants an ovary is part of a(n) ____. calyx a. corolla b. ovule c. calyx d. stamen e. carpel

e. carpel

Imagine that you are a farmer who chose not to rotate your crops with soybeans even though the local extension agent recommended that you do so. Which deficiency symptom in your crops should indicate to you that the extension agent's advice was correct? a. chlorosis and mottled or bronzed leaves b. burned leaf edges and curled, mottled, or spotted older leaves c. purplish veins d. pale green, rolled, or cupped leaves e. chlorosis in older leaves and stunted growth

e. chlorosis in older leaves and stunted growth

Which element is considered an essential micronutrient for plants? a. gold b. carbon c. uranium d. nitrogen e. copper

e. copper

A(n) ____ provides nutrients in germinating seedlings of eudicots. a. suspensor b. epicotyl c. hypocotyl d. endosperm e. cotyledon

e. cotyledon

Which group includes the highest proportion of critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable species? a. cone snails b. conifers c. freshwater shrimps d. reef-forming corals e. cycads

e. cycads

Synthetic compounds similar to ____ are used to prolong the shelf life of vegetables such as lettuces and mushrooms and to keep cut flowers fresh. a. salicylic acid b. jasmonates c. abscisic acid d. gibberellins e. cytokinins

e. cytokinins

The plant hormone synthesized mainly in root tips and apparently transported through the plant in xylem sap is ____. a. gibberellins b. auxins c. oligosaccharins d. ethylene e. cytokinins

e. cytokinins

Which factor has little effect on the rate of transpiration? a. air temperature b. relative humidity c. air movement d. the amount of direct solar radiation e. daily fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

e. daily fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

Plant surfaces are covered and protected by ____. a. ground tissue b. protoderm c. vascular tissue d. meristem e. dermal tissue

e. dermal tissue

Studies have determined that ____ is not responsible for the cyclical rise and fall of arctic hare and lynx populations. a. predation b. a limited food supply for hares c. predation by other mammals d. intraspecies competition e. disease

e. disease

What causes a disclimax community? a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. facilitation d. inhibition e. disturbance inhibiting successional change

e. disturbance inhibiting successional change

In the savanna, ____ lasts for months. a. cold temperatures b. storms c. periods of fast growth d. fires e. droughts

e. droughts

In the construction of a life table for colonial species in which most organisms do not reproduce, ____ is/are considered as a reproductive individual. a. each individual b. clusters of individuals c. the entire population in a geographical area d. the entire population on Earth e. each separate colony

e. each separate colony

Conservation through restoration involves ____. a. completely excluding people b. people allowed only as temporary visitors c. some human residents and livestock grazing d. limited livestock grazing e. efforts to remove contaminants and other unnatural obstructions

e. efforts to remove contaminants and other unnatural obstructions

In flowering plants, how many sperm cells are typically produced from each microspore mother cell? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. eight

e. eight

If you want to prevent a grass seedling shoot from bending toward light, you should ____. a. remove the shoot tip b. place a translucent cap on the shoot tip c. place an opaque cap on the shoot tip d. either remove the shoot tip or place a translucent cap on the shoot tip e. either remove the shoot tip or place an opaque cap on the shoot tip

e. either remove the shoot tip or place an opaque cap on the shoot tip

Which factor(s) determine a species' optimal foraging theory? a. availability of parasites b. availability of predators c. energy needed to capture food and court mates d. energy that foraging provides e. energy needed to capture food and the energy that the food provides

e. energy needed to capture food and the energy that the food provides

Researchers have used molecular analysis to determine that ____ evolved after flowering plants, but before eudicots and monocots emerged. a. auxins b. cytokinins c. jasmonates d. gibbererlins e. ethylene

e. ethylene

The plant hormone ____ governs senescence in plants, such as the loss of leaves in autumn by some plants. a. cytokinins b. abscisic acid c. gibberellins d. brassinosteroids e. ethylene

e. ethylene

The majority of the water in xylem sap typically ____. a. is used in capturing light energy b. becomes part of new plant cells c. is used to make sugars d. is stored in older plant cells e. evaporates into the air

e. evaporates into the air

Overexploitation occurs as a result of ____. a. harvesting of predators b. transformation of an ecosystem to a desert c. soil nutrient loss d. the combined outcome of desertification and global warming e. excessive harvesting of an animal or plant species

e. excessive harvesting of an animal or plant species

Which factor is least useful for making predictions about how urbanization and climate change will affect the carbon cycle? a. the architecture of the canopy of trees overhead b. leaf positioning c. leaf losses d. timing of natural events e. extent of agricultural practices

e. extent of agricultural practices

Plant ____ are not known to be influenced by plant hormones. a. patterns of plant growth b. cell metabolism c. gene expression d. growth responses to light e. extinction rates

e. extinction rates

Commercial grape growers use ____ to get larger grapes by lengthening the stem on which fruits develop. a. abscisic acid b. ethylene c. auxins d. salicylic acid e. gibberellins

e. gibberellins

The rate at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy is an ecosystem's ____. a. standing crop biomass b. biogeochemical cycle c. net primary productivity d. efficiency e. gross primary productivity

e. gross primary productivity

A plant stoma is found between two ____. a. leaves b. root hairs c. xylem veins d. trichomes e. guard cells

e. guard cells

Chaperone-type proteins that stabilize other proteins in response to environmental stresses such as salinity, drought, heat, and cold are ____. a. systemins b. phytoalexins c. PR proteins d. R genes e. heat-shock proteins

e. heat-shock proteins

An alternative to species-based conservation focuses on the preservation of ____. a. small species b. large species c. plant species only d. insect species only e. intact habitats

e. intact habitats

The European starling and the kudzu vine are examples of ____. a. native species b. pollution c. pathogenic viruses d. fungi e. invasive species

e. invasive species

A microclimate ____. a. occurs when the climate is moderated by the ocean b. occurs when topographic features influence rainfall c. describes weather conditions prevailing over an extended period of time d. describes daily maximum and minimum temperatures e. is the abiotic conditions immediately surrounding an organism

e. is the abiotic conditions immediately surrounding an organism

When solutes are unloaded from phloem, water ____. a. is pumped into the phloem by active transport b. leaves the xylem by osmosis c. moves into the phloem by facilitated diffusion d. is pumped out of the phloem by active transport e. leaves the phloem by osmosis

e. leaves the phloem by osmosis

A ____ restricts productivity. a. primary producer b. secondary producer c. photosynthesizer d. detritivore e. limiting nutrient

e. limiting nutrient

Which data were used in the population viability analysis conducted for the yellow-bellied glider? a. age distributions and survival probabilities b. litter sizes and sex ratios c. home ranges and litter sizes d. sex ratios, age distributions, and litter sizes e. litter sizes, sex ratios, lifespan, home range sizes, survival probabilities, and age distributions

e. litter sizes, sex ratios, lifespan, home range sizes, survival probabilities, and age distributions

The soils in which most plants do best are ____. a. mixtures of mainly sand and silt b. sandy soils c. soils made mostly of humus d. clay soils e. loams

e. loams

Root nodules are ____. a. intertwined roots of different species of plants b. connecting points between branching roots c. symbiotic associations between a fungus and plant roots d. specialized root hairs e. localized swellings in plant roots filled with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

e. localized swellings in plant roots filled with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Conservation biology is an interdisciplinary science that focuses on ____. a. saving endangered species b. sequencing the DNA of all species on Earth c. cataloging endemic plant species d. researching trigger species e. maintenance and preservation of biodiversity

e. maintenance and preservation of biodiversity

Which of the following occurs for the production of a pollen grain from a microspore mother cell? a. mitosis only b. mitosis, then meiosis c. mitosis, then meiosis, then mitosis d. meiosis only e. meiosis, then mitosis

e. meiosis, then mitosis

A(n) ____ is a group of neighboring populations that exchange individuals. a. K-selected species b. Type I species c. r-selected species d. sink population e. metapopulation

e. metapopulation

When Terry Irwin collected beetles from a tree to catalog the species, he found that ____ of the individual beetles he collected belonged to species not yet described. a. less than 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. more than 90%

e. more than 90%

You observe a sunflower that moves its leaves so that it tracks the sun across the sky through the day, and a sensitive plant that reversibly folds up its leaflets when you touch it. These are both examples of ____. a. phototropism b. thigmotropism c. stress responses d. circadian rhythms e. nastic movements

e. nastic movements

Phloem does not transport ____. a. carbohydrates b. hormones c. amino acids d. fatty acids e. nitrate

e. nitrate

A mutant soybean plant that is unable to produce leghemoglobin will most likely suffer from ____ deficiency. a. phosphorus b. magnesium c. potassium d. oxygen e. nitrogen

e. nitrogen

The most common limit to plant growth is a lack of ____. a. phosphorous b. carbon c. hydrogen d. oxygen e. nitrogen

e. nitrogen

Which process is performed by bacteria in mutualistic relationships with legumes? a. ammonification b. biological magnification c. denitrification d. nitrification e. nitrogen fixation

e. nitrogen fixation

The place on a stem where one or more leaves are attached is called the ____. a. terminal bud b. internode c. axil d. lateral bud e. node

e. node

Alpine tundra occurs _____. a. near the equator b. above 90o latitude c. on the windward side of continents d. on the leeward side of continents e. on high mountaintops

e. on high mountaintops

In most plants stomata are ____. a. open during the night and closed during the day b. nearly always open c. closed only when guard cells are not exposed to sunlight d. almost never open e. open during the day and closed during the night

e. open during the day and closed during the night

A plant stem is considered to be a(n) ____. a. shoot system b. tissue c. root system d. meristem e. organ

e. organ

Why has Atlantic cod evolved to mature at a younger age and smaller size? a. DNA damage from radiation released accidentally from nuclear power plants b. unknown causes c. food competition from other predatory fish d. intraspecies competition e. overexploitation by fishing

e. overexploitation by fishing

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the internal leaf structure, the structure labeled "2" is ____. a. a vascular bundle b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. a stoma e. palisade mesophyll

e. palisade mesophyll

"Honeydew" is essentially ____. a. xylem sap forced out of the margins of leaves b. xylem sap harvested by honeybees c. phloem sap harvested as syrup d. xylem sap separated from syrup e. phloem sap leaving the anus of an aphid

e. phloem sap leaving the anus of an aphid

The ____ of the plant refers to the mechanisms by which the plant body functions in its environment. a. morphology b. ecology c. anatomy d. distribution e. physiology

e. physiology

Community structure is a result of ____ interactions. a. atypical b. factorial c. only positive d. only negative e. positive and negative

e. positive and negative

Which interaction is advantageous for one species, but has a negative effect on the other? a. predation only b. herbivory only c. mutualism only d. parasitism only e. predation, herbivory and parasitism

e. predation, herbivory and parasitism

Growth from apical meristems, generally resulting in an increase in the length of a plant, is referred to as ____ growth. a. horizontal b. typical c. secondary d. longitudinal e. primary

e. primary

Starting from the outside and moving in toward the center, which list gives the correct order of tissues in the stem of a young tree? a. secondary phloem, primary phloem, primary xylem, secondary xylem b. primary xylem, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, primary phloem c. primary phloem, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, primary xylem d. secondary phloem, primary xylem, secondary xylem, primary phloem e. primary phloem, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, primary xylem

e. primary phloem, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, primary xylem

Which tissue gives rise to primary vascular tissues? a. protoderm b. apical meristem c. ground meristem d. vascular cambium e. procambium

e. procambium

Flowering plants ____. a. only reproduce asexually b. produce clones through sexual reproduction, and under certain circumstances seeds through asexual reproduction c. reproduce asexually about half the time and sexually about half the time d. only reproduce sexually e. produce seeds through sexual reproduction, and under certain circumstances clones through asexual reproduction

e. produce seeds through sexual reproduction, and under certain circumstances clones through asexual reproduction

Leopard seals feed on emperor penguins, which feed on secondary consumers. Which trophic level would the leopard seal occupy in this food web? a. decomposer b. detritivore c. primary consumer d. primary producer e. quaternary consumer

e. quaternary consumer

The colonization of Glacier Bay, Alaska by lichen and mosses allowed the growth on the mountain avens, a(n) ____ species. a. nitrogen-fixing b. predator c. keystone d. K-selected e. r-selected

e. r-selected

Aposematic coloring occurs when ____. a. coloration serves as a disguise b. a harmless species resembles a repellant one c. two or more repellant species resemble one another d. an individual can increase its size when threatened e. repellant species exhibit bright, contrasting patterns

e. repellant species exhibit bright, contrasting patterns

Research in Colorado's San Juan Mountains has illustrated that in comparison to stands of lodgepole pine and Englemann spruce, stands of trembling aspen are not likely to ____. a. grow in warmer soil b. grow in soil with higher nitrate concentrations c. be associated with different arrays of soil-dwelling organisms d. allow more sunlight to reach the soil surface e. retain their leaves through the winter

e. retain their leaves through the winter

The uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil occurs primarily at the ____. a. endodermis b. root cap c. quiescent center d. pericycle e. root hairs

e. root hairs

According to the cohesion-tension mechanism of water transport, ____ does not contribute to the flow of the xylem sap? a. hydrogen bonding between water molecules b. adhesion of water molecules to the xylem vessel walls c. evaporation of water from the leaves d. water potential in leaf cells below that of the leaf xylem e. root pressure

e. root pressure

In systemic acquired resistance, the regulatory protein NPR-1 moves from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus, apparently in response to a buildup of ____ in the cytoplasm. a. ethylene b. brassinosteroids c. oligosaccharins d. jasmonates e. salicylic acid

e. salicylic acid

Cork cambium produces ____. a. vascular tissue b. heartwood c. vascular cambium d. sapwood e. secondary epidermis

e. secondary epidermis

Which process is not a method of asexual reproduction? a. production of new plants at nodes along stolons in strawberries b. humans growing trees from cuttings c. production of new plants at nodes along underground rhizomes in Bermuda grass d. buds from an underground stem of an onion e. self-fertilization

e. self-fertilization

The outermost whorl of a flower typically consists of one or more ____. a. petals b. carpels c. stamens d. receptacles e. sepals

e. sepals

Researchers in Finland determined the function of NAC proteins in the formation of ____. a. glucose b. root hairs c. chloroplasts d. xylem e. sieve tube elements

e. sieve tube elements

In a living plant cell in a living plant, you would expect the cytoplasm to be ____. a. much more negatively charged than the fluid outside the cell b. essentially the same charge as the fluid outside the cell c. slightly more positively charged than the fluid outside the cell d. much more positively charged than the fluid outside the cell e. slightly more negatively charged than the fluid outside the cell

e. slightly more negatively charged than the fluid outside the cell

In phloem movement, ____ cannot serve as a sink. a. young leaves b. young roots c. developing fruits d. tulip bulbs after the plant has bloomed e. soil

e. soil

In phloem movement, ____ does not serve as a source. a. photosynthesizing cells in a leaf b. roots c. photosynthesizing cells in a stem d. food storage cells in a stem e. soil

e. soil

Population dispersion is the ____. a. statistical description of the relative numbers of individuals in each age class b. number of individuals per unit area c. number of individuals in a population d. average time between the birth of an organism and the birth of its offspring e. spatial distribution of individuals within a geographical range

e. spatial distribution of individuals within a geographical range

A panda bear that consumes a diet primarily of eucalyptus leaves is a ____. a. generalist and a carnivore b. generalist and a herbivore c. specialist and a carnivore d. specialist and a generalist e. specialist and a herbivore

e. specialist and a herbivore

Organisms store energy as ____. a. starch only b. glycogen only c. fat only d. sugar e. starch, glycogen or fat

e. starch, glycogen or fat

Endothermic animals use the majority of their energy to _____. a. digest b. grow c. move d. reproduce e. stay warm

e. stay warm

The _____ within each meristem is the source for new cells that are not yet committed to a specific organ or tissue fate. a. new cell region b. blank cell region c. cell generator d. cell tank e. stem cell reservoir

e. stem cell reservoir

Rhizomes, tubers, corms, and stolons are examples of modified ____. a. leaves b. bulbs c. roots d. flowers e. stems

e. stems

Haustorial roots of dodders and other nonphotosynthetic, parasitic plants rob the host plant of ____. a. sugars only b. minerals only c. water only d. sugars and minerals only e. sugars, minerals, and water

e. sugars, minerals, and water

Fungi and soil microorganisms provide ____ to ecosystems. a. provisioning services b. regulating services c. carbon sequestration d. hybridization e. support services

e. support services

Studies have shown that in the flowering plant Arabidopsis the development of parts of a flower is governed by ____. a. differential uptake of hormone signals from the leaves b. the oxygen gradient from outside to inside of the closed flower c. differentiation of cell types as they are formed from the apical meristem d. the timing of cell division e. the expression patterns of several floral organ homeotic genes

e. the expression patterns of several floral organ homeotic genes

Which marine zone is one of the most stressful habitats on Earth? a. the pelagic province b. the continental shelf c. deep sea trenches d. the abyssal zone e. the intertidal zone

e. the intertidal zone

Nearly all ecosystems receive a constant input of energy from ____. a. bacteria b. biomass c. nutrients d. plants e. the sun

e. the sun

In the hydrologic cycle, water moves from the land to the air by ____ and returns to the land via ____. a. precipitation; evaporation and transpiration b. precipitation and evaporation; transpiration c. precipitation and transpiration; evaporation d. transpiration; precipitation and evaporation e. transpiration and evaporation; precipitation

e. transpiration and evaporation; precipitation

Which ecosystem has the lowest percentage of total net primary productivity? a. open ocean b. savanna c. swamp and march d. temperate deciduous forests e. tundra

e. tundra

When a cell contains enough water that the plasma membrane presses tightly against the cell wall, it is said to be ____. a. palsmolytic b. tight c. wilted d. full e. turgid

e. turgid

Vascular tissue cells that join end to end in tubelike columns are known as ____. a. sclerenchyma b. tracheids c. collenchyma d. parenchyma e. vessel elements

e. vessel elements

Typically, ____ does not promote dormancy in perennial plants. a. dry soil b. nitrogen deficiency c. long nights d. cold nights e. warm nights

e. warm nights

Which organism is classified as nekton? a. sponge b. clam c. sea anemone d. fungi e. whale

e. whale

In vascular plants, water and dissolved minerals are transported from roots to the stems and leaves by ____. a. sclerenchyma b. phloem c. collenchyma d. parenchyma e. xylem

e. xylem

A common consequence of nutrient deficiencies in plants is chlorosis, which is ____. a. wilting due to a lack of chlorine in leaves b. death of the growing tips c. premature loss of leaves d. bursting of cells from excess water uptake due to an inability to clear chlorine from them e. yellowing of plant tissues due to a lack of chlorophyll

e. yellowing of plant tissues due to a lack of chlorophyll

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The letter "A" represents ____. a. rapid growth b. negative growth c. prereproductive populations d. postreproductive populations e. zero growth

e. zero growth

In the diagram of a root tip, the structure labeled "1" is the ____. a. quiescent center b. zone of cell division c. zone of elongation d. root cap e. zone of maturation

e. zone of maturation