BIO Exam 3
What is the primary source of energy for most marine ecosystems? - Seaweed - Phytoplankton - Bacteria - Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Which of the following are human activities that lead to the release of carbon dioxide? Check all that apply. - Burning of forests - Deforestation - Animal agriculture - Burning of fossil fuels - Milankovitch cycles
- Burning of forests - Deforestation - Animal agriculture - Burning of fossil fuels
What is/are example(s) of a +/− species interaction? Select all that apply. - mutualism - commensalism - herbivory - parasitism - competition - predation
- herbivory - parasitism - predation
Which of the following traits are characteristic of r-selected species? - larger offspring - more offspring - lower life span (longevity) - increased competition - mature early
- more offspring - lower life span (longevity) - mature early
What information is used to calculate species diversity? Select all that apply. - number of species in the community - frequency of disturbance in the community - relative abundance of species in the community - spatial distribution of species in the community
- number of species in the community - relative abundance of species in the community
Which of the following are greenhouse gases? Check all that apply. - water vapor - methane - nitrous oxide - molecular nitrogen - carbon dioxide
- water vapor - methane - nitrous oxide - carbon dioxide
What is the current number of described species on the planet? - 1.5 billion - 1.5 million - 150,000 - 15,000
1.5 million
Which species is most likely a primary producer on this food web? - B - C - A - E - D
A
Which of the following statements about a community is the most precise? - A community is composed of individuals from the same species (conspecifics) - A community is composed of individuals - A community is composed of individuals from different species (heterospecifics) - A community is composed of individuals from different species, combined with the abiotic components of the area
A community is composed of individuals from different species (heterospecifics)
How do demographic characteristics of a population influence its growth rate? - A high proportion of individuals in pre-reproductive age increases the growth rate, while a high proportion of individuals in reproductive and post-reproductive ages decreases the growth rate. - A high proportion of individuals in reproductive age increases the growth rate, while a high proportion of individuals in pre-reproductive and post-reproductive ages decreases the growth rate. - Demographic characteristics have no influence on population growth rates. - A high proportion of individuals in post-reproductive age increases the growth rate, while a high proportion of individuals in pre-reproductive and reproductive ages decreases the growth rate.
A high proportion of individuals in reproductive age increases the growth rate, while a high proportion of individuals in pre-reproductive and post-reproductive ages decreases the growth rate
Which of the following is an example of a weather event? - The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide has steadily increased over the last 100 years. - Deserts are generally dry biomes having very little rainfall. - A windstorm blew down trees in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota on July 4, 1999. The hurricane season lasts from June 1 to November 30.
A windstorm blew down trees in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota on July 4, 1999.
Organisms that are able to make their own food using inorganic molecules are called A? , whereas those that use sunlight as the energy source are called B? Photautotrophs/Chemoautotrophs
A: Chemoautotrophs B: Photoautotrophs
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in an increase in the number of endemic species on an island? - An increase in the island's human population - An increase in the island's isolation from other landmasses - A decrease in the island's distance from the mainland - A decrease in the island's size
An increase in the island's isolation from other landmasses
Several snake species that are harmless have very similar color patterns to the venomous coral snake. This is best described as an example of what? - Batesian mimicry - Chemical defense - Coloration defense - Müllerian mimicry
Batesian mimicry
Carbon dioxide has been present in Earth's atmosphere for billions of years. Which statement is NOT accurate regarding carbon dioxide? - Carbon dioxide can be naturally emitted to the atmosphere. - Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is necessary to sustain conditions supporting life on earth. - The amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere today by human activities far exceeds natural emissions. - Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are not a factor in Earth's changing climates today.
Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are not a factor in Earth's changing climates today
Carbon dioxide has been present in Earth's atmosphere for billions of years. Which statement is NOT accurate regarding carbon dioxide? - The amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere today by human activities far exceeds natural emissions. - Carbon dioxide can be naturally emitted to the atmosphere. - Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is necessary to sustain conditions supporting life on earth. - Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are not a factor in Earth's changing climates today.
Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are not a factor in Earth's changing climates today
Which of these statements about the difference between weather and climate is correct? - Climate is what you expect based on long-term averages, weather is what you get on a given day. - Weather is what you expect based on long-term averages, climate is what you get on a given day.
Climate is what you expect based on long-term averages, weather is what you get on a given day
Which of the following statements about food chains and food webs is true? - Energy transfer among trophic levels operates by different rules in food chains than in food webs. - Food webs track trophic levels among ecosystems that include spiders as one of the biotic elements, whereas food chains track non-spider-containing ecosystems. - Food webs are more complicated than food chains because they include interactions between more species. - Food webs are more complicated than food chains because they track energy through different trophic levels than do food chains.
Food webs are more complicated than food chains because they include interactions between more species
Which of the following correctly represents energy flow through a food web? - From primary producer, to tertiary consumer, to secondary consumer, to primary consumer - From primary detritivore, to primary consumer, to secondary consumer, to tertiary consumer - From primary producer, to primary consumer, to secondary consumer, to tertiary consumer - From tertiary consumer, to secondary consumer, to primary consumer, to primary producer
From primary producer, to primary consumer, to secondary consumer, to tertiary consumer
A survivorship curve in which most individuals die early in life is a type ________ curve. - IV - I - II - III
III
How might increased salinity in a freshwater ecosystem affect the organisms living there? - It could cause some organisms to dehydrate and die. - It could cause the water temperature to rise. - It could lead to increased rates of photosynthesis. - It could decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.
It could cause some organisms to dehydrate and die
In the context of aquatic biomes, what is the primary difference between lentic and lotic habitats? - Lentic habitats are marine, while lotic habitats are freshwater. - Lentic habitats have high salinity, while lotic habitats have low salinity. - Lentic habitats are deep, while lotic habitats are shallow. - Lentic habitats have still water, while lotic habitats have flowing water.
Lentic habitats have still water, while lotic habitats have flowing water
Many areas in Florida are set aside as preserved lands, especially in the Florida Everglades National Park, National Forests, and numerous state parks. However, these areas are fragmented and often bisected by large highways. One strategy to preserve biodiversity in Florida has been to create tunnels at intervals underneath the highways. What functions do these tunnels serve? - Create a keystone species - Create a singe large preserve - Provide wildlife (or movement) corridors - Simulate island biogeography
Provide wildlife (or movement) corridors
Which of the following is an example of a lotic ecosystem? - Wetland - Pond - Lake - River
River
In sugar pine trees, lots of seedling are produced, but very few survive to adulthood — death occurs predominantly in young individuals. But if a seedling is able to become established, that individual often survives to a very old age. Which type of survivorship curve do sugar pine trees exhibit? - Type IV - Type I - Type III - Type II
Type III
Which is an example of disturbance and primary succession currently happening on Earth? - Deforestation of forests in Washington for several years - Fire burning grasslands in Costa Rica - Tornado clearing farmlands in Kansas - Volcanic eruption in Iceland leading to bare ground being exposed
Volcanic eruption in Iceland leading to bare ground being exposed
Which of the following is an example of a predatory relationship? - a bumblebee collecting pollen from a flower - a tropical walking stick that mimics a twig - a fox feeding on a rabbit - a shark using an aquatic cleaning station
a fox feeding on a rabbit
Which zone in the ocean is characterized by low light penetration and is found below the photic zone? - thermocline - abyssal zone - intertidal zone - pelagic realm (or zone)
abyssal zone
Which of the following is a biotic factor - wind - algae floating in the pelagic zone - temperature - pH of soil
algae floating in the pelagic zone
Where is carbon stored on Earth? Check all that apply. - atmoshpere - fossil fuels - rocks and sediments - living organisms - all of the above
all of the above
Biodiversity is important and should be preserved because - food, medicines, and industrial products are all benefits of biodiversity - ecosystems provide values services to us in many ways - all of these answers are correct - we have a ethical responsibility to protect our environment
all of these answers are correct
According to the 2007 IUCN Red List data below, which taxonomic group has the highest percentage of critically endangered species? - amphibians - mammals - birds - reptiles
amphibians
Endemic species are those that: - are found only in a specific geographic region. - have a wide distribution across multiple biomes. - can adapt to any environmental condition. - have recently been introduced to a new area.
are found only in a specific geographic region
Where is the majority of nitrogen found on Earth? - soil bacteria - atmosphere - rocks and sediments - plant biomass
atmosphere
which of the following is not an abiotic factor? - bacteria - light - pH - temperature - salinity
bacteria
The movement of chemical elements through ecosystems is known as ______. - biomagnification - biogeochemical cycling - community ecology - climate change
biogeochemical cycling
What is the correct order of ecological organization from largest to smallest? - organism, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere - biosphere, ecosystem, population, community, organism - organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere - biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
In an effort to protect and breed the California condor, a rescue program - cloned several female birds in captivity. - captured the remaining wild birds and distributed them for display at zoos worldwide. - was able to restore habitat in much of southern California. - captured the few remaining wild birds to breed them in captivity.
captured the few remaining wild birds to breed them in captivity
The population size of a species capable of being supported by the environment is called its ________. - population limit - biotic potential - exponential growth pattern - carrying capacity
carrying capacity
Indicate whether the following statement describes weather or climate: I heard on the news that droughts are becoming more frequent these days, which is exacerbating fire risks to our community. - weather - climate
climate
A researcher plans a study investigating how carbon cycling between the atmosphere, soils, and conifer trees is influenced by fire severity in Yosemite National Park. This is an example of an ecological study focused on the following level of ecological study: - organismal ecology - population ecology - community ecology - ecosystem ecology
ecosystem ecology
The process by which elevated nutrient levels lead to an overgrowth of algae and the subsequent depletion of water oxygen levels is known as ______. - eutrophication - biogeochemical cycling - decomposition - succession
eutrophication
Species with unlimited resources can exhibit a(n) ________ growth curve. - exponential - logical - logistic - experimental
exponential
In 1977, Rafael Guzamn, a Mexican biologist, discovered a previously unknown wild relative of corn that is resistant to many of the viral disease that infect domestic corn. Agriculturalists belief that crossbreeding the wild corn with domestic corn would improve current corn crops. In this case, which type of biodiversity is important? - genetic diversity - ecosystem diversity - community diversity - species diversity
genetic diversity
Which term refers to the reflecting and absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases? - biological magnification - greenhouse effect - acid precipitation - eutrophication
greenhouse effect
The energy that is originally produced by primary producers is called ______. - gross primary productivity - biomass - respiration - net primary productivity
gross primary productivity
Converting a prairie to an almond field is an example of which of the following major threats to biodiversity? - pollution - exotic species - habitat loss - climate change
habitat loss
Biodiversity hotpots - have the highest vascular plant species richness and ≥3 unique ecosystems. - have the greatest number of species that have lost >50% of their original range. - have ≥1500 endemic plant species and have lost ≥70% of the original habitat. - contain ≥1500 vascular plant species and have lost >50% of their original range.
have ≥1500 endemic plant species and have lost ≥70% of the original habitat
arrange the following terrestrial biomes from lowest to highest average annual precipitation (cm). - hot deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, tropical rain forests - tropical rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, temperate grasslands, hot deserts - hot deserts, temperate grasslands, tropical rain forests, temperate deciduous forests - temperate deciduous forests, tropical rain forests, temperate grasslands, hot deserts
hot deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, tropical rain forests
Species that have few offspring at one time, mature late, and have larger offspring are usually: - not selected - K-selected - both K- and r-selected - r-selected
k-selected
In the northeastern Pacific ocean, sea otters occur at a relatively low abundance. By preying upon sea urchins, sea otters maintain underwater kelp (large algae) "forests", which would otherwise be decimated by the herbivorous sea urchins. The kelp forests supply food for a wide variety of marine organisms, as well as providing refuge from predation and nursery habitat for juveniles. Based on this, what type of species best describes sea otters? - endemic species - keystone species - endangered species - exotic species
keystone species
Fill in the blanks. ______ and ______ are the most important abiotic factors impacting marine aquatic biomes. - salinity, density - temperature, ocean currents - light, density - light, ocean currents
light, ocean currents
Freshwater aquatic biomes are structured by two abiotic factors: primarily by ____ and also by _______. - light, temperature - salinity, ocean currents - light, water density - salinity, precipitation
light, water density
Which of the following is associated with minimal parental care? - reproduce later in life - many offspring - few offspring - carrying capacity
many offspring
Which of the following approaches is best for measuring the population size of mobile animals? - survivorship curve - mark and recapture - life table - quadrat
mark and recapture
What is an example of a +/+ species interaction? - mutualism - parasitism - herbivory - competition - predation
mutualism
Atmospheric nitrogen can be taken up and used by living organisms through which of the following processes? - nitrification - nitrogen fixation - ammonification - denitrification
nitrogen fixation
What will be a consequence if current predictions of global warming are accurate? - Organisms will need to migrate or adapt quickly in order to survive. - New continental land masses will appear. - Many plants and animals will become smaller. - Freshwater will be more widely available.
organisms will need to migrate or adapt quickly in order to survive
In which of the following regions would you expect to find photosynthetic organisms? - photic zone - benthic realm - abyssal zone - aphotic zone
photic zone
Which of the following metrics describes the number of individuals of a single species in a sampling quadrat of fixed size? - population density - population abundance - relative abundance - species richness
population density
Which of the following terms best describes a reproductive strategy where a species produces many offspring with little parental investment and is adapted to thrive in environments with fluctuating resources? - K-selected species - Survivorship curve - Carrying capacity (K) - r-selected species
r-selected species
Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor that influences the distribution of biomes? - temperature - species interactions - salinity - precipitation
species interactions
which characteristics(s) is or are commonly used to identify terrestrial biomes on Earth? - temperature only - temperature and vegetation - precipitation only - temperature and precipitation
temperature and precipitation
Biogeography is - the study of interaction between living things and their environment - the study of the geographic distribution of both extant (living) and extinct organisms and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution - the study of how factors affect population growth and structure through time - the study of the physiological, behavioral, or evolutionary mechanisms used by individual organisms to meet ecological challenges
the study of the geographic distribution of both extant (living) and extinct organisms and the abiotic factors that affect their distribution
Both primary and secondary succession involve ______. - the successive appearance and disappearance of species - the disappearance but not appearance of species - the appearance but not disappearance of species - no changes to which species are present.
the successive appearance and disappearance of species
Which of the following terrestrial biomes, if destroyed, would result in the greatest loss of biodiversity? - temperate grasslands - Antarctic tundra - tropical rainforests - temperate rainforests
tropical rainforests
Which of the following biomes is characterized by high temperature, high precipitation, and many species of trees? - tundra - temperate grasslands - temperate forests - tropical wet forests
tropical wet forests
Which of the following natural (non-human) forces is responsible for the release of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases? - burning of fossil fuels - volcanoes - Milankovitch cycles - solar intensity
volcanoes
Fill in the blanks. Temperate grasslands (i.e., prairies) are characterized by _______ temperature, by _______ precipitation, and by ______ species diversity. - warm/cold, low, low - hot, very low, low - hot, high, high - cold, high high
warm/cold, low, low
Rain falls on a fertilized agricultural field after a farmer has harvested the crop. Which biogeochemical cycles are involved when runoff from the field flows into a nearby stream? - water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles - water and nitrogen cycles - carbon and water cycles - water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles
water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles