Bio Exam 4 Review

Which of the following are examples of homeostatic mechanisms? Group of answer choices Osmoregulation Digestion Thermoregulation all of the above 1 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

The three major events in the phylogenetric tree of animals occur in this order: Group of answer choices 1) development of three germ layers; 2) development of true tissue; 3) division of bilateral animals into protostomes and deuterostomes 1) development of true tissue; 2) development of three germ layers; 3) division of bilateral animals into protostomes and deuterostomes 1) development of three germ layers; 2) division of bilateral animals into protostomes and deuterostomes 3) development of true tissue 1) division of bilateral animals into protostomes and deuterostomes, 2) development of three germ layers; 3) development of true tissue

1) development of true tissue; 2) development of three germ layers; 3) division of bilateral animals into protostomes and deuterostomes

The proportion of the air we breathe accounted for by oxygen is approximately _____%. Group of answer choices 21 1 5 50 78

21

According to Fick's law, which event would cause a decrease in the rate of diffusion? Group of answer choices A decrease in the size of the respiratory membrane A decrease in the distance (L) between the two surfaces An increase in the concentration difference of the gas at its two locations (C1 - C2) An increase in the size of the respiratory membrane An increase in the path distance for movement of the gas by bulk flow

A decrease in the size of the respiratory membrane

Which adaptation was first found in reptiles and was necessary for their complete shift from water to land? Group of answer choices A hard-shelled (amniote) egg Parental care Hair The ability to breathe and run simultaneously Cephalization

A hard-shelled (amniote) egg

Which are likely involved in promoting cell differentiation during animal development? Group of answer choices differential distribution of cytosolic factors among early embryonic cells extracellular signals cellular receptors specific morphogens All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

A key difference between cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) and bony fishes (Osteicthyes) is: Group of answer choices Bony fishes are herbivores, while cartilaginous fishes are carnivores Cartilaginous fishes are all freshwater while bony fishes are marine and freshwater Bony fishes have swim bladders, while cartilaginous fishes depend on swimming motion for buoyancy Catrilaginous fishes have much greater variation in fin shape and boy mprphology than boy fishes Bony fishes are mostly tropical, while cartilaginous fishes are mostly temperate and polar

Bony fishes have swim bladders, while cartilaginous fishes depend on swimming motion for buoyancy

Bilaterally symmetric animals are those that: Group of answer choices Are hyper-dimensional beings represented in our world as white mice Have two sexes Can be divided into equal parts in up to five planes Can be divided along a vertical plane at the midline to create two halves that are mirror images Can be divided into equal parts in dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior planes

Can be divided along a vertical plane at the midline to create two halves that are mirror images

Birds share closest ancestry with: Group of answer choices Mammals Amphibians Fishes Dinosaurs Insects

Dinosaurs

Which type of mammalian cell is most likely to be totipotent? Group of answer choices Stem cell from bone marrow Liver cell Embryonic gut cell Late gastrula cell Early-stage cleavage cell

Early-stage cleavage cell

Which group has a water vascular system? Group of answer choices Molluscs Chordates Annelids Echinoderms Hemichordates

Echinoderms

In animal development, the process of induction describes: Group of answer choices How components in cells become unequally segregated How maternal effect genes determine major axes (anterior posterior, dorsal-ventral) in a developing embryo How changes in single developmental genes can cause major morphological changes How sperm convince ova to allow them to get past the cell membrane How signals from one cell in a developing embryo communicate with and influence others

How signals from one cell in a developing embryo communicate with and influence others

Which statement about complete cleavage versus incomplete cleavage is true? Group of answer choices Incomplete cleavage occurs in species whose eggs have small volumes of cytoplasm. Complete cleavage is found in all mammals and is the more evolved condition Incomplete cleavage occurs in species whose eggs have large amounts of yolk. Complete cleavage occurs only in eggs that have been fertilized by two sperm. Incomplete cleavage occurs in species whose eggs have small amounts of yolk.

Incomplete cleavage occurs in species whose eggs have large amounts of yolk.

The most effective ways to enhance nutrient absorption in the digestive tract are to: Group of answer choices Decrease surface area; close association with circulatory system Increase surface area; close association with circulatory system Speed flow of material through the gut Eat more fish Increase water intake

Increase surface area; close association with circulatory system

If the centipede Ubx gene were to be expressed in an insect and the insect Ubx expression were turned off, what would be the most likely result? Group of answer choices Insect-like legs would develop in abdominal segments Centipede-like legs would develop in abdominal segments Centipede-like legs would develop instead of insect like-legs No legs would develop in abdominal segments No legs would develop in any segment

Insect-like legs would develop in abdominal segments

Which of the following is TRUE of a morphogen? Group of answer choices It is a signaling molecule required for cell-to-cell contact within the embryo. It is a signaling molecule that induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo. It is a signaling molecule that induces blastulation of the developing embryo. It is a signaling molecule that induces implantation of the embryo into the uterus of mammals. It is a signaling molecule that separates out cytoplasmic factors to their respective cells within the developing embryo.

It is a signaling molecule that induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo.

Which statement about deuterostomes is false? Group of answer choices Three distinct layers of tissue are present during development. If a coelom is present, it formed within the embryonic mesoderm. Its early embryonic cleavage pattern is radial. It is diploblastic. Gastrulation occurs during development.

It is diploblastic.

What is the difference between negative feedback mechanisms and positive feedback mechanisms? Group of answer choices Negative feedback mechanisms exist only in the circulatory system. Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response. Negative feedback mechanisms move a system away from a set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system toward a set point. Negative feedback mechanisms stabilize a system toward a set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms reset the set point. There is essentially no difference between the two feedback systems

Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.

Rapid gas exchange can be accomplished more easily in air than in water because Group of answer choices the O2 content of water is higher than that of air. the CO2 content of water is higher than that of air. CO2 diffuses more rapidly in water than in air. O2 is not very soluble in water. more energy is required to move air than to move water.

O2 is not very soluble in water.

Which of the following is a function of the liver? Group of answer choices Production of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes Production of lipid-digesting enzymes Production of protein-digesting enzymes Production of glucagon Production of lipid-emulsifying bile

Production of lipid-emulsifying bile

Picture a group of each of the following types of animals, in which the combined weight of the group is roughly the same (e.g., 1 horse weighs 1,000 kg = 10 humans together weigh 1,000 kg = 10,000 flying squirrels together weigh 1,000 kg, etc.). Which group will collectively require the most food? Group of answer choices Pygmy mice (average individual weight of 0.01 kg) Flying squirrels (average individual weight of 0.1 kg) Marmots (average individual weight of 5 kg) Humans (average individual weight of 100 kg) Horse (average individual weight of 1,000 kg)

Pygmy mice (average individual weight of 0.01 kg)

Which trait is unique to mammals? Group of answer choices Claws on the digits Secretion of a fluid (milk) from mammary glands Homeothermy (internal heat production) Possession of an amniote egg The ability among certain members of the group to fly

Secretion of a fluid (milk) from mammary glands

What feature appeared first in Annelids? Group of answer choices Segmentation Cephalization External appendages Circulatory system Pseudocoelom

Segmentation

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes stem cell properties? Group of answer choices Stem cells have the capacity to divide. Stem cells create the structures that support flowers in angiosperms. Stem cells play a vital role in anteroposterior axis determination in animals. Stem cells have the capacity to divide. Also, Daughter cells arising from division of a stem cell can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types. Stem cells have the capacity to divide, Daughter cells arising from division of a stem cell can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types and Stem cells play a vital role in anteroposterior axis determination in animals.

Stem cells have the capacity to divide. Also, Daughter cells arising from division of a stem cell can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types.

Which statement about nematocysts is true? Group of answer choices They are excretory organs in platyhelminthes. They are reproductive cells in cnidarians. They are ciliated cells in sponges They are organelles used in the capture of prey by cnidarians. They are excretory cells in sponges.

They are organelles used in the capture of prey by cnidarians.

Which statement about the air sacs of birds is true? Group of answer choices They connect directly to the trachea. They are structured as unpaired anterior and posterior air sacs. They make the bird's respiratory system more efficient than a mammal's. They allow for two-way airflow through the lungs. They provide an extra gas exchange surface.

They make the bird's respiratory system more efficient than a mammal's.

What important positive contribution do gut microbes make to ruminants? Group of answer choices Their sheer volume presses the stomach chambers against other organs, holding them in place. They perform digestion of cellulose. They enable ruminants to recycle oxygen. They make vitamin E. They are used for rapid transport of digested materials.

They perform digestion of cellulose.

If a gene is a Hox gene, what is its most likely normal function? Group of answer choices To set up the primary body axes To instruct a segment regarding what organ to form To determine the boundaries of segments To organize broad areas along the anterior-posterior axis To divide the embryo into units of two segments each

To instruct a segment regarding what organ to form

Which is the correct ranking of stem cells with respect to the number of cell types into which they can differentiate (from greatest to least)? Multipotent > pluripotent > totipotent Pluripotent > totipotent > multipotent Pluripotent > multipotent > totipotent Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent Totipotent > multipotent > pluripotent

Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent

The job of the circulatory system with respect to gas exchange is: Group of answer choices Transport of the gases by bulk flow Dissolve the gases for faster diffusion Transport all of carbon dioxide by binding to hemoglobin Keep the tissue warm to enhance gas exchange Keep tissues hydrated to allow gas exchange

Transport of the gases by bulk flow

Which of the following is not a trait that defines chordates? Group of answer choices Dorsal hollow nerve cord Postanal tail Vertebral column Notochord Pharyngeal gill slits

Vertebral column

Which of the following is an example of acclimatization? Group of answer choices In low light conditions, pupils of the eyes dilate. In humans, basal metabolic rate declines across the lifespan. When faced with low oxygen levels at high altitudes, humans gradually increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood by increasing production of red blood cells. A loud sound causes a mouse to stop moving. A young child touches a hot stove and immediately withdraws her hand.

When faced with low oxygen levels at high altitudes, humans gradually increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood by increasing production of red blood cells.

Which of the following would have the smallest surface area: volume ratio? Group of answer choices a cube with a side of 1 unit length a cube with a side of 10 units length a cube with a side of 100 units length

a cube with a side of 100 units length

Which one of the following animals would be most likely to exhibit radial cleavage? a) seastars b) frogs c) molluscs d) earthworms Group of answer choices a) a) and b) c) c) and d) a), b), c) and d)

a) and b)

The key difference between digestion and absorption is that Group of answer choices absorption does not occur in most animals. digestion does not occur in most animals. digestion occurs on molecules absorbed from the blood into the gut lumen. absorption transfers digested molecules across the gut epithelium. The two terms are interchangeable; there is no significant difference.

absorption transfers digested molecules across the gut epithelium.

A water vascular system may be advantageous in echinoderms because it Group of answer choices increases reproductive output. accomplishes the function of three separate systems (gas exchange, locomotion, and feeding). increases the amount of time an echinoderm can spend on land. serves as a filtering device for environmental toxins.

accomplishes the function of three separate systems (gas exchange, locomotion, and feeding).

Respiratory surfaces in all vertebrates have Group of answer choices moist epithelia. large surface areas. thin epithelia. a very high degree of vascularization. All of the answers for this question are correct.

all of the above

A key event in the phylogeny of vertebrates was: Group of answer choices development of jaws and teeth development of bony skeleton development of swim bladder development of lobed fins all of these

all of these

The actual sites of gas exchange in the mammalian lung are termed Group of answer choices alveoli. lamellae. parabronchi. bronchi. epiglotti.

alveoli

Many amphibians return to water to lay their eggs because Group of answer choices water is isotonic to egg fluids adults must be in water while they guard their eggs. there are fewer predators in water than on land. amphibians get their nutrition from water. amphibian eggs quickly lose water and desiccate if their surroundings are dry.

amphibian eggs quickly lose water and desiccate if their surroundings are dry.

Salivary glands secrete _________ to start the digestion of _________. Group of answer choices amylase, starch trypsin, proteins amylase, fats pepsin, proteins lactase, milk

amylase, starch

The breathing centers in the human brain initiate ventilation in response to Group of answer choices a decrease in air pressure. a decrease in O2 partial pressure in the blood. an increase in CO2 partial pressure in the blood. the time since the last breath. the rate of gas exchange in the alveoli.

an increase in CO2 partial pressure in the blood.

In a deuteostome animals, the blastopore becomes the: Group of answer choices mouth coelom anus ear canal embryo

anus

A bilaterally symmetrical animal can be divided into mirror images by Group of answer choices a single plane through the midline of its body from its dorsal to its ventral surface. any plane through the midline of its body. any plane from its anterior to its posterior end. any plane from its dorsal to its ventral surface. any plane through the midline of its body from its anterior to its posterior end.

any plane from its dorsal to its ventral surface.

The swim bladders of bony fishes Group of answer choices evolved from fins that were internalized. are used for respiration in most contemporary species. are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column. prevent them from existing in a marine environment. are filled with oil.

are organs of buoyancy that help them control their depth in the water column.

The main members of the Ecdysozoa are the: Group of answer choices arthropods and nematodes molluscs and annelids annelids and nematodes cnidarians and echinoderms arthropods and molluscs

arthropods and nematodes

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood of humans is transported Group of answer choices as dissolved CO2 in plasma. as bicarbonate ion in plasma. attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells. attached to hemoglobin in plasma. as carbonic acid.

as bicarbonate ion in plasma.

The vast majority of animal species have this type of body symmetry: Group of answer choices Radial Bilateral Asymmetry Half-symmetry Higher-order

bilateral

The echinoderms are termed "secondarily" radially symmetrical because their ancestors were: Group of answer choices radially symmetrical bilaterally symmetrical terrestrial protostome asymmetrical

bilaterally symmetrical

The gas exchange system of _______ includes air sacs that interact with the lungs, and air flowing unidirectionally through parabronchi. Group of answer choices insects fish amphibians mammals birds

birds

The respiratory system of insects consists of Group of answer choices branched air tubes called spiracles that supply capillaries. branched air tubes called tracheae that open to the atmosphere through spiracles. branching gill systems that end in openings called tracheae. branching gill systems that end in openings called spiracles. extensive layers of gas exchange tissue just under the exoskeleton.

branched air tubes called tracheae that open to the atmosphere through spiracles.

The process by which cells acquire specialized forms and functions is called Group of answer choices cell growth. cell elasticity. cell differentiation. cell replication. None of the choices are correct.

cell differentiation

Humans have no way to break down Group of answer choices cellulose. amino acids. DNA. lipids. carbohydrates.

cellulose

The localization of sensory structures at the anterior end of the body is called: Group of answer choices bilateral symmetry spiral cleavage cephalization radial symmetry gastrulation

cephalization

______ is cell division without growth. Group of answer choices fertilization cleavage development differentiation

cleavage

Within any particular group of animals (e.g., sharks, hummingbirds, cats), the metabolic rate per gram of body weight Group of answer choices is unrelated to the animal's size. is determined mostly by an individual animal's age. does not vary from individual to individual. decreases as the animal's size increases. increases as the animal's size increases

decreases as the animal's size increases.

Although no external changes are yet visible, a cell lineage is now fated to become liver tissue. This is an example of Group of answer choices growth. morphogenesis. differentiation. determination. hematopoietic formation.

determination

The developmental fate of a cell is set by a process called determination. morphogenesis. differentiation. induction dedifferentiation.

determination

The force necessary to fill the lungs in a mammal is provided by the Group of answer choices diaphragm. intercostal muscles. buccal muscles. diaphragm and buccal muscles. diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Which structure listed below shows the greatest complexity of organization? Group of answer choices Liver Blood cells Small Intestine Muscle cell Digestive system

digestive system

Humans undergo _______ development, and their growth is _______. Group of answer choices direct; isometric direct; allometric direct; exponential indirect; isometric indirect; exponential

direct, allometric

The physical basis of classification in the Ecdysozoa is: Group of answer choices generation of a current to bring food to the mouth the presence of segmentation ecdysis of a cuticle or exoskeleton radial cleavage during development None of the above accurately represent a basis for Ecdysozoan classification.

ecdysis of a cuticle or exoskeleton

A suspension feeder acquires food items by Group of answer choices restraining prey with poison. restraining prey using claws and jaws. ingesting mud and extracting particles. filtering food substances from the blood. extracting particles suspended in water.

extracting particles suspended in water.

Insulin is released by the pancreas when blood levels of Group of answer choices glucose fall. glucagon fall. glucose rise. glucagon rise. HCl fall.

glucose rise

Which structure of the tubular digestive tract in vertebrates is involved mainly with water and ion recovery? Group of answer choices Esophagus Mouth cavity Stomach Hindgut Midgut

hindgut

As the environmental temperature in a closed chamber increases (from 15°C up to 25°C), the internal temperature of a conformer such as a lizard in the chamber _______, and that of a regulator such as a mouse in the chamber _______. Group of answer choices increases; increases decreases; increases increases; stays the same decreases; decreases stays the same; decreases

increases; stays the same

Sea urchins undergo _______ growth. Group of answer choices indirect direct complete mosaic radial

indirect

Which of the follow is NOT a function of the water vascular system in echinoderms: Group of answer choices locomotion gas exchange internal skeleton feeding attachment to surfaces

internal skeleton

All the following characterize phenotypic plasticity except (i.e., which choice is not true of phenotypic plasticity) Group of answer choices it is the ability of an individual to display two or more different phenotypes at different times. it occurs at the cellular level. it occurs at the tissue and organ levels. it involves changes in genotype.

it involves changes in genotype.

Which is NOT a trait that identifies an animal as a mammal rather than an amphibian? Group of answer choices Mammary glands Hair Sweat glands Kidneys Four-chambered heart

kidneys

The mesoderm Group of answer choices is located on the outside of the embryo. is formed during cleavage is found in blastula-stage embryos. gives rise to the lining of the gut. lies between the endoderm and ectoderm.

lies between the endoderm and ectoderm.

The most important developments aiding movement to land were: Group of answer choices Jaws and teeth limbs and amniotic eggs exothermy and ray-fins Paired fins and jaws Eyes and coelom

limbs and amniotic eggs

Following gastrulation in vertebrates, the endodermal cells contribute predominantly to the developing Group of answer choices Following gastrulation in vertebrates, the endodermal cells contribute predominantly to the developing a. brain, nervous system, and nails. skeletal system and muscles. lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts. sweat glands and milk secretory glands. heart and blood vessels

lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

Bile is produced by the? Group of answer choices Liver Spleen Gall bladder Bile duct duodenum

liver

Which of the following structures is not part of the general vertebrate body plan? Group of answer choices Anterior skull containing the brain Large coelom that contains organ systems Lungs Internal skeleton Well-developed circulatory system

lungs

Most amphibians breathe air by means of Group of answer choices gills and swim bladders. gills and thin skin lungs only lungs and thin skin. thin skin only.

lungs and thin skin.

Gastrulation is the stage of development that Group of answer choices begins with neural tube formation. makes possible the inductive interactions that trigger differentiation and organ formation. follows the formation of the three germ layers. precedes cleavage. is marked by a dramatic increase in the rate of mitosis.

makes possible the inductive interactions that trigger differentiation and organ formation.

The germ layer that is present in triploblastic animals but is absent in diploblastic animals is: Group of answer choices ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelom epidermis

mesoderm

Molecules that impart positional information and promote developmental changes at the cellular level are most accurately referred to as Group of answer choices inducers. repressors. signal transducers. morphogens. stem cells.

morphogens

Radially symmetric animals can be divided equally by: Group of answer choices multiple planes passing through the central axis only one plane passing through the central axis multiple planes crossing the US in the late afternoon asymmetric cell division asexual reproduction

multiple planes passing through the central axis

In the human thermoregulatory system, high skin temperature leads to sweating and low skin temperature leads to shivering. This is a case of: Group of answer choices destabilization set point control of metabolic heat production. positive feedback. a controlled variable. negative feedback.

negative feedback

The tissues and organs that eventually develop from specific germ layers can be depicted visually by means of a fate map. On a fate map of a salamander embryo, ectoderm will form the Group of answer choices lining of the gut. nervous system and epidermal layer of the skin. kidneys. heart. lining of the respiratory tract.

nervous system and epidermal layer of the skin.

Once development has proceeded to the point that three germ layers are in place within the embryo, the next phase of development, called _______, can begin. Group of answer choices epiblasty gastrulation hypoblasty organogenesis transcription

organogenesis

The respiratory gases of animals are Group of answer choices carbon dioxide and water vapor. oxygen and nitrogen. nitrogen and carbon dioxide. oxygen and carbon dioxide. oxygen and water vapor.

oxygen and carbon dioxide.

If the concentration of oxygen in the blood is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the body's tissues, Group of answer choices oxygen will diffuse out of the tissues into the blood. oxygen will diffuse into the tissues from the blood carbon dioxide will diffuse into the tissues from the blood. there will be no diffusion of gases between the tissues and the blood. oxygen will be pumped from the blood into the tissues via active transport.

oxygen will diffuse into the tissues from the blood

Organisms that depend largely on external sources of heat to maintain body temperature are called Group of answer choices homeotherms. endotherms. heterotherms. poikilotherms. mesotherms.

poikilotherms.

Homeotic (Hox) genes code for (i.e. create when transcribed and translated): Group of answer choices proteins that are transcription factors membrane lipids soluble carbohydrates yolk proteins that are part of the cytoskeleton

proteins that are transcription factors

Based on allometric scaling of metabolism, which animal is likely to have the highest metabolic rate? Group of answer choices Pygmy mouse Flying squirrel Desert cottontail rabbit Gray wolf Sperm whale

pygmy mouse

The human embryo is able to split at the 64-cell stage to produce two viable progeny. This is an indication that human development at this stage is Group of answer choices mosaic. determinative. definitive. regulative

regulative

Following gastrulation in vertebrates, the mesodermal cells contribute to the developing Group of answer choices brain and nervous system. skeletal system and muscles. inner lining of the gut and respiratory tract. pigment cells epidermis.

skeletal system and muscles.

Which of the following is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the mammalian digestive system? Group of answer choices pharynx stomach small intestine large intestine pancreas

smell intestine

Which protein is involved in development of the central nervous system and is named after a video game character? Group of answer choices Donkey Kong Sonic hedgehog Mario Pac Man Galaga

sonic hedgehog

Which group of animals lacks specialized breathing organs? Group of answer choices Mammals Sponges Reptiles Insects Fish

sponges

Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate and replace cells that are lost are called Group of answer choices induced cells. stem cells hematopoietic cells. unipotent cells. multipotent cells.

stem cells

In regulatory systems, the phenomenon of negative feedback Group of answer choices is the least common type of feedback mechanism stimulates a return to set point. amplifies a response. disrupts homeostasis. destabilizes a system with runaway feedback.

stimulates a return to set point.

The effects of glucagon include Group of answer choices stimulation of glucose uptake into cells. stimulation of liver cells to break down glycogen. control of blood glycogen levels in the absence of insulin. stimulation of cells to store energy as lipids. stimulation of pancreas to secrete insulin.

stimulation of liver cells to break down glycogen.

The openings to the ___________ system (respiratory system) in insects are termed _______. Group of answer choices spiracle, tracheae tracheal, bronchi spiracle, alveoli tracheal, spiracles tracheal, stomata

tracheal, spiracles

You are presented with an egg that is so rich in yolk that cleavage furrows do not pass entirely through the yolk. As development proceeds, a disc of cells accumulates on top of the yolk to form the embryo. You are given the following list of organisms this egg could possibly belong to: turtle, bullfrog, goldfish. Which represent(s) a valid possibility? Group of answer choices Turtle only Bullfrog only Goldfish only Turtle, bullfrog Turtle, goldfish

turtle goldfish

A single, fertilized cell is called a _____. Group of answer choices gamete blastula zygote gastrula

zygote