Bio Exam 4 Study Guide

Mutualistic relationships fungi have...

Plants and fungi (mycorrhizal relationship), lichen (fungus and photosynthetic partner)

How do asexual spores occur?

Produce asexual spores by mitosis, allows cloning to occur

Absorptive nutrition facts

Produce large amounts of organic acids to acidify their local environment, followed by powerful digestive enzymes to break down their food, almost unlimited in what they can digest, requires a strong cell wall made of chitin

Zygomycetes Distinguishing Feature

Produces a zygosporangnum during the dikaryotic state

What is the sister group to fungi?

Protists

Microsporidians

all intracellular parasites of animals or protists, no mitochondria, have mitosomes, non-motile, can be parasitic to humans (human microsporidiosis), affects people with compromised immune systems, can also affect insects (decline in honeybee population)

Metabolism refers to ___

all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

Glomeromycota Distinguishing Feature

arbuscular mycorrhizae formed with plants

How does oxygen release energy?

as the electrons move closer to oxygen, they lose energy and that energy can be used to do work

What are the three symbiotic partners lichen have?

ascomycete fungus, basidiomycete fungus, and a photosynthetic partner

Basidiomycota Life Cycle

basidocarp (dikaryotic), karyogamy, basidia (diploid) basidiospore after meiosis

What type of reaction is glycolysis?

catabolic (breaks down carbohydrates)

What is the fungi cell wall made of?

chitin

Free energy

energy available to do work

What is made available from the hydrolysis of ATP?

energy, provides energy for endergonic reactions

What are hyphae?

filamentous vegetative structures

What is absorptive nutrition?

food sources are digested externally and then absorbed into their cells

Anabolic processes

formation of polymers and large molecules

If a system can do work what does it release?

free energy

What does NAD+ function as during cellular respiration?

oxidizing agent (electrons acceptor)

What atom is highly electronegative in bio?

oxygen

Ascomycota Life Cycle

plasomogany, Ascocarp with dikaryotic hyphae, ascus (dikaryotic stage), karyogamy, ascus diploid, meiosis, mitosis, ascospores

How do you refer to fungal mating types?

plus or minus

What is karyogamy?

two haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid state

Energy coupling

use of an exergonic (energy releasing) process to drive and endergonic (energy-requiring) process

Sexual Reproduction Cycle Fungi

mycelium (n), plasmogeny, dikaryon (n+n) or heterokaryon, karyogamy (fusion of nucleus), diploid stage (2n), meiosis, germination

Asexual Reproduction Cycle Fungi

mycelium, spore producing structures (n), spores (n), germination

What type of phosphorylation is used in glycolysis to generate ATP?

substrate level phosphorylation- phosphorylated molecule (kinase) Itransfers phosphate group to ADP, can only occur in presence of kinase enzyme

Oxidation

the loss of electrons

Inputs of Glycolysis

2 ATP, 1 glucose, 2NAD+

Net gain of glycolysis

2 ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate

What is glucose split too in glycolysis?

2 Pyruvate

What is the difference between a heterokaryon and a dikaryon?

A heterokaryon is a mycelium with multiple nuclei and a dikaryon is a mycelium with 2 nuclei

Select all that apply. The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are. composed of hyphae. B. referred to as a mycelium. C. usually underground. D. aboveground in a mushroom structure. E. referred to as yeasts.

A, B, C

1. How do most fungi feed?A. Hyphae secrete enzymes that break down organic rich molecules and then absorb the nutrient-rich fluid.B. Hyphae ingest organic materials that are then broken down by digestive enzymes inside the body of the fungus.C. The fruiting bodies of fungi perform photosynthesis to supply the rest of the fungus with food.

A.

2. Explain how the body of the fungus is adapted for its mode of nutrition., See question 2 LG 19, Name parts

A. - hyphae, B.- mycelia, C.- fruiting body (reproduction)

Fungi can be: A. PredatorsB. DecomposersC. SaprobesD. SymbiontsE. Absorptive heterotrophsF. ChemoheterotrophsG. Photoautotrophs

A., B., C., D., E., F.

In the hydrolysis of ATP what is released?

ADP and Pi

ATP cycle

ATP-->energy for work--->ADP + Pi---->energy from food---->ATP

Glomeromycota

All mycorrhizae of plants, form an arbuscle (a branched shrublike organ that penetrates the root cells of vascular plants), nicknamed arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, form a mutualistic relationship with liverwort

Do fungi share a more common ancestor with plants or animals?

Animals

2. You are up late studying, and your friend orders a pizza for you both. When the pizza arrives, you tell your friend that you are learning about fungi in bio 110 and you tell them that the toppings on your pizza belong toA. mushrooms from Ascomycota.B. mushrooms from Basidiomycota.C. yeast from Ascomycota.D. mushrooms from Zygomycota.

B.

3. Fungi are more closely related to plants than to animals. A. TrueB. False

B.

6. Based on the general fungal life cycle below, when would you first see a mushroom produced (reproductive fruiting body structure or basidiocarp)?A. A - prior to plasmogamyB. B - after plasmogamy but prior to karyogamyC. C - after meiosis D. D - during asexual reproduction E. Both C & D

B.

8. What are mycorrhizae?A. The fruiting bodies of zygomycetes.B. Mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi.C. The horizontal fungal hyphae that spread out underground during asexual reproduction.D. Sexual structures formed by chytrids.

B.

EXPERIMENT: Researchers grew soybean plants in soil treated with fungicide to prevent the formation of mycorrhizae in the experimental group. A control group was exposed to fungi that formed mycorrhizae in the soybean plants' roots. If your hypothesis is that mycorrhizae benefit the plant, what would you predict to see in the experimental group compared to the control group? A. The group treated with fungicide will show more growth than the control group.B. The group treated with fungicide will show less growth than the control group.C. There will be no difference in growth between the two groups.D. Plants cannot survive without mycorrhizae.

B.

Are fungi saprobes or parasitic?

Both

Catabolic processes

Breakdown of molecules

2. A new disease arises in humans who live in the rain forest. Which of the following might be a first attempt at determining whether or not the disease is caused by a fungus?A. Treat the affected people with a chemical that interferes with cellulose synthesis.B. Treat affected people with a chemical that prevents the apical complex from piercing a host cell.C. Treat affected people with a chemical that interferes with chitin synthesis.D. Quarantine the area until the affected people get well.

C.

3. Endophytic fungi (fungi that live within plant tissue) are very common. Almost all plants studied have them. Some grasses have endophytic fungi that modify plant-herbivore interactions. What type of symbiotic interaction exists between plants and herbivores?A. MutualismB. CommensalismC. PredationD. Parasitism

C.

General equation for the WHOLE process of cell respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2= 6CO2+6H2O+energy ( releases energy)

4. The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia isA. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms.B. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats.C. the increased chance of contact between mating types.D. an extensive surface area well suited for growth and absorptive nutrition.

D.

5. Which of the following fungal groups form mycorrhizal symbioses with plant roots? Select all that applyA. MicrosporidiansB. ChytridiomycotaC. ZygomycotaD. GlomeromycotaE. AscomycotaF. Basidiomycota

D., E., F.

Saprobes definition

Decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter

What stage is unique to fungi?

Dikaryotic stage (provides genetic flexibility in a competitive environment)

Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cells chromosome number than does meiosis I? A. mitosis B. plasmogamy C. crossing-over D. binary fission E. karyogamy

E.

What are mycelium?

Mass of hyphae that may be visible to naked eye as bread mold

Phyla in Kingdom Fungi

Microsporidians, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Microsporidians distinguishing feature

Mitosomes

are fungi non-motile?

Most are

What can pick up electrons in cell respiration?

NAD+

Did fungi arise from plants?

NO

How does the fungi benefit in the mycorrizae?

Obtains carbon from roots

When is delta G endergonic?

Energy enters system

When is delta G exergonic?

Energy leaves system (spontaneous)

What did fungi most likely arise from?

Flagellated protist

Chytridiomycota Distinguishing Feature

Flagellated spores

Basidiomycota Distinguishing Feature

Forms a basidia which is a club shaped structures that houses basidiospore

How do electrons move in cellular respiration?

From high energy state to low energy state

stages of cell respiration

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC/oxidative phosphorylation

What stage (haploid or diploid) are hyphae in the majority of their life cycles?

Haploid stage

how does the plant benefit in the mycorrizae?

Increased water

What are mycorrhizae?

Intimate association between plant roots and fungal hyphae

Ascomycota distinguishing features

Sac-like cell called an ascus which holds ascospores

Zygomycetes

Terrestrial, saprobes in soil, coenocytic hyphae, with septa in reproductive structures, produces zygosprangium, unique formation of dikaryotic state (zygosporangnum)

The Chytridiomycota Traits

most primitive, aquatic ("water fungi"), mostly saprobes, can have septate or coenyctic mycelium or unicellular, have flagellated spores, important in amphibian declines, paraphyletic

Can fungi produce asexual or sexual?

They can do both

How can spores be dispersed?

Water or wind

What is plasmogamy?

When compatible mating types fuse by the fusion of cell membranes

When do fungi transition to producing sexually?

When triggered by certain conditions (light, temp, moisture, availability of a sexually compatible partner, limited nutrients)

Draw diagram of glycolysis

Yay

Are fungi chemoheterotrophs?

Yes, all are

When glucose is oxidized does it release energy? What does the Oxygen do?

Yes, oxygen gains energy

ATP is ___

a 5-carbon sugar (ribose) attached to a nitrogenous base (adenine) and a group of 3 phosphates

What is a distinguishing feature of fungi?

absorptive nutrition

Mycotoxins

fungal metabolites are toxic to humans or other vertebrae animals, can cause athletes foot, aflatoxin (can catch through food, grows on crops, in undeveloped countries this is high, can cause liver cancer), ochratoxin (can cause kidney disease, heterozygote advantage for PKU in Irish and Scottish population)

Reduction

gain of electrons

Basidiomycota

gilled fungi/mushrooms, houses puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, called club fungi because cells (basidia) that bear sexual spores resemble small club, excel at breaking down large plant cell wall polymers, fruting bodies basidiocarps, form basidiospore

Features of mycelia

give fungi a tremendous amount of surface area in small space, making them ideally adapted to absorptive nutrition

What is oxidized and reduced in cellular respiration equation?

glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced to form CO2 and H2O

Locations of each process

glycolysis-cytosol (cell membrane), Krebs cycle/ETC-occurs in mitochondria

Hyphae characteristics

having cells divided by structures called septa or absence of septa, can also digest cellulose or lichen

Ascomycota

largest most biologically diverse group, contains most destructive human and plant pathogens, mutualistic symbioses, unicellular yeast to complex cup fungi, can appear as mushrooms, single-celled yeasts, most lichens, monophyletic

Types of work a cell can do

mechanical (contracting muscle cells), transport (moving substances across membrane), chemical (non-spontaneous reactions between molecules)

What cellular item produces most of the cells energy?

mitochondria

Are fungi multicellular or unicellular?

mostly multicellular

Ascomycota Morphology

produces 4 to 8 sexual spores in a microscopic sac-like cell called an ascus, referred to as sac fungi, most ascomycetes bear ascidians in ascocarps, produce nonsexual spores called candida (allow them to propagate without sexual recombination), common model organisms

Kinetic energy

refers to energy that is associated with moving matter

Potential energy

refers to energy that is stored

Energy definition

refers to that which can or does move matter (capacity for doing work)