BIO EXAM#3 COGBOOK Questions

Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure? a. Mouth b. Salivary glands c. Pancreas d. Liver

a. mouth (section 4.3)

The white matter in the spinal cord is made up of _________. a. Neuron cell bodies b. Axons c. Interneurons d. Glia cell bodies

a. neuron cell bodies

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the contractions during labor? a. Oxytocin b. Estrogen c. Beta-HCG d. Progesterone

a. oxytocin

Organs develop from the germ layers through a process called _______. a. gene expression b. differentiation c. blastula d. acrosomal reaction

b. differentiation

Which part of the nervous system directly controls the digestive system? a. Parasympathetic nervous system b. Central nervous system c. Spinal cord d. Sensory-somatic nervous system

a. parasympathetic nervous system

Which is NOT a property of the trophoblast? a. It is a layer of the blastocyst. b. It will go on to form the embryo. c. Secretes enzymes that allow implantation into the uterus. d. Will contribute to the placenta and nourish the embryo

C.

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. a. skeletal muscle only b. cardiac muscle only c. smooth muscle only d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

a. skeletal muscle only (section 4.2)

Knees, elbows, and shoulders are examples of a. Synovial joints b. Cartilaginous joints c. Fibrous joints d. Tendons

a. synovial joints

An animal that is viviparous reproduces by _______. a. giving birth to free-living young b. producing internally fertilized eggs that develop externally c. producing eggs that are fertilized externally d. incubating eggs internally while the fetus develops

a. giving birth to free living young

During exhalation, when the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the chest cavity decreases, air pressure ________ inside the lungs. a. increases b. decreases c. decreases then increases d. is unchanged

a. increases

Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false? a. LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. b. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. c. Both progesterone and estrogen are produced by the follicles. d. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estrogen but stimulated by high levels of estrogen.

A. LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary and estrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovaries

Since dietary fiber is indigestible by humans, why is it still important that our diet contains this type of carbohydrate? a. It provides the amino acids we need to build proteins. b. It keeps our intestines healthy and protects us against certain types of cancer. c. It provides vitamins and minerals. d. Dietary fiber is not a necessary or important part of our diet.

a

Males have which of the following sex chromosomes? a. XY b. XX c. YY d. It is impossible to know.

a. XY

What is the advantage of having grape-like clusters called alveoli as part of the respiratory system? a. Alveoli allow for an increase in surface area, which maximizes gas exchange. b. Alveoli are circular in structure, which is ideal for maximal gas exchange. c. Because alveoli are shaped like grapes, this allows for thinner walls, thereby facilitating gas exchange in the lungs. d. The shape of alveoli allows for maximum exchange of blood between capillaries and the lungs.

a. alveoli allow for an increase in surgace area, which maximizes gas exchange

External fertilization occurs in which type of environment? a. Aquatic b. Forested c. Savanna d. Steppe

a. aquatic

The pectoral girdle supports the _______. a. arms b. legs c. skull d. thoracic cage

a. arms

How do arteries differ from veins? a. Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart. b. Arteries carry blood. c. Arteries have thinner wall layers and valves and move blood by the action of skeletal muscle. d. Arteries are thin walled and are used for gas exchange.

a. arteries have thicker wall layers to accomodate the changes in pressure from the heart.

Unlike most steroid-based hormones, protein hormones will typically _______. a. bind to receptors on the surface of target cells b. bind to receptors inside the target cells c. bind to receptors in the nucleus of target cells d. cause target cells to turn specific genes on and off

a. blind to receptors on the surface of target cells

Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false? a. Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated. b. Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated. c. Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated. d. Blood in the aorta is oxygenated.

a. blood in the pulmonary vein is deoygenated

All the cellular components of blood are produced by stem cells in the ______. a. bone marrow b. heart c. liver d. lungs

a. bone marrow

During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is _______. a. contracting b. relaxing c. contracting and relaxing d. filling with blood

a. contracting

Which of the following gives rise to the skin cells? a. Ectoderm b. Endoderm c. Mesoderm d. None of the above

a. ectoderm

Lizards don't maintain their body temperature with internal heat. Rather, they bask in the sun to get warm. This is an example of _______. a. ectothermy b. endothermy c. mesothermy d. positive feedback

a. ectothermy (section 4.1)

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body. b. Vitamins are required in small quantities for bodily function. c. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while others need to be obtained from diet. d. Vitamins come in two categories: fat- soluble and water-soluble.

a. essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body. (section 4.3)

Mucus traps pathogens that are later coughed or sneezed away. This is an example of activity from the body's _______. a. first line of defense b. second line of defense c. third line of defense d. antibody-mediated immunity

a. first line of defense

A cell can become more or less sensitive to a particular hormone by increasing or decreasing the number of ______ it has for that hormone. a. Receptors b. Follicles c. Targets d. Genes

a. receptors

Antibiotics work well when ______. a. used to treat bacterial infection b. used to treat fungal infection c. used to treat viral infection d. None of the above

a. used to treat bacterial infection

Among other bones, the axial skeleton includes the _______. a. thoracic cage and vertebral column b. thoracic cage and pectoral girdle c. skull and pelvic girdle d. pectoral and pelvic girdles

a.thoracic cage and vertebral column

What are the ideal average percent body fat ranges for males and females? a. Females, 19-18 and males 19-26 percent body fat b. Females, 19-26 and males, 13- 18 percent body fat c. Females, 32-38 and males, 20-26 percent body fat d. Females, 20-26 and males, 32-38 percent body fat

b

After our conscious mind is distracted by some mildly stressful news, we may have lingering feelings that something is not quite right. What hypothesis might logically explain this continued feeling of unease even after the actual stressing agent itself is no longer present? a. The nervous system delivers messages like snail mail. Several seconds might elapse before the bloodstream carries a neural message from the central nervous system to its target. The lingering effects are thus detected for an extended period. b. The endocrine system delivers messages like snail mail. Several seconds elapse before the bloodstream carries a hormone from an endocrine gland to its target tissue. The effects usually outlast those of a neural message. c. An electrical charge produced by the heart excites cells, and this produces the lingering feeling. d. Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, accelerates the charge in some cells, and this causes the lingering feeling.

b. The endocrine system delivers messages like snail mail. Several seconds elapse before the bloodstream carries a hormone from an endocrine gland to its target tissue. The effects usually outlast those of a neural message.

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? a. After eating a meal containing high glucose levels, the pancreas secretes more insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. b. After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot. c. An elevation in blood pressure causes heart rate to decrease, thereby causing blood pressure to decrease. d. The secretion of the hormone TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. Thyroxine, in turn, inhibits the secretion of TSH.

b. After cutting your finger, the injured tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals to activate more platelets, leading to the formation of a blood clot. (Section 4.1)

The sensory-somatic nervous system controls bodily functions without conscious control. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible for lowering your blood sugar after it rises above normal? a. The use of the sugar for energy by your cells. b. A homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback. c. Type II diabetes d. A homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback.

b. a homeostatic mechanism baseed on negative feedback (section 4.1)

If your liver starts breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules, what is likely taking place elsewhere in the body? a. An excess of sugar in the blood is causing the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon. b. A shortage of sugar in the blood is causing the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon. c. An excess of sugar has caused the release of insulin. d. There is not enough sugar in the blood stream, which stimulates the kidneys to release more glucose.

b. a shortage of sugar in the blood is causing the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon

Which of the following characteristics is typical of individuals with Types 1 Diabetes? a. Control their diabetes solely by monitoring their diet. b. Are unable to produce insulin. c. Tend to acquire the disease as an adult. d. Do not require insulin injections.'

b. are unable to produce insulin (section 4.3)

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body. a. dendrite b. axon c. microglia d. collagen fiber

b. axon (section 4.2)

What type of tissue is adipose tissue? a. Muscle b. Connective c. Epithelial d. Nervous

b. connective (section 4.2)

Nutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by _______. a. the placenta b. diffusion through the endometrium c. the chorion d. the blastocyst

b. diffusion through the endometrium

Which component is responsible for initially stimulating a muscle contraction? a. Proteins b. Electrochemical signals c. Plasma membranes d. Striations

b. electrochemical signals

In females, new eggs are produced continuously throughout the life of the individual. a. True b. False c. Maybe d. It is impossible to tell

b. false

Sexual identity is determined by the sex chromosome make-up of an individual only. True or false? a. True b. False

b. false

The structure covering the axons that act as an insulator for the electrical signal to travel down the axon is called _______. a. action potential b. myelin sheath c. dendrites d. terminal buttons

b. mylein sheath

The order of airflow during inhalation is ________. a. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli b. nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli c. nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli d. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles

b. nasal cavity, laynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, aleveoli

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _______. a. synapses b. nodes of Ranvier c. schwann cells d. axons

b. nodes of ranvier

An animal that is oviparous reproduces by _________. a. giving birth to free-living young b. producing internally fertilized eggs that develop externally c. producing eggs that are fertilized externally d. incubating eggs internally while the fetus develops

b. producing internally fertilzed eggs that develop externally

PNS nerves are part of either the somatic system or the ________. a. central nervous system b. sympathetic system c. parasympathetic system d. autonomic system

b. sympathetic system

Cells that respond to a particular hormone are referred to as ____________ cells. a. glandular b. target c. receptive d. endocrine

b. target

Which statement about viruses is true? a. Viruses can live outside the host body for extended periods of time. b. Viruses require a host cell for reproduction. c. Viruses replicate outside of the host cell. d. Viruses are classified as living organisms.

b. viruses requite a host cell for reproduction

Compared to human cells, there are about _______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies. a. the same number of b. twice as many c. 10-100 times as many d. million times as many

c. 10-100 times as many (section 4.3)

The humoral immune response depends on which cells? a. Cytotoxic T cells b. B cells c. B cells and helper T cells

c. Bcells and helper T cells

Which hormone causes FSH and LH to be released? Yes, that's correct! a. Testosterone b. Estrogen c. GnRH d. Progesterone

c. GnRH

A small area of the temporal lobe of our cerebral cortex is dedicated to learning faces and recognizing small changes in facial muscles that enable humans to "read" how other humans are feeling. What might be the most logical evolutionary argument for this adaptation? a. This ability would enable humans to avoid predators better. b. Such an adaptation most likely has no effect on survival. c. This adaptation is essential to accommodate the increasingly interdependent and often subtle social interactions of humans. d. Recognizing faces is important for conducting profitable business meetings.

c. This adaptation is essential to accommodate the increasingly interdependent and often subtle social interactions of humans.

Vaccines contain a. a healthy, living virus b. an antibiotic c. a weakened or killed virus d. an antiviral drug

c. a weakened or killed virus

Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys? a. Thyroid glands b. Pituitary glands c. Adrenal glands d. Gonads

c. adrenal glands

The process of gametogenesis _______. a. results in diploid gametes b. results in human sperm with 46 chromosomes c. allows fertilization to result in a cell with the correct number of chromosomes for that species d. only occurs in males

c. allow fertilization to result in a cell with the correct number of chromosomes for that species

The antagonistic pairs of arm and leg muscles a. Allow different types of rotations of joints. b. Allow healthy muscles to compensate for injured ones. c. Allow muscles to produce opposing movements. d. Allow muscles to contract in unison.

c. allow muscles to produce opposing movements

Why does the seasonal flu vaccine from a previous year not be effective the following year? a. Because the bacteria changes its nucleic acid composition. b. Because the fungi has a high mutation rate. c. Because the virus has a high mutation rate of the surface molecules. d. Flu vaccines are always 100% effective.

c. because the virus has a high mutation rate of the surface molecules

The part of the brain that is responsible for coordination during movement is the _______. Yes, that's correct! a. limbic system b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. parietal lobe

c. cerebellum

A molecule of hemoglobin ________. a. is shaped like a biconcave disk packed almost entirely with iron b. contains four glycoprotein units studded with oxygen c. consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme d. can carry up to 120 molecules of oxygen

c. consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme

When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will ________. a. experience a drop in its body temperature b. wait to see if it goes lower c. constrict blood vessels and work to maintain heat within the core of the body d. add fur or fat to increase insulation

c. constrict blood vessels and work to maintain heat within the core of the body (section 4.1)

Neurons contain _______, which can receive signals from other neurons. a. Axons b. Mitochondria c. Dendrites d. Golgi bodies

c. dendrites

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. Muscle b. Nervous c. Embryonic d. Epithelial

c. embryonic (section 4.2)

Some athletes use "blood doping," adding additional red blood cells to the blood, to achieve a competitive edge. The extra red blood cells will _______. a. remain unchanged b. make the heart beat faster. c. increase O2 delivery to muscles. d. decrease blood pressure.

c. increase O2 delivery to muscles

Homeostasis is an organism's ability to _______. a. obtain energy from food b. interact with its specific environment c. maintain a constant internal environment d. survive without water for long periods of time

c. maintain a constant internal environment (Section 4.1)

What region of the brain controls visual information? a. Temporal lobe b. Frontal lobe c. Occipital lobe d. Parietal lobe

c. occipital lobe

Most of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary perform what function? a. Regulate growth b. Regulate the sleep cycle c. Regulate production of other hormones d. Regulate blood volume and blood pressure

c. regulate production of other hormones

Sperm are produced in the _______: a. scrotum b. seminal vesicles c. seminiferous tubules d. prostate gland

c. seminiferous tubules

With an action potential, depolarization of the axon is recorded as the gates open, allowing _______ to flow into the axon. a. potassium ions b. H+ ions c. sodium ions d. All of the above

c. sodium ions

The gonads produce what class of hormones? a. Amine hormones b. Peptide hormones c. Steroid hormones d. Catecholamines

c. steroid hormones

Breast feeding has an additional effect in many women. The hormones important for producing milk and causing milk to be released in reaction to suckling also inhibit the pituitary gland from releasing the hormones needed for initiating ovulation in the ovaries. What might be a logical adaptive significance of this hormone feedback system? a. Breast feeding is a signal to males that the woman is fertile. b. The woman can signal the baby that she will take care of it adequately. c. Successful long term care of the offspring is maximized by not becoming pregnant again too soon. d. Prevents too much estrogen from being released in the female over her lifetime to delay menopause.

c. successful long term care of the offspring is maximized by not becoming pregnant again too soon.

A person without an epiglottis would not be able to _______. a. digest carbohydrates b. digest fats c. swallow food without the possibility of choking d. absorb nutrients

c. swallow food without the possibility of choking (section 4.3)

The peripheral nervous system is________. a. a tree-like structure that extend away from the cell body to receive messages b. a tube-like structure that propagates the signal from the cell body c. the connection between the central nervous system and the rest of the body d. made up of the brain and the spinal cord

c. the connection between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

The right ventricle sends blood to _________. a. the head b. the upper body c. the lungs d. the lower body

c. the lungs

The function of the heart valves is ________. a. to contract b. to move blood c. to prevent backflow d. to protect the heart

c. to prevent backflow

The endocrine system functions by ________. a. carrying messages directly from one point or organ in the body to another b. extremely fast and short-termed bursts of energy c. transporting messages in the circulatory system that are eventually received by target cells d. dumping huge amounts of hormones into the lymphatic system

c. transporting messages in the circulatory system that are eventually received by target cells.

Which blood cells help to defend our bodies against disease? a. Red blood cells b. Plasma c. White blood cells d. Platelets

c. white blood cells

In mammals, the layer covering the egg is called the _______. a. acrosome b. cleavage c. zona pellucida d. zygote

c. zona pellucida

The human brain makes up only 2% of the body's weight but uses ______of its energy. a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 30%

c.20%

Which of the following is not involved in the second line of defense? a. Natural killer cells b. Macrophages c. Complement d. T lymphocytes

d. T lymphocytes

Our adaptive immune system is different from our innate immune system because it a. mounts a highly specific response to a particular pathogen. b. produces antibodies. c. has a memory that gives long-term protection from reinfection. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above

Which of the following are characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system? a. It is responsible for the immediate responses when one encounters a dangerous situation. b. It is also called the "fight-or-flight" response. c. It increases the heart rate. d. All of the above

d. all of the above

what makes it hard to breathe when you have asthma? a. Inflammation swelling inside the airways. b. Bronchoconstriction muscles tighten around the airways. c. Excess mucus clogs the airway. d. All of the above

d. all of the above

Which of these processes occurs in the mouth? a. Ingestion b. Mechanical digestion c. Chemical digestion d. All of the above

d. all of the above (section 4.3)

Following a trip during Fall break you acquire tuberculosis, a bacterial disease. After seeing a doctor at the Student Health Center you will most probably be prescribed ______. a. antifungals b. antivirals c. tamiflu d. antibiotics

d. antibiotics

Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the surface of the skin? a. Low pH b. Mucus c. Tears d. Cilia

d. cilia

In the genetic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU), a single reaction is blocked in a normal metabolic pathway sequence, and the amino acid phenylalanine cannot be converted to the next chemical step. Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid, builds up in the body and high levels affect the nervous system that lead to mental retardation. What would be a logical treatment for this disorder? a. Antibiotics b. Vitamin supplements c. Increased ingestion of foods high in phenylalanine. d. Eat less foods high in phenylalanine.

d. eat less foods high in phenylalaine (section 4.3)

What is the nature of the message that nerve cells conduct? a. Chemical b. Hormonal c. Audible d. Electrical

d. electrical

The process of gastrulation forms the _______. a. blastula b. zygote c. organs d. germ layers

d. germ layers

What tissue type is characterized as being excitable and capable of sending and receiving electrochemical signals that provide the body with information? a. Muscle b. Epithelial c. Connective d. Nervous

d. nervous (section 4.2)

A pre-menopausal woman can become pregnant _______. a. anytime during her monthly menstrual cycle b. only during her menstrual flow c. if the pituitary is stopped from releasing hormones for ovulating d. only for about four or five days each month around the time of ovulation

d. only for about four to five days each month around the time of ovulation

Which blood cells help the blood to clot? a. Red blood cells b. Plasma c. White blood cells d. Platelets

d. platelets

Which organ has the greater surface area for absorption of nutrients? a. Large intestine b. Stomach c. Pancreas d. Small intestine

d. small intestine (section 4.3)

Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is false? a. The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles. b. The ejaculatory duct joins the urethra. c. Both the prostate and the bulbourethral glands produce components of the semen. d. The prostate gland is located in the testes.

d. the prostate gland is located in the testes

Which female organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby? a. Labia minora b. Breasts c. Ovaries d. Uterus

d. uterus

The respiratory system _______. a. provides body tissues with oxygen b. provides body tissues with oxygen and carbon dioxide c. establishes how many breaths are taken per minute d. provides the body with carbon dioxide

provides body tissues with oxygen