BIO Final
A DNA specimen that contains 30% guanine has ________ thymine.
20%
Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that can synthesize DNA from an RNA template. What DNA sequence is produced from an RNA molecule with the sequence 5'AUUGACGGU3'?
3'TAACTGCCA5'
Consider an organism whose karyotype shows it to have a total of 60 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be contained in the sperm of this organism?
30
What is the complement DNA strand to 5′-ATTCGGTGA-3′?
3′-TAAGCCACT-5′
In a tetraploid species, a euploid individual would have __ sets of chromosomes.
4
Which of the following functions of genetic material accounts for the rapid growth of cancer cells?
Ability to replicate and transmission to the next generation
Without the work of Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick would not have known
All of the above
Without data from the base composition studies of Chargoff, what might Watson and Crick's modeling studies have erroneously concluded?
Any purine could pair with any pyrimidine
The following graph represents the concentration of cyclins over the course of the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the phase of the cell cycle where the green arrow is pointing?
At this point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have properly aligned on the metaphase plate and are beginning to separate
The following graph represents the concentration of cyclins over the course of the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the phase of the cell cycle where the red arrow is pointing?
At this point in the cell cycle, the cell is committing to divide mitotically
Who discovered that DNA was the genetic material or transforming factor that could convert nonvirulent R-type Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium to the virulent S-type?
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
Which of the following is FALSE when comparing RNA and DNA?
Both are composed of identical nucleotides.
Which of the following relationships about nucleotide composition in DNA is TRUE?
C+A=G+T
The following graph represents the concentration of cyclins over the course of the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the cell cycle where the red arrow is pointing?
CDK proteins are actively phosphorylating proteins that are involved in DNA replication
Which of the following is NOT a checkpoint that controls the progression of the cell cycle?
Cytokinesis involves the formation of cleavage furrow to separate the cells.
Griffith first proposed the "transformation principal" through his studies on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium. Which of the following molecules was later found to be responsible for this phenomenon?
DNA
Which molecule is responsible for separating double-stranded DNA into single strands?
DNA helicase
All of the following are critical factors for DNA replication on the leading strand EXCEPT?
DNA ligase
During DNA replication, all of the following proteins are important for separating the DNA strands and allowing movement of the replication fork EXCEPT
DNA polymerase.
________ produces short sequences of RNA, which allows polymerase to synthesize a new strand of DNA.
DNA primase
The function(s) of DNA polymerase includes which of the following?
DNA synthesis, DNA proofreading, and removes RNA primers and fills in the gaps
35Sulfur (35S) would be a better isotope than 32phosphate (32P) to track DNA synthesis.
False
A strand of DNA is composed of nucleotide bases, sulfate groups, and sugars.
False
During prometaphase, the sister chromatids organize into a single row in the center of the cell.
False
For any given species, cells in metaphase II of meiosis would contain 2× more genetic material than cells in metaphase of mitosis.
False
Homologous chromosomes are identical copies of each other.
False
If a cell contains 20 chromosomes during G2, it will have 40 chromosomes during S.
False
If the sequence for one strand of DNA is 3′-TCGATT-5′ then its complementary strand would have a sequence of 3′-AGCTAA-5′.
False
If there is 28% adenine, then there must be 28% cytosine for the DNA composition of a particular organism.
False
Studies by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty with different strains of bacteria and those by Hershey and Chase with T2 bacteriophage determined that proteins are highly complex molecules that form the genetic material for bacteria and viruses.
False
The karyotype of a normal human male would show a total of 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
False
What does not happen in the cytokinesis of plant cells?
Formation of cleavage furrow to separate the cells.
Which of the following scientist-discoveries is mismatched?
Griffith-chromosomes
Place the following events of mitosis in the correct order. I. Sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate. II. The cleavage furrow forms. III. The nuclear membrane breaks up. IV. Sister chromatids condense. V. Sister chromatids separate.
IV, III, I, V, II
Which of the following statements regarding the G1 (first gap) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is NOT true?
If environmental conditions are favorable during the G1 phase, G1 cyclins are degraded causing the cell to prepare to replicate its DNA.
Why are aneuploidies involving sex chromosomes less detrimental than those involving somatic chromosomes?
In females, all but one X-chromosome is inactivated, in males, the Y chromosome contains very few genes, so extra or missing copies do not cause huge abnormalities
Which of the following functions of genetic material accounts for hemoglobin proteins to be expressed in blood (bone marrow) and myoglobin proteins to be expressed in muscle tissue?
Information storage
Which of the following functions of genetic material accounts for the appropriate expression of proteins?
Information storage
Which of the following functions of genetic material accounts for the high level of protection it is afforded by eukaryotic cells, such as multiple DNA repair mechanisms and storage within the double membrane of the nucleus
Information storage
Which of the following statements best describes DNA polymerase?
It is an enzyme that requires the presence of a small double-stranded nucleic acid primer to catalyze the addition of nucleotides to the 3 end of a growing DNA strand.
Which of the following statements in TRUE?
Many active genes are found in heterochromatin, because proteins involved in transcription can easily access these regions of DNA. *****
______________ are made in replicating the lagging strand of DNA, but are not made during leading strand DNA replication.
Okazaki fragments
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
One chromosome is made up of many DNA molecules
Which of the following statements in TRUE?
Radial loops are formed due to interactions between histone proteins and intermediate filaments.
Which of the following statements about the structure or composition of DNA is FALSE?
The amount of thymine closely approximates that of guanine within a particular organism.
A mutation occurs in a gene that encodes a G1-cyclin, such that the protein is unable to bind to its CDK. How will this affect the cell cycle?
The cell will be stuck in G1 and will not advance through the cell cycle.
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for an organism's genetic material?
The genetic material must be dynamic, changing rapidly in response to changes in the environment.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The lagging strand is synthesized in a semiconservative fashion while the leading strand is synthesized in a conservative fashion****** The leading strand is replicated continuously for the entire length of the chromosome, while the lagging strand has multiple origins of replication*****
A cell undergoing meiosis that contains sister chromatids may be either haploid or diploid.
True
DNA is a double helix structure whose strands are held together by hydrogen bonds with A to T and C to G base pairing.
True
Okazaki fragments are sequences of DNA most often found on the lagging strand of DNA during DNA replication.
True
One major difference between metaphase I and metaphase II is the presence or absence of bivalents.
True
The progressive shortening of telomeres in DNA correlates with cell senescence.
True
When considering the complexity of genetic material, multiple genes are found within a chromosome.
True
When a gamete that is lacking a sex chromosome due to nondisjunction has fused with a gamete carrying an X chromosome, this type of abnormality leads to ________.
Turner syndrome
Which of the following characteristics of genetic material accounts for the need to get a flu vaccine every year, but a polio vaccine once in a life time?
Variation
Which of the following characteristics of genetic material accounts for the phenomenon of natural selection?
Variation
Which of the following is the highest (or most complex) level of structure for genetic material?
chromosome
Which of the following occurs during metaphase
chromosomes are much shorter than they were in interphase.
The formation of the bivalent during meiosis
contributes to the genetic diversity of a species.
The major way that meiosis II differs from mitosis is that
in meiosis II, the cells are haploid.
The protein of T2 bacteriophage is labeled with 35S and the DNA with 32P. Where would one detect most of the 32P if the T2 bacteriophage were allowed to infect the bacteria?
inside the infected bacteria
Where would one expect to find the most telomerase?
male germ cells that give rise to gametes
The life cycle of a sexual reproducing organisms includes:
mitosis, meiosis, and fusion of the gametes.
DNA associates very tightly with nucleosomes because
negative charges on DNA are attracted to positive charges of the histone proteins.
Beginning with the simplest level of structure, which order of organization of genetic material is CORRECT?
nucleotide, DNA, gene, chromosome, genome
The building blocks of DNA are _________.
nucleotides
Bacteria are grown in 15N (heavy) medium and then transferred to 14N (light) medium and are allowed to replicate for 1 generation. The DNA is subsequently isolated and centrifuged in a CsCl2 gradient to yield what type of gradient band(s)?
one half-heavy (intermediate to heavy and light) band
Bacteria are grown in 15N (heavy) medium and then transferred to 14N (light) medium and are allowed to replicate for 2 generations. The DNA is subsequently isolated and centrifuged in a CsCl2 gradient to yield what type of gradient band(s)?
one light and one half-heavy band
The nucleotides within DNA are composed of a
phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base.
In order to produce a single strand of DNA the nucleotides combine to form what type of bond?
phosphodiester
In mitosis, the main difference between plant and animal cells is that
plants produce a cell plate to segregate the daughter nuclei, while animals form a cleavage furrow.
Synaptonemal complexes form during
prophase of meiosis I.
Which of the following is NOT a protein involved in DNA replication?
replication fork
The mechanism of DNA replication is
semiconservative.
At the end of meiosis I
the cells are haploid and the homologous pairs are in separate cells.
Cytogenetics is
the field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of the chromosomes and cell division.
In a haploid dominant species
the multicellular organism is haploid, and only the zygote is diploid.
Chromosomes inside the nucleus do not overlap with each other because
they all have a specific chromosome territory that is determined by the nuclear matrix.
Which of the following proteins-functions is mismatched?
topoisomerase-separates double-stranded DNA into single strands
Sexual life cycles include both haploid and diploid stages.
true
Meiosis I produces ________, and meiosis II produces _________ cells.
two haploid, 4 haploid
Some bacteria have been found to have much higher rates of mutation than other members of their populations; they are termed "mutators." What do you think is the reason for their faster rates of mutation?
Their DNA polymerase has compromised 3' to 5' exonuclease function.
How many replication forks are there at an origin of replication?
2
A species that has three sets of homologous chromosomes can have up to _ different combinations of chromosomes in the gametes.
8
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is INCORRECT?
It is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP.
A person who inherits an extra X chromosome will have
Klinefelter syndrome.
Which molecule catalyzes covalent bond formation between fragments of DNA.
Ligase
Which of the following statements about sister chromatids is TRUE?
Sister chromatids are exact copies of each other
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids separate during telophase.
The enzyme that attaches DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes in order to prevent chromosome shortening is called _____.
Telomerase
Which of the following statements about telomeres is INCORRECT?
Telomeres would be longer in cells of older than younger individuals
Type S Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium is lethal and will kill its host. If heat inactivated the S strain dies and becomes nonlethal. Type R Streptococcus pneumoniae is a nonvirulent strain of bacteria. What would occur if one were to inject both the R strain and heat-killed S strains into a host organism such as the mouse?
The R strain would be transformed into the virulent S strain and kill the host.
Which of the following statements about the cell cycle is correct?
When the S phase of the cell cycle is finished, a cell has twice as many chromatids as the number of chromosomes in the G1 phase.
During crossing over in meiosis, an incomplete exchange of genetic material occurs. This would most likely produce
a deficiency in one homologue and a duplication in the other homologue.
All of the following nucleotide bases are pyrimidines EXCEPT
adenine.
What was one of the pieces of evidence most critical to the discovery of DNA structure?
an X-ray diffraction pattern suggesting a double helix shape.
Sister chromatids separate during
anaphase of meiosis II.
Consider a diploid species where n=5. If an individual of this species was found to have 11 chromosomes, it would be categorized as
aneuploid.
You prepare the first ever karyotype of an endangered species of frog. Upon examination you find that all the chromosomes are metacentric. This is going to make it difficult to identify
both the p and q arms of the chromosome.