Bio Final Exam

Select the observation that supports endosymbiotic

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA just like prokaryotic cells.

During a primary immune response,

antibodies are immediately made

In genetic engineering, molecular biologists often combine segments of DNA from two separate organisms. This is an example of genetic recombination that occurs in a laboratory setting. Which of the following is a form of genetic recombination that occurs naturally within cells?

crossing-over

1. A group of researchers conducted an experiment and collected the data that is presented in the following graph. The hypothesis that the fungus is sufficient to cause death is __________ by the data because all members of the control group __________ while most of the members of both treatment groups __________ by the end of the study.

supported; survived; died

Of the following values, which indicates the most basic pH?

10

If a giraffe skin cell has a total of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?

9

Which of the following examples indicates a situation where the researcher is MOST likely to have a possible bias regarding his or her work?

A privately funded researcher is working on developing a genetically engineered and patented microbe to quickly digest oil spills. If successful, the microbe would be marketed worldwide.

Which of the following is either consumed or synthesized in virtually every cellular reaction?

ATP

Select the correct statement regarding experimental design.

An experiment can have multiple dependent variables but only one independent variable

Some antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections kill the bacteria by chemically punching holes in the cell wall of the bacteria, by preventing the bacteria from replicating their DNA, or by many other actions that ultimately cause cell death. Why do these antibiotics not work to kill viruses and cure people of viral infections?

Antibiotics cannot kill a virus because viruses are not living cells with cell walls to puncture, nor do they have the structures necessary for autonomous reproduction.

Which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism?

BbCCdd

Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.

Which of the following statements is true of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

Each of these molecules is built from a common set of monomers.

Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells arise from preexisting cells.

If crossing-over does not occur and homologous chromosome pairs are not independently assorted during meiosis I, resulting in all maternal chromosomes being sorted to one cell while all paternal chromosomes are sorted to another cell, what would be the genetic results in the gametes produced at the end of meiosis II?

Fifty percent of the gametes would contain only maternal DNA and 50 percent of the gametes would contain only paternal DNA.

Rick has high blood pressure and decides to try an herbal supplement recommended by his friend. Which of the following questions should Rick ask first to scientifically evaluate his friend's recommendation before he begins taking the herbal supplement?

Has this herbal supplement been studied in a clinical trial by trained medical professionals?

32. A scientist notices that a population of birds has decreased dramatically within one year and suspects that a newly introduced snail population may be affecting the bird population. Some individuals within the bird population eat snails primarily, while other individuals avoid eating snails. Which of the following statements represents a prediction based on a well-constructed hypothesis/prediction for this observation?

If the birds are affected by eating snails, then there will be a difference in the survival rate of birds that eat snails and those that avoid snails.

Which scenario demonstrates a cause-and-effect relationship

In a laboratory, 100 healthy bats exposed to a fungus develop white-nose syndrome and die.

Which of the following would NOT be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful in decision-making?

Is the space travel in Star Wars really possible?

Which of the following statements about cell division is correct?

It is the process by which organisms reproduce and grow

Which of the following molecules carries electrons to the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH

When Lori was diagnosed with breast cancer, the doctor recommended a lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy. Lori underwent the prescribed treatment recommended by the doctor. However, she also continued to eat lots of fruits and vegetables, walk three miles every day, and practice daily yoga. Within about three months, Lori was cancer-free. Afterward, Lori told everyone that her healthy lifestyle had helped to cure her. Is this conclusion reasonable given the circumstances?

No, there are too many confounding factors to know exactly what happened.

Homeostatic pathways are a sequence of steps that reestablish the "normal state" of a living organism's internal environment. What determines the parameters of this "normal state"?

Organisms have a genetically predetermined set point that must be internally maintained.

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?

Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

1. Which of the following would NOT be a reason for a peer-reviewed paper to be retracted by its publisher untrue or inaccurate?

Other researchers have published work that appears to contradict the paper in question.

Which of the following examples accurately describes how crossing-over results in genetic diversity?

Paternal chromosome 7 exchanges segments of DNA with maternal chromosome 7.

Why is it important that white blood cells are able to travel outside the human circulatory system?

Pathogens may be found in other areas of the body besides the circulatory vessels

What is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants?

Photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they ingest or absorb nutrients from photosynthetic organisms.

Scientific understanding can always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. Hence, there is no certainty in science, only degrees of probability (likelihood) and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful?

Scientific knowledge is based on current knowledge

Which of the following observations would naturally lead to a hypothesis that increased studying improves student performance on assessments?

Students who appear to spend more time engaging with course materials have the highest exam scores.

A component of the immune system's third line of defense is/are

T cells

Based on the scientific evidence presented in more than 100 peer-reviewed, published research articles that evaluated millions of children, which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s?

The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.

A study of the effect of neckties on blood circulation randomly divides a group of 1,000 male executives into two groups. For one week, half the participants wear ties at work while the other half do not. The researchers hypothesized that the sustained pressure of the necktie could lead to a detectable reduction in blood circulation to the brain. Using MRI scans, they found a 10 percent decrease in blood flow to the brain, on average, in the tie-wearing group. No decrease in blood flow was observed in the group without ties. Select the appropriate conclusion for these findings.

The data support the hypothesis that wearing a necktie reduces blood circulation to the brain.

A researcher noticed that as the prevalence of cell phone usage increased between the years of 1998 and 2010, so did the number of individuals diagnosed with autism. He decided that cell phone usage by expectant mothers was causing autism. Which of the following would be the first step in evaluating his assumption?

The researcher should develop a clearly testable and falsifiable hypothesis.

Astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organiccompounds. Which of the following statements must be correct?

The samples must contain carbon atoms.

The graph below shows which of the following?

There is a strong correlation between the sale/consumption of organic food and the number of individuals diagnosed with autism between 1998 and 2007.

Which of the following statements is true of chloroplasts

They capture energy from sunlight.

The roots of a sunflower plant growing downward while the shoot grows upward and the flower turns toward the sun are examples of what characteristic of all living organisms?

They sense the environment and respond to it.

The primary role of the immune system's first line of defense is to

act as a barrier to prevent the entry of pathogens.

After receiving a vaccine a person, begins to produce antibodies. This demonstrates a(n) __________ immune response.

active

A researcher in a laboratory tests a food item and identifies protein in it. The food item must also contain

amino acids

Each T cell and each B cell binds to only one specific type of

antibody

A research team funded by a pharmaceutical company is studying the adaptation of grasshopper mice to the neurotoxic venom of scorpions in an attempt to determine how the mice's adaptation could be used as a possible solution to pain management in humans. This is an example of ______ research.

applied

The processes of mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission all

are used to produce daughter cells

Each time a person takes a breath, they are bringing in the oxygen needed to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that breaks down

carbon dioxide

Select the smallest and most basic unit of life

cell

Which of the following pairs of processes encompasses the entire eukaryotic cell cycle?

cell division and interphase

Mitochondria are required for

cellular respiration

The reaction sugar + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + ATP is part of

cellular respiration

The enzymes needed to perform photosynthesis in plant cells are closely associated with

chloroplasts.

The chromosomes in a homologous pair

consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome.

The fact that the onset of autism symptoms typically occurs at about the same age children receive many of their vaccinations, including the MMR, is an example of an observed

correlation but not necessarily evidence of a cause-effect relationship.

The graph below shows that after the childhood vaccination program was initiated in the United Kingdom in 1999, the annual number of meningitis cases in children

decreased to nearly zero by 2004, as did the meningitis rate for adults.

An acid is a polar substance that dissolves in water and

donates hydrogen ions to the solution.

The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge and surround the nucleus are the

electrons.

When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,

energy is released and can power cellular activities

Which of the following is associated with mitosis

equal distribution of chromosomes

Recently, beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives. Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to produce Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees. Select the controlled experiment that tests the hypothesis that Bt toxin is killing the bees.

exposing 100 bees to plants that make the protein for Bt toxin, while another 100 bees of the same species are exposed to normal plants; the survival rate for both sets of bees would be calculated and compared

Although it seems contradictory, real science does not intend to "prove" a hypothesis to be true. This is because

future experiments or discoveries may provide data that refute the hypothesis.

The three stages of cellular respiration (in order) are

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Living organisms maintain a constant internal environment by sensing and responding to their internal conditions. This stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as

homeostasis

Individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the __________ bonds that form between them.

hydrogen

A patient often experiences numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on his right hand. He goes to his doctor, who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses move up and down the patient's arm. The doctor's preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a(n)

hypothesis

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific _____.

hypothesis

Memory cells

include B cells and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen.

The figure below, based on data collected by The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, graphically illustrates that as

increasingly more individuals in a community are vaccinated against a particular pathogen, future outbreaks of the disease are limited to fewer individuals because fewer people will become infected and then pass it on

Hypotheses can be tested through observational studies or experimental studies. Which of the following represents an experimental approach to testing a hypothesis?

injecting trees with insecticide to determine whether it protects against a certain insect pest

A scientist has assembled 1.0 gram of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids in separate tubes. They add each of these samples to a calorimeter, a device that determines the amount of energy present in the sample. Based on the role of these molecules in the body, predict which test tube will produce the most energy.

lipids

Which of the following is an example of the immune system's second line of defense?

macrophages engulfing pathogens during inflammation

Which two processes combine to create genetic diversity and maintain chromosome number?

meiosis and independent assortment

Scientists analyzed 62 studies and determined that a strong physician recommendation for the HPV vaccine was a positive determining factor in whether or not parents chose to vaccinate their children. This analysis of various studies is referred to as

meta-analysis.

Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the __________ portion of cell division.

metaphase

Human muscle cells need large amounts of ATP to function in the movement of the body, which is why __________ are especially abundant in muscle cells.

mitochondria

A solution with a pH of 4 is _______ acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. The solution with the pH of 4 has a ______ concentration of hydrogen ions than the solution with a pH of 5.

more; higher

If the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side A of a selectively permeable membrane is 5 percent, and the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side B of a selectively permeable membrane is 15 percent, the water molecules will

mostly move from side A to side B because the water concentration is higher on side "A."

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal are all types of __________ tissue; they generate force to move structures within the body by contracting.

muscle

1. After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37°C. Then it dives into the water to feed. Once in the water, its body temperature rapidly drops and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of

negative feedback

Announcing "scientific" findings in a press conference before they have been published in an established scientific journal is an example of

neither primary nor secondary literature because it has not yet undergone peer review to be primary literature, and secondary literature follows primary literature.

The genetic material found in all living things is made of building blocks called

nucleotides

During meiosis I, the chromosome number is reduced to haploid by separating

one of each homologous chromosome pair into two different daughter cells.

Some daughter cells are described as clones. For this description to be appropriate, the daughter cells must

ontain a set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of

organelles.

During exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heart rate are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to support

oxidative phosphorylation in muscle cell mitochondria.

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

oxygen

1. A white blood cell (WBC) encounters bacteria in a scrape on the knee of a child who has fallen off a bicycle. The WBC's job is to take the bacteria inside itself and destroy it. If the bacteria are too large to be transported via transported proteins, how will the WBC most likely take them in?

phagocytosis

Activated B cells are responsible for

producing antibodies that bind to pathogens

In animals, the outcome of meiosis is the

production of eggs and sperm.

The process of cell division is different for prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells because

prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome.

Select the correct order of mitotic cell division stages.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Ribosomes are very small non-membranous structures that can either exist freely in the cytoplasm or be embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of a cell. They are associated with the synthesis of

proteins

In photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is

provided by carbon dioxide

1. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), by the end of September 2014, roughly 8,000 cases of whooping cough had been reported in California for that year; more than 250 patients (mostly infants and young children) were hospitalized, with 58 of them requiring intensive care. Several other childhood diseases that were once common but then eradicated through high vaccination rates have returned since the anti-vaccination movement grew in the 1990s. The epidemiological data collected by the CDC indicates this resurgence of childhood diseases is most likely the result of

reduced herd/community immunity.

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions

require no oxygen.

In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a

scientific theory

If a bottle of perfume were spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. What phenomenon will have occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air?

simple diffusion

The Golgi apparatus

sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.

Which of the following are composed of the same monomers?

starch and cellulose

As shown in the following figure, the highest concentration of free hydrogen ions is found in

stomach acid

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming

sugars

Which of the following prevents both blood loss and the invasion of pathogens in vertebrates?

the formation of blood clots