Bio II Exam 1 homework and practice questions

1 mole of hydrogen =

1 g

1 mole of carbon =

12 g

calculate how many grams of sodium would be needed to create a 100 millimole concentration in one liter?

2.299 g

1 mole of lithium =

7 g

If carbon 12 has 6 protons, how many neutrons will carbon 14 have?

8

Actin

A dynamic protein that supports the plasma membrane. Structural protein used in muscle contraction.

Intermediate filaments

A strong structural protein that maintains cell shape.

Adding NH3 (ammonia) to water makes NH+4. What will be the general pH of this new solution, and what will happen to the ion concentrations?

Alkaline; decreased H+ ions and increased OH−.

.....are the building blocks of proteins. They are made up of a center carbon atom bound to a positively charged amino group and a negatively charged carboxyl group and a side chain.

Amino acids

The ... of an atom is a relative measure of its mass compared to other atoms.

Atomic mass

Covalent bonds

Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule; Strong chemical bond due to the sharing of electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Bonds between water molecules Weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and reformed Bonds between polar molecules

disacharide

C12h22O11 Maltose Sucrose Lactose

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Nucleus

Contains a nucleolus Contains DNA

Every cell

Contains ribosomes Has DNA Has a plasma membrane Has a proteome

Cytosol

Contains sugars, salts, and amino acids Semifluid matrix

One ... is approximately the mass of one proton or a hydrogen atom.

Dalton

Dna

Double-stranded Housed within the nucleus of an animal cell Nitrogenous bases A, T, G, C

A grouping of one or more orbitals of a particular energy level

Electron shell

ionic bonds

Electrons are transferred between two atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which are then attracted to one another

A protein that has many hydrophobic -groups pointing to the outside of the protein would be found where?

Embedded within a membrane

A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell

False

A hydrogen atom of one water molecule binds via a hydrogen bond to a hydrogen atom of another water molecule.

False

Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules.

False

Bonds between water molecules are stronger than the bonds between the atoms within a water molecule.

False

Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile.

False

Ice is denser than liquid water at all temperatures.

False

Prokaryotes contain internal membrane-bound organelles

False

The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar covalent bond.

False

The bonds between water molecules are stable and unchanging.

False

Monosaccharides

Glucose fructose c6h12O6

Eukaryote

Has a cytoskeleton Has mitochondria

Prokaryote

Has a nucleoid region Has a cell wall containing peptides and carbohydrates Secretes a glycocalyx

Their outermost electron shell is full

Helium and argon

Solid ice

Individual molecules are organized into a crystalline matrix; hydrogen bonds are more stable.

Gas (water vapor)

Individual molecules become separated; hydrogen bonds are broken more than formed.

Microtubules

Involved in chromosome sorting during mitosis.

unsaturated fatty acid

Liquid at room temperature Oil Found primarily in plants and plant products Double bonds within carbon backbone Trans fats are a synthetic form that has a higher melting point

Based on the information contained in the periodic table, which compound would have the greatest molecular mass?

MgCl2

A... of a substance contains the same number of particles as there is in 12g of carbon.

Mole

Neutrons

Neutral partcles located insode the nucleus

saturated fatty acid

No double bonds within carbon backbone Solid at room temperature Comes primarily from animals and animal products

A volume of space surrounding the atomic nucleus where an electron tends to be located

Orbital

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a...molecule

Polar

.....formed by dehydration reactions link amino acids together, forming a linear chain.

Polypeptides

The reason water behaves in this manner is that the....charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative charge of a polar molecule, while the negative charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive side of a polar molecule.

Positive

The .... of a protein is the sequence of amino acids that are attached together by peptide bonds.

Primary structure

Amino acid

Protien

Rna

Ribose sugar within the backbone Nitrogenous bases A, U, G, C Single-stranded

In the.....of a protein the polypeptide is folded through the mechanism of amino acids rotating around bonds and folding into an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet structure and stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Secondary structure

plasma membrane

Separates contents of the cell from surroundings Made up of phospholipid bilayer

As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great....because water can break up and surround a solute , as long as it is not nonpolar, dissolving it into solution.

Solvent

The partially charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution.

Solvent

What is occurring during this reaction?

Substances are changed into other substances by the making or breaking of chemical bonds.

In the .... of a protein the amino acid side chains of the folded polypeptide interact, forming a complex three-dimensional shape

Tertiary structure

Liquid water

The most common form; hydrogen bonds are continuously forming and breaking.

A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds.

True

As temperature drops, the bonds between water molecules are less likely to break.

True

Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron).

True

Prokaryotes contain a plasma membrane

True

Prokaryotes have a cell wall

True

Prokaryotes have ribosomes

True

The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched.

True

The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds.

True

The fluid nature of water is due to hydrogen bonds continually breaking and reforming.

True

The polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule create partial positive and partial negative charges on the water molecule.

True

Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed.

Turgid pressure in plants

Motor protiens

Use ATP to bend filaments. Use ATP to move vesicles within cells.

Located in the outermost shell and can participate in bond formation

Valence electrons

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The .... functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the .... functional group(s).

amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl

A polar covalent bond is created when

bonded atoms have unequal pull on the shared electron so that the electron spends more time around one atom than the other.

Monosaccharides

carbohydrates

They have two electron shells

carbon and nitrogen

Polysaccharide

cellulose Starch Glycogen

While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times.

cohesive force

When proteins are denatured, which type of bond is not disturbed?

covalent bonds

Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule.

dehydration reaction

The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor.

evaporative cooling

They have one electron shell.

hydrogen and helium

In the secondary structure of a protein, what bonds, other than peptide bonds, are formed?

hydrogen bonds

If you were to create a planet capable of supporting life forms similar to those on earth, what elements would be necessary to include?

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules.

hydrolysis

When H2O is added to a compound in a chemical equation, a new compound can be formed via what type of reaction?

hydrolysis

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the...of the phospholipids....

hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

hydrophobic portions

Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C.

ice floats

Fatty acid

lipid

Electrons

located outside the nucleus and has a negative charge

Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract.

lubricant

A gram of fat stores...energy than a gram of starch due to....within fat molecules relative to starch molecules

more; a higher proportion of C-H bonds

They have the same number of electrons in their outermost shells.

nitrogen and phosphorous

Nucleotide

nucleic acid

Instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information

nucleus

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

Protons

positively charged particles located in the nucleus

The... of a protein exists if multiple polypeptides bind together to form a functional protein.

quaternary structure

They have three electron shells.

sodium and chlorine

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

the protein is denatured

When forming a semisolid gel such as gelatin, which molecules does the process of protein coagulation entrap?

water molecules