Bio
How do you cite a reference used in writing your paper?
APA Bibliography
Largest Terrestrial biome
Boreal (taiga)
How are genetically modified crops created? What is introduced into the crops?
By genetic engineering Introduced trangenes into plant genomes
cold desert
Characterized by cold winters with snowfall Antarctic, Greenland, Nearctic realm, Gobi Plants widely scattered Sometimes <10% ground coveres Some areas of sagebrush >85% Plant heights are 15-122 cm Main plants are decidious, most having spiny leaves Widely distributed animals are jack rabbits, kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice, pocket mice, grasshopper mice, and ground squirrels All except jack rabbits are burrowers
Steppe
Drier, less moisture, colder Short grass, threatened by desertification
How does sun affect water availability on the A-Mountain?
More sun dries out, evaporating the water, making it less available
natural selection can be an aspect of successful entrepreneurship bc...
the shape and form can be clues to useful designs
Among tree, shrub, grass, and cactus, which one needs most amount of water? Which one the least?
trees need most, cacti least
exponential
unrestrained growth or decline
top 10 GMO crops
Sugar beets Cotton summer squash Papaya Soy beans Canola Corn alfalfa
Prairie
Tall grass, humid and wet Short grass, dry, hotter summers and cold winters animals have front legs and paws that allow them to burrow into the ground
The evolution of adaptations that enable similar species to coexist in a community is called...
character divergence
north side of A mountain
cooler, 30-55 degrees, receive less direct sun
Characteristic of temperate forest
mostly deciduous trees, nutrient-rich soils, wide range of temps over the course of a year
cons of herbicide resistance
natural selection in weeds (resistant), decreased biodiversity, incorrect use of herbicides
abiotic factors
not living, chemical and physical attributes of an environment that affect living organisms and the function of the ecosystem
carrying capacity
number of individuals an envy can maintain over an indefinite period of time
Commensalism
one benefits
Parasitism
one benefits other hurts
Predation
one hunts others
Grassland biome
1/4 of earth's surface
GMO is made:
1. determine if it the best way to help plant 2. Identify gene that can help 3. Copy trait from donor organism and transmit into other organism, Uses transformation where a copy is inserted into cell 4. Plant new seed and test it
Coldest of All Biomes
Arctic Tundra
characteristics of boreal forest biome
Aka taiga or coniferous forest found roughly between 50o and 60o north latitude across most of Canada, Alaska, Russia, and northern Europe found above a certain elevation (and below high elevations where trees cannot grow) in mountain ranges throughout the Northern Hemisphere. This biome has cold, dry winters and short, cool, wet summers annual precipitation is from 40 cm to 100 cm (15.7-39 in) and usually takes the form of snow; little evaporation occurs because of the cold temperatures long and cold winters in the boreal forest have led to the predominance of cold-tolerant cone-bearing plants. These are evergreen coniferous trees like pines, spruce, and fir, which retain their needle-shaped leaves year-round. Evergreen trees can photosynthesize earlier in the spring than deciduous trees because less energy from the Sun is required to warm a needle-like leaf than a broad leaf grow faster than deciduous trees in the boreal forest net primary productivity of boreal forests is lower than that of temperate forests and tropical wet forests. The aboveground biomass of boreal forests is high because these slow-growing tree species are long-lived and accumulate standing biomass over time. Species diversity is less than that seen in temperate forests and tropical rainforests. Boreal forests lack the layered forest structure seen in tropical rainforests or, to a lesser degree, temperate forests
You have been recruited for a new reality game show on FOX network TV. On Christmas Day, the producers blindfold you, put you on a jet airliner and then a helicopter and fly for many hours (whether in a straight line or in circles is not obvious). A day later you are dropped off and told to figure out where you are and that your goal is to make it back to Arizona. You immediately use the extensive information learned in BIO 100 to orient yourself. You notice that the day length is 20 hours, with only 4 hours of night and that there are very few trees in the area. Where do you think you are?
Argentina
Why do markets for Black Pepper, Tea, and sun-grown Coffee affect tropical rain forest differently than Vanilla, Brazil Nuts and Mexican Chocolate?
Black pepper, tea, and sun-grown coffee all come from the earth and have to be dug out, cause deforestation from cutting down trees, whereas the other ones are things mixed together and quickly renewable
How does herbicide resistance work in crops? What are some potential benefits and problems?
Glyphosate is a herbicide that destroys an essentail enzyme (ESPS) in plants. Herbicide resistant crops contain a gene for an enzyme that will degrade glyphosate, when sprayed on GMO crops rapidly degraded
Name three human factors affecting the plant distribution on the A-Mountain.
Humans walking on paths up the mountain Humans leaving trash and litter on the mountain Cutting down plants to form paths
A five-degree increase in the ocean temperature off the coast of Washington caused sea stars to stop feeding on clams in the rocky intertidal. The clams quickly became the dominant species in the intertidal, and the diversity of invertebrate species in this habitat fell by half. Why?
If climate suddenly changes the animals have to either evolve or leave, sea star goes away and is the keystone species
In the tropical rainforest of Borneo, six species of closely-related insectivorous birds live in the same section of forest. Investigators have been able to establish that insect food for all these species is the limiting resource that controls their population numbers and survival. These investigators have also shown that the size of the bill of each of these species determines the size and type of insect each species can eat. What hypothesis could explain how these six bird species could avoid or minimize competition for the insects?
If each bird only ate the bug that their beak allows and doesn't do other ones then they could eliminate competition.
As a UN consultant in Bolivia, they want you to document the impact of pollution on natural habitats throughout the country within a year. Because you have so little money and time, you choose species to represent the impact of the pollution within each habitat-bioindicators. On what basis might you select the best bioindicators?
If they have enough food and shelter and population and birth rate
Grassland biome
Large open spaces between forests and deserts Temperate grasslands: in the winter, temps can be -40 F and summer 70F Two seasons: growing and dormant system
Pioneer species in plant succession arrive at cleared areas to germinate. However, when they grow, the shade they produce makes it impossible for their own seeds to again germinate there because of their shade intolerance. Instead other more shade-tolerant species come in, grow, and force out the pioneer species. How do pioneer species ever get their seeds germinate if the parent plants always modify the habitat enough to make it inhospitable?
Once the pioneer seeds die and more shade-tolerant plants grow then the pioneer seeds pop up again and die. Character divergence
Polar Bears live on the Arctic ice and are huge. They are fierce predators and hunt seals to make it through the cold winters at these high latitudes. What hypothesis most logically explains why Polar Bears are so large?
Polar bears need a lot of fat to stay warm through the winter. Large animals have higher volume to surface-area ratio, so they lose less heat through their skin. This is an adaptation common to many species in cold habitats
Boreal (taiga)
Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters Temps: -54 to 21C Precipitation is primarily in the form of snow
Name strategies that plants use to adapt to the desert biomes.
Smaller leaves, waxy leaves, spiky leaves, deeper roots, bigger water storage capacity
If the Earth's axis of rotation were perpendicular to the sun's rays and not tilted 23.5°, what would change here on Earth?
The different seasons around the world There would be the same day everyday (12 hours day, 12 hours night), no seasons, the poles would be constantly day and night, no migrations.
A fungus and an algae grow together to produce what we call a lichen. When investigators separate out the fungus from the alga and try to grow them in the same habitat but each alone, they all die. What hypothesis most logically explains this phenomenon?
They both supply a necessary factor for the other to survive. Both benefit from each other, so if you seperate them they will die.
Seven species of butterflies and moths in Amazonian Peru all share a color pattern of yellow, orange and black stripes. They occur side by side, are about the same size, and even have the same sing-flapping flight pattern. Many birds in this area feed on flying insects. What hypothesis most logically explains why these butterflies and moths all look so similar?
They look similar because it is their camouflage that has worked for them.
Competition
all hunt one
biotic factors
all living organisms with an ecosystem
Arctic tundra
arctic and mountain region, low-growing vegetation and permafrost, low biodiversity Low-growing vegetation and ***permafrost (gravel + finer material) Coldest of all biomes Frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temp, little precipitation, poor nutrients, short growing seasons Low biodiversity Simple vegetation structure No deep root systems Adapted to sweeping winds Animals adapted to handle longs, cold winters Mammals additional insulation from fat Many animals hibernate during the winter Birds may migrate during the winter Few reptiles and amphibians
Where do you find the greatest species diversity in the world?
at low latitudes
population growth depends on
biotic potential and resources availability
Commensalism
birds feed where cows pick up dirt
Mutualism
both benefit
greenhouse effect
carbon dioxide and other gases act like the roof of a greenhouse as they allow sunshine through, but prevent heat from escaping
Predation
creates specific cycles of pop. growth
temperate forests
deciduous trees, nutrient-rich soil
Climate change
decreases biodiversity, shift species ranges, change competition regimes, sink islands
steps for creating GMO papaya
determine if genetic engineering is worth it, identify trait, remove trait from donor organism, transform and test papaya trait
Pros of herbicide resistance
easily kill weeds, greater crop yields, faster, more money made
After an increase in nutrients due to sewage contamination, a lake often becomes inhospitable to fish. Why?
eutrophication
savanna
extensive dry seasons, frequent fires
desert
extreme dryness, plants adapted not to lose water Biome characterized by extreme dryness Rainfall less than 50 cm/yr ⅕ of the earth's surface Cold deserts experience cold winters and hot summers, whereas hot deserts are uniformly warm throughout the yr Types of desert: subtropical and cold
Parasitism
fleas feeding on dogs for a long time
What is GMO?
food produced from plants or animals whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering. GMO= genetically modified organism
A territory is most likely to be defended against...
individuals belonging to the same species
How does Oxitec's GM male mosquitoes control the mosquito population? How are they monitored?
insertion of a self-limiting gene (tTAV) from E Coli Gene is passed down to offspring which makes them sterile Take E coli gene and insert it into mosquito genome binding to the genome and helps stop transcription A gene that kills mosquitos before adulthood Control by fluorescent protein
deforestation
less Co2 is taken through photosynthesis in due to a decline in vegetation
temperate forest biome
most common biome in eastern North America, Western Europe, Eastern Asia, Chile, and New Zealand. This biome is found throughout mid-latitude regions. Temperatures range between -30oC and 30oC (-22oF to 86oF) and drop to below freezing on an annual basis. These temperatures mean that temperate forests have defined growing seasons during the spring, summer, and early fall. Precipitation is relatively constant throughout the year and ranges between 75 cm and 150 cm (29.5-59 in) Deciduous trees are the dominant plant in this biome with fewer evergreen conifers. Deciduous trees lose their leaves each fall and remain leafless in the winter. Thus, little photosynthesis occurs during the dormant winter period net primary productivity of temperate forests is less than that of tropical rainforests Less diversity than tropical rainforests soils of the temperate forests are rich in inorganic and organic nutrients compared to tropical
tropical forest
permafrost, nutrient-poor soil Greatest diversity of species Occur near the equator No winter, only 2 seasons (rainy and dry) Length of daylight is 12 hrs and varies little Temp is on average 20-25 degrees celsius Canopy in tropical forests is multilayered and continuous, allowing little light penetration Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 dif tree species Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly evergreen, with large dark green leaves Fauna in: birds, bats, small mammals, insects
tundra
permafrost, short growing season
the first species to live on new land, such as that formed from volcanic lava, are called...
pioneer species
Mutualism
plants and ants
Biotic factors
plants, animals, fungi
Grassland biome
prairie and steppe
eutrophication
process where body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients especially phosphates and nitrates Promote excessive growth of algae, as algae die and decompose high levels of organic matter and decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen causing death of other organisms (fish), natural and slow aging process for a water body, human activity speeds up the process
temperate grasslands
pronounced annual fluctuations in temp and grazing animals
keystone species
remove from envy and effect entire area, everything will go bad
abiotic factors
rock, minerals, soil
Competition
seeds from same species sprouting at the same time and needing same resources
Characteristics of Tundra
short growing season, low species diversity, permafrost
North A-mountain and South A-mountain differences
should be the same as long as everything else stays the same
boreal/coniferous forest
snowy winters, evergreen conifer trees such as pine and fir
south side A-mountain
warmer, more direct sunlight
What is the most limiting resource for plants on the A-Mountain?
water
Example of a weather event
windstorm blew down trees in Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota