BIO-K101 Final Exam Study Guide

108. Human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) derived from blastocysts donated after IVF (in vitro fertilization) have been successfully used in research to:

****

135. Ch27: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY (ABOVE RIGHT): The colorful organisms growing in this photo

****

175. Ch31: When the organism (A) BELOW reproduces, it produces the structures shown in:

****

202. Ch29: Which tissue on the right (1 or 2) ABOVE is diploid and contains spores?

****

205. Ch29: Which of the following photos BELOW are of gymnosperms?

****

206. Ch29: Which of the following photos (blue arrows)ABOVE shows the female egg sac of a plant?

****

112. A dideoxy ("chain terminating") nucleotide used in DNA sequencing differs from a deoxynucleotide as it has

****An -H at the 3-carbon and an -H at the 2-carbon of deoxyribose

180. Ch31: Which of the following fungi ABOVE is NOT a member of the Phylum Basidiomycota?

****C

176. Ch31: Which organism ABOVE is the Chytrid fungus implicated in amphibian die-offs worldwide?

****D

182. List the times each organism first appeared on earth:

****First flowering plants = 130/150 million years ago First seed plants = 305/360 million years ago First pteridophytes (ferns) = 420/410 million years ago First land plants (bryophytes) = 440 million years ago First animals (ie: jellyfish) = 700/760 million years ago First fungi = 1.3 billion years ago First eukaryotes (protists) = 1.5 billion years ago First photosynthetic bacteria = 3.2 billion years ago First bacterial life (Archaea) = 3.8 billion years ago

Peripheral membrane protein that binds GTP

****GPCR

171. Ch31: Which one of the following BELOW is the only fungus with a well-known sexual and asexual life cycle?

****Panel D

107. In 2007, it was reported that adult, differentiated human skin cells can be made to behave as pluripotent stem cells by the introduction of a few genes: Oct 4, Sox2, Kfl4 and c-myc. What concern has limited the potential of human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as human therapeutics?

****There are ethical concerns about destroying a blastocyst to obtain the initial cells.

46. In a plant with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in a cell that has just entered Meiosis II?

0

136. Ch27: MATCHING: Match the following structures (BELOW) with its function.

1 = Endospore, protection from adverse environmental conditions 2= Sex Pilus, transfer of genetic material from one cell to another 3= Heterocyst, fixing N2 into NH3 4= Spirillum, cause of syphilis, sexually transmitted disease

200. Ch29: Which two of the three plants shown ABOVE is/are classified as Pteridophytes (Seedless vascular plants)?

1 and 3

53. Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

1/2

31. Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?

100%

161. The cells in this mushroom are

1= dikaryotic 2 = diploid

56. Sex linkage: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Hemophilia is an X-linked, recessive trait. If a male has hemophilia (XfY), and his spouse is heterozygous for blood clotting factors (XFXf),

25% chance of having a son with hemophilia 25% chance of having a son with normal blood clotting 25% chance of having a daughter who is a carrier 25% chance of having a daughter who has hemophilia ****does not correspond w/study packet

177. Ch31: The two structures (2 and 3) BELOW are commonly seen in a kitchen:

2= on moldy bread; 3= on moldy oranges

86. In the bacteriophage shown above, the functions of the structures labeled 2 and 3 are

2= protection of the genetic material, 3= attachment to a host cell

42. If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be

2x

67. The anticodon loop of a tRNA that will complement this mRNA: 5' CCG 3' is

3' GGC 5'

96. In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a heating phase and a cooling phase alternate in cycles. An original sample of DNA would have to pass through how many total cycles to amplify the DNA ~1 billion times? (What about 2 billion times? What about 1 trillion times?)

30

47. Using a microscope to examine the skin cells from a female, it is apparent that each nucleus has two Barr bodies. From this karyotype, it can be concluded that the woman's chromosomal condition is

47, XXX

52. In a population with two alleles for cystic fibrosis, C and c, the frequency the recessive allele is 0.6. What percent of the population would be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

48%

55. Epistasis: A black Labrador retriever (BbEe) is crossed with a chocolate Lab (bbEe). In a litter of 16 F1 puppies, what are the likely proportions of black, chocolate or yellow Labs?

6 black, 6 chocolate, 4 yellow

PAM

A 3-6 nucleotide DNA sequence immediately downstream of the target site in the genomic DNA to be edited.

82. Which of the following occurs in eukaryotic, but not prokaryotic, gene expression?

A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end

74. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The human Crystalline gene is contained in the genome of every cell of a human, but is only expressed (made into protein) in the lens of the eye. This is because

Activator proteins (transcription factors) that bind to regulatory regions of the crystalline gene are only found in the lens cells The crystalline gene has specific promoter and enhancer control elements that bind to only lens-specific activators

Converts ATP to cAMP after G-protein signalling

Adenylyl Cyclase

Integral membrane protein enzyme

Adenylyl cyclase

37. How does adenylyl cyclase help transmit signals within a cell?

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which then amplifies the signal throughout the cell

137. Ch27/28: MATCHING: Match the organisms to the disease they cause.

African Sleeping Sickness= D Tetanus= A Malaria= C Trichomonas= B

165. Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus _______________ can be fatal due to the irreversible inhibition of the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Amanita

181. Which two of the following choices (a-l) are mismatched?

Amanita mushrooms - Ascomycota Corn smut - Ascomycetes

147. Entamoeba histolytica, a parasite that is the causative agent of Amoebic Dysentery, crawls through the small intestine of its victims via pseudopod formation. Based on this information, Entamoeba histolytica is a member of the clade

Amoebozoa

sgRNA

An RNA molecule engineered to be complementary to the target to be edited

Cas9

An endonuclease that can create double strand breaks in DNA

Bacillus anthraxis

Anthrax

111. Crops that are RoundUp Ready

Are genetically modified to be resistant to treatment with RoundUp herbicide Contain a mutant form of the enzyme EPSP synthase that is unaffected by RoundUp herbicide

106. Human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPS)may be useful in transplantation medicine because the cells

Are pleuripotent and can form virtually any cell type in the body with appropriate hormones and growth factors Make the enzyme telomerase, allowing them to replicate indefinitely in tissue culture Have the same genetic karyotype as a normal human cell Can be prepared to provide an exact tissue match to a patient

98. Gene Therapy treatments with new drugs like Kymriah and Yescarta (select all that apply)

Are the first FDA-approved drugs for personalized immunotherapy to treat specific leukemias Involve the use of a genetically engineered Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell to recognize proteins like CD19 on cancer cells

173. Ch31: The orange fungus shown BELOW in the upper left box is a member of the Phylum:

Ascomycota

179. Ch31: Which of the fungi shown BELOW is a member of the genus Amanita and produces a deadly poison?

B

139. Which of these three cells ABOVE is an Excavate (Superclade 1) that does not have functional mitochondria?

B (Giardia)

204. Ch29: Which one of the four plants shown ABOVE: Horsetails (Equisetum, A), Hornwort (Anthoceros, B), the Whisk Fern (Psilotum, C), and Gingko (D) is the most primitive land plant, as it lacks vascular tissue?

B, Hornwort

81. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) both function to "silence" genes, by,

Binding to complementary RNA sequences to prevent translation

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism

119. The structure in the accompanying figure labeled C (outermost layer) is ___, and the structure indicated by the letter I is _____:

C - the capsule, I - the flagella

33. Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.

Rituxin

CD20+ Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Avastin

Cancer (anti-VEGF, anti angiogenesis

144. What type of protists have formed massive deposits of chalk, as seen in the White Cliffs of Dover?

Cercozoans (Forams)

169. DNA and rRNA analysis indicates that modern fungi descended from

Colonial, flagellated protists similar to choanoflagellates

41. The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (R-TKs) is always characterized by

Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation

63. In the figure to the right, mRNA transcription process initiates at the area labeled _______, The messenger RNA transcript in the figure is labeled_____, and the template strand is labeled ______: fill up in the blank

E, D, C

4. Using the functional group diagram at right answer A - E which of the following is incorrectly matched?:

E= carboxyl group

121. The ____ Archaebacteria are typically found in extremely hot environments, whereas the _______ Archaebacteria are typically found in swampy environments lacking oxygen.

Extreme thermophile, methanogenic

Ebola and other hemorrhagic fevers

Filovirus

Prometia

First cloned animal that was born from its genetic twin

CC

First cloned housecat (female calico)

Zhong Zhong

First cloned macaque for neuroscience research

Idaho Gem

First cloned mule

Joy

First cloned piglet engineered for human organ transplants

West Nile and Hepatitis C

Flavivirus

Integral membrane protein receptor

G-Protein

36. Up to 60% of all medicines used today influence what structures in the cell membrane?

G-protein linked receptors

Epinephrine

GPCR

149. Protists like ________________ represent an intermediate stage in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion to become a true diploid organism had not occurred.

Giardia

157. Which parasitic protist has 2 haploid nuclei, 2 pairs of flagella, remnants of mitochondrial genes (but no intact mitochondria) and lives and reproduces in the small intestines of mammals?

Giaridia

153. The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells most likely arose as a result of endosymbiosis between a eukaryotic cell and a

Gram (-) bacterium like Rickettsia.

Herceptin

HER-2+ breast cancer

80. In human females, one X chromosome per cell is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development, forming a Barr Body. Much of the DNA in this chromosome is then in the form of

Heterochromatin

39. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are found at high levels on various cancer cells. A protein, Herceptin, has been found to bind to an RTK known as HER2 if which of the following is true?

If the patient's breast cancer cells have detectable HER2.

Lysosome

Intercellular digestion

12. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding chemical reaction (5) illustrated above?

It is a hydrolysis reaction and it results in a peptide bond.

123. What makes rRNA (or another sequence) a good 'evolutionary chronometer'?

It is universally distributed across group chosen - all organisms have rRNA. It is functionaly similar between organisms - rRNAs all participate in protein synthesis. Its sequence changes slowly - good for looking across long periods of time The rRNA sequences can be aligned, or matched up, between 2 organisms.

21. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?

It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

92. Prion diseases of humans include:

Kuru Variant Creutfeld-Jacob disease (vCJD)

143. Ch 28: Parasitic Protists: MATCHING: Match the Protist Diseases / Conditions to their correct picture

Malaria= 2 Giardia= 3 Red Tide= 4 African Sleeping Sickness= 1

GAA ---> GUA (Sickle Cell Anemia)

Missense mutation

94. Which of the recombinant DNA drugs is incorrectly matched with its indication (the disease it is prescribed to treat)?

Neupogen (Amgen): Multiple sclerosis (interferon)

AAU ---> AAC (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, or SNP)

Nonsense mutation

32. A C4 plant initially fixes CO2 into ____ where a C3 plant fixes CO2 into _______

Oxaloacetic acid using PEP carboxylase, PGA using Rubisco

134. Ch27: Which of the following is responsible for the human disease Anthrax?

Panel 1 (Bacillus anthraxis)

172. Ch31: Which one of the following fungi ABOVE is a member of the Deuteromycota?

Panel A (aspergillus)

174. Ch31: If you were to look closely at the orange fungus shown in the upper left box ABOVE , which of the following structures would you see at higher magnification that would indicate sexual reproduction and meiosis is occurring?

Panel B

Measles and Mumps

Paramyxoviruses

Converts cAMP to AMP; inhibited by caffeine

Phosphodiesterase

Converts membrane lipids to IP3 and DAG

Phospholipase C

Polio and Hepatitis A

Picornaviruses

122. Organisms that share the most DNA homology to mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, are:

Proteobacteria, cyanoacteria

29. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the 4 kinase enzymes in glycolysis might be the enzyme shown below?

Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Phosphoglycerokinase (PGK)

64. The component labeled B in the figure at right is:

RNA polymerase

Synagis

RSV (Respiratory syncytial Virus)

Phosphorylates relay molecules after activation and dimerization

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

UGC ---> UGA (Phenylketoneuria, or PKU)

Silent mutation

Extracellular Matrix

Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition

Nucleolis

Site of rRNA for protein synthesis

Nucleus

Site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus

Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion

151. Trypanosomes are eukaryotes that are currently classified in the SuperClade

Superclade I: Excavata

141. Ch28: The organism in this slide ABOVE, Spirogyra, is a member of:

Superclade III: Archaeplastida

Mitochondria

Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

Rough ER

Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein

Smooth ER

Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone

Enbrel

T-cell autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid arthritis and Psoriasis

48. At what stage of meiosis do cells become haploid?

Telophase I

88. All of the following are DNA viruses except:

The Influenza virus that causes the 'flu

62. A scientist removed the AAC nucleotides at the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine. Which of the following describes the most likely result?

The amino acid methionine will not be able to bind to the tRNA

104. Which of these statements is NOT TRUE regarding the procedure for making cloned animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer?

The donor nucleus is from a haploid, quiescent cell

89. During the lytic life cycle of phages, which of the following occurs?

The host cell often dies, releasing many newly assembled copies of the virus

26. Why is the Calvin cycle said to be dependent on the light reactions?

The light reactions produce the ATP energy and NADPH for sugar production in the Calvin cycle

58. Maize (corn) plants are tall if they have the genotype HH or Hh, and they are short if they have genotype hh. If a tall plant is mated with a short plant as a Test Cross, which outcome would indicate that the tall parent corn plant was heterozygous?

The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1. (50%:50%)

192. Following fertilization, an unequal division of the cytoplasm occurs to split the embryo into two cells. Which of the following is true?

The upper, terminal cell becomes the embryo and eventually the new plant The lower, basal cell becomes the suspensor and anchors the embryo within the seed (a and b only)

101. After transformation of HB101 by pGLO, why are the cells grown in LB broth for 20 minutes before plating on Amp plates?

There is a phenotypic lag of ~20 minutes before the b-lactamase gene for Amp resistance can be

138. SELECT ALL THT APPLY: What do these three cells BELOW have in common?

They all have DNA-containing nuclei (one or more)

3. What do the four 'elements of life' -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen-have in common?

They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells

146. Which of the following is true about Radiolarans?

They capture prey through the use of thread-like pseudopods

91. The Prion Hypothesis (Dr. Stanley Pruissner) states that

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies result from the conversion of normal PrP-c to an abnormally folded PrP-sc state

87. Retroviruses like the HIV virus differ from other viruses by:

Using the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA into DNA

17. Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater?

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.

160. A wildlife pathologist is examining some skin tissue from a dead frog. She notes the presence of a fungus. She cultures the fungal cells and notices that some of the cells are flagellated. She concludes that the frog has a disease caused by

a chytridomycete fungus

77. Which of the following is most likely to be ubiquitinated (ie: tagged with ubiquitin)?

a cyclin that usually acts in G1, now that the cell is in G2

65. The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in

a polypeptide missing an amino acid

97. This figure shows the steps in cloning the human insulin gene. What process or enzyme was used for Step 1?

a restriction enzyme

126. Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by

a rigid cell wall

68. When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are brought to the ER membrane by

a signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane.

142. Ch28: Among the protists shown (1, 2, 3, 4): a. Which two are members of Superclade II, S.A.R? b. Which two are members of Superclade III, Archaeplastida?

a. 1,3 b. 2,4

19. Match the components of the plasma membrane with the letters in the figure at right

a. Cholesterol= e b. Glycolipid= a c. Integral Membrane Protein= b d. Peripheral Membrane Protein= f e. Glycoprotein= c

W. French Anderson

a. First Human Gene Therapy

30. Photosynthesis and respiration: Match with the correct location in the cell

a. Krebs cycle= v (mitochondrial matrix) b. Calvin cycle= iv (chloroplast stroma) c. Light reactions= i (thylakoid membrane) d. Proton Gradient in aerobic respiration= iii (mitochondrial inner membrane space) e. Proton Gradient in light reactions= ii (thylakoid lumen)

11. Match the molecules shown below and to the right

a. cholesterol= 4 b. dipeptide= 5 c. sat. fatty acid= 3 d. polyunsat. fatty acid= 2 e. glucose= 1

34. The oxygen consumed during aerobic cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

7. Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures?

adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids

51. Mendel's law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis

alignment of tetrads at the equator in metaphase

164. Claviceps purpurea infests grain like rye and produces _______________, a precursor of LSD which, if accidentally ingested, can cause hallucinations and even death.

an ergot

197. A pea pod is formed from _____. A pea inside the pod is formed from _____.

an ovary ... an ovule

20. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

anabolic reactions

187. Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) _____ and down the neck of a(n)________to fertilize the egg

antheridium ... archegonium

162. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY : The products of meiosis released by this fungus (arrow indicated by 3):

are haploid are called basidiospores

16. Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell):

are made in the rough ER and packaged in transport vesicles

14. Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they

are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions.

163. The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called_________ and asexual reproductive structures called ___________:

asci, conidia

59. The trait found in the individuals is represented by the shaded symbols. Which of the following patterns of transmission for this gene is/are consistent with this pedigree?

autosomal dominant

61. The pedigree at right shows a family with a disease pattern indicated by shaded symbols. Which of the following patterns of transmission for this gene are consistent with this pedigree?

autosomal dominant

Marfan Syndrome

autosomal dominant

Polydactyly

autosomal dominant

Achondroplasia

autosomal dominant (lethal)

Cystic Fibrosis

autosomal recessive

Tay-Sachs

autosomal recessive

Fred Sanger

b. Dideoxy DNA Sequencing

28. When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by

buildup of lactate

Stanley Cohen

c. Isolation of Bacterial Plasmids

Second messenger generated from ATP

cAMP

78. Alternative RNA splicing

can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA.

9. A molecule with four joined rings that is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones (See Box 4.in figure below) and is also found in the vertebrate phospholipid bilayer is:

cholesterol

154. In paramecium and stentor, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hairlike _____:

cilia

113. Some bacteria avoid a host's immune system by means of:

cloaking the cell with a watery capsule

22. Increasing the substrate concentration in a reaction could overcome which of the following?

competitive inhibition

110. In the crop called Golden Rice, this genetically modified food

contains 4 genes from daffodils and bacteria that together produce the pigment B-carotene in rice holds the potential for preventing the deaths of millions of people every year can help prevent blindness resulting from vitamin A deficiency will be offered at low cost or no cost to developing countries

13. A bond that forms by joining monomers (such as nucleotides or amino acids) into polymers (such as DNA or insulin) is a(n):

covalent bond

117. Once they appeared on Earth, ___ forever changed the atmosphere on earth by the production of large quantities of oxygen gas.

cyanobacteria

155. Molecular data in support of endosymbiosis indicates that chloroplasts are highly similar to __________ that may have been engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote over a billion year ago.

cyanobacteria

Prokaryotes most closely related to sunflower chloroplasts

cyanobacteria

140. Ch28: The process occurring between cell 1 and 2 BELOW is termed:

cytoplasmic streaming

Ian Wilmut

d. Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

185. The haploid gametophyte (C )

develops from meiosis in the sori Has some cells that make flagellated sperm Has some cells that make haploid eggs Will nourish the young fern fiddlehead

148. A commercially important unicellular protist whose silica shells are used in filters, polishes, toothpaste and various industrial processes are the:

diatoms

152. Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide", secreting a nerve agent toxic to humans?

dinoflagellates

186. The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the _____________________ generation.

diploid sporophyte

44. Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells _____

do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of growth

James Thompson

e. Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

189. Following double fertilization in Angiosperms, the triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the

endosperm

196. The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the _____

endosperm

116. Many Gram (+) Eubacteria like Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthraxis have the ability to survive harsh environmental conditions by protecting their DNA in a dormant structure called a(n)

endospore

23. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: The primary way that cells do work is called energy coupling, using ATP. Which statements below statements accurately defines energy coupling?

exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions ATP hydrolysis releases free energy that can be coupled to an endergonic reaction via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate

83. Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they:

express different genes

118. Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be the _____.

extreme halophiles

130. Which of the following groups of prokaryotes might be found in the Great Salt Lake, the Red Sea, the Dead Sea, but NOT necessarily in the ocean?

extreme halophiles

Craig Venter

f. Whole genome shotgun sequencing

10. A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a __, where one with the formula C6H12O6 is probably a ___

fatty acid and monosaccharide, respectively

Dolly

first cloned mammal

207. Ch30: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: What derived characteristics do these plants BELOW have that is shared by all angiosperms arising 130 million years ago to today?

flowers

43. If the cell whose nuclear material is shown at right continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?

formation of telophase nuclei

Jennifer Doudna

g. CRISPR Cas9

Prokaryotes most closely related to human mitochondria

gram negative proteobacteria

128. Which of the following groups of prokaryotes contains the genus Clostridium, responsible for the human diseases tetanus and botulism?

gram positive eubacteria

Herb Boyer

h. Isolation of Restriction Enzymes, Founder of Genentech

Prokaryotes that thrive in the Great Salt Lake and salt evaporation ponds

halophiles

194. Pollen is __________ and contains __________.

haploid ... sperm nuclei

183. When you see a green moss, you are looking at the _________ generation

haploid gametophyte

49. After Telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

45. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following occurs in meiosis, but not mitosis?

homologous chromosomes separate

73. Match the following aspects of DNA replication (A-F) to their correct descriptions

i) Site of action of DNA Ligase= D ii) Leading Strand= A iii) Okasaki Fragments= E iv) Lagging Strand= B v) RNA primers= F vi) DNA Template Strand= C

Kary Mullis

i. polymerase chain reaction

184. In the fern life cycle shown at right, where is the process of meiosis taking place?

in the fern sori---A

166. Mycorrhizal fungi benefits plants by:

increasing absorptive surface area of roots

114. Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

infoldings of the plasma membrane

6. Which functional group shown at right is:

is an acidic functional group that can release H+ into a solution?

102. E. coli can absorb the sugar Arabinose from its surroundings. When Arabinose is present,

it binds to a repressor protein at the promoter of the Arabinose Operon It changes the conformation of the repressor protein such that RNA polymerase can begin transcribing the Ara operon. (a and b) ****It binds to DNA and functions as an enhancer to turn on the Green Fluorescent Protein (all of the above?)

25. In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?

it increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

35. Which of the following is NOT true about Rubisco?

it is a kinase

100. In the pGLO lab, how could you confirm that a transformed cell was expressing the bla gene?

it would grow on Amp plates

Shinya Yamanaka

j. Induced Pleuripotent Stem Cells

8. A comparison of saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats reveals that the unsaturated fats are __________ at room temperature and have _______:

liquids; cis double bonds

69. What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'

met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu

208. Ch30: Based on this photo ABOVE, the flower on the left (1) indicates a __ and on a right (2) indicates a

monocot, dicot

150. The parasitic protist that causes malaria, Plasmodium, must spend part of its life cycle in a nonhuman host. What organism(s) serve(s) as the vector for this life cycle?

mosquitos

145. Pseudopods are used by the members of clade Amoebozoa for ingesting food as well as for:

movement

Schizophrenia

multifactorial condition

109. The bacteria Bacillus thurengiensis (Bt)

naturally makes a crystal protein toxic to Lepidopteran insects is the active ingredient in the insecticide Dipel

76. Upstream (proximal) promoter elements in eukaryotes are:

nucleotide sequences that regulate the efficiency of transcription initiation

2. Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments demonstrated conclusively that

organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth

27. One function of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation is to

oxidize NADH to NAD+

85. Viruses that attack bacteria are called:

phages

72. The 5' end of a DNA strand always has a free ______ group while the 3' end always has a free _______ group.

phosphate; hydroxyl

131. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Which of the following cellular structures are shared by bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

plasma membrane

115. Extrachromosomal circles of DNA in bacteria called ______ often carry genes involved in _______:

plasmids, antibiotic resistance

60. Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in a range of symptoms. Which of the following terms best describes this?

pleiotropy

1. In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

polar covalent bonds

199. Ch29: A derived characteristic that present in 2 (Ephedra) BELOW but absent in 1 (Club Moss) and 3 (Equisetum) is:

production of seeds

203. Ch29:A derived characteristic absent in Equisetum (A) but present in Gingko biloba (D) BELOW is

production of seeds

66. A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The dipeptide that will form will be

proline-threonine

50. Homologous chromosomes synapse or pair during:

prophase I

24. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is

protein kinase

93. Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to bacteria, viruses and prions?

proteins

129. Which of the following groups of prokaryotes in the figure above contains the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, responsible for the human ulcers, and E. coli, beneficial intestinal bacteria in humans?

proteobacteria

127. Gram-positive bacteria stain _____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of _____ in their cell walls

purple; peptidoglycan

79. In eukaryotes, histone methylation ________, while histone acetylation __________.

represses transcription, promotes transcription

70. RNA molecules with enzymatic functions (such as peptidyltransferase) are called __________.

ribozymes

190. The eggs of gymnosperms like conifers are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into _____

seeds

193. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Seeds have advantages over spores. For example, _____

seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering

158. Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory (Margulis, 1967) includes

similarity between bacterial size and the size of mitochondria and chloroplasts the presence of a single circular chromosome in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts reproduction by binary fission in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts 70S ribosomes in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

168. Lichens reproduce primarily asexually by ______, which are fragments of the body of the lichen.

soredia

188. Ch 29: In mosses, the antheridia produce:

sperm

195. The receptive portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the

stigma

Helicobacter pylori

stomach ulcers

18. All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except

synthesis of hormones

Treponema pallidum

syphilis

Clostridium tetani

tetanus

191. In angiosperms, double fertilization produces

the 2n embryo and the 3n endosperm

75. Which of the following is the attachment site for RNA polymerase?

the TATAAA box

125. The first indication that Archaea were different from the Eubacteria came from:

the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea

5. Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because

the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds

170. Puffballs and shelf fungi are most closely related to:

the common edible mushroom

159. Evidence that Chara is the direct ancestor of all land plants includes

the mechanism of cell wall synthesis in Chara and all land plants the presence of homologous chloroplasts (chlorophylls a and b, as well as accessory pigments) in Chara and all land plants

201. Ch29: A derived characteristic present in moss (right) BELOW but absent in Chara (left) is:

the presence of a cuticle

124. The most significant difference between the Archaea and the Eubacteria is:

the small subunit (16 S) rRNA sequence.

Prokaryotes that thrive in extremely hot environments

thermophiles

156. Euglena and dinoflagellates show Secondary Endosymbiosis in that

they have three lipid bilayers around their chloroplasts

120. What is the function of the structures labeled B?

to adhere to host cells, or other bacteria, or solid substrates to transmit DNA from one cell to another to exchange genetic material and genetic traits like antibiotic resistance between cells (all except b)

84. The functioning of enhancers is an example of:

transcriptional control of gene expression

54. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Blood Type: What are the probabilities for blood types in the offspring of individuals who both have type AB blood?

type A= 25% type B= 25% type AB= 50%

198. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dicots?

veins in leaves usually parallel

Hemophilia

x-linked (recesseive)

178. Ch31: In this slide ABOVE, (1) represents a _________ and (2) represents a _________:

zygospore; sporangium

167. The sexual spores produced by black bread mold, Rhizopus, are called

zygospores