BIO lab final

Be able to describe the function of catechol, catecholase and benzoquinone

- Catechol: is the substrate in the enzymatic reaction that is found in fruits & veggies - Catecholase (catechol oxidase): is the enzyme that converts the catechol into benzoquinone - Benzoquinone: the brown product that is produced once catechol has been oxidized by catechol oxidase

Understand the concepts of osmosis and diffusion (what is moving and in what direction).

- Osmosis: net movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration --- towards other substances (away from other water) - Diffusion: net movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration --- towards lots of water (away from lots of substance)

Know when to reject or accept alternative and null hypotheses based on p-values.

- Reject the alternative hypothesis when the p-value is greater than 0.05 - Accept the alternative hypothesis when the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05

Be able to describe the research question, the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis, the prediction, the independent variable and the dependent variable of the hemolysis experiment.

- Research question: What effect will the molecular weight (glycol) /polarity (propanol) of the alc. have on the time it takes for hemolysis to occur. - NH: a change in _____ will have no effect on the time it takes for hemolysis to occur. - AH: a change in ______ will have an effect on the time it takes for hemolysis to occur - Prediction: as the _____ increases, the time it takes for hemolysis to occur increases also - IV: molecular weight/polarity of the alc. - DV: time to hemolysis

Be able to describe the research question, the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis, the prediction, the independent variable and the dependent variable of the fermentation experiment.

- Research question: Which carbohydrate treatments result in the largest volume of carbon dioxide to show the highest rate of fermentation.

Be able to describe the research question, the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis, the prediction, the independent variable and the dependent variable of the enzyme experiments.

- Research question: Will (independent variable) have an effect on the concentration of benzoquinone by catechol after catechol oxidase? - NH: A change in [temperature, pH, substrate concentration, or enzyme concentration] will have no effect on the concentration of benzoquinone over time. - AH: A change in [temperature, pH, substrate concentration, or enzyme concentration] will have an effect on the concentration of benzoquinone over time. - Prediction: As the independent variable increases over time, so will the concentration of benzoquinone. - DV: concentration of benzoquinone

Understand the difference between solvent and solute

- Solute: substance dissolved in solution - Solvent: a substance that dissolves other substances

Understand the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions.

- hypertonic: high solute concentration in the liquid relative to another solution (inside the cell) - hypotonic: low solute concentration relative to another solution - isotonic: equal solute concentration relative to another solution

Be able to describe the research question, the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis, the prediction, the independent variable and the dependent variable of the chromatography experiment.

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Understand what an ANOVA and a t-test are and how to interpret their results (p-value and connecting letters report)

ANOVA and t-tests are two branches of statistical hypothesis testing that estimate the probability of whether the null hypothesis is true. - ANOVA: calculates the probability that the means from three or more treatments are the same - If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05 then at least one treatment is significantly different and the null hypothesis is rejected - t-test: calculates the probability that the means between two treatments are the same (tells you which treatments are significantly different

Understand how absorbance of a solution can be used to obtain the solute concentration

Absorbance and concentration are directly proportional. If you have the absorbance you can find the concentration by using a standard curve and equation.

Understand the concepts of substrate, product, activation energy and active site

Activation energy decreases as a result of an enzymatic reaction taking place. This also known as a catalyst. The substrate is attracted to the active site of the enzyme which then reduces the activation energy of the reaction and forms the product. The product is then released and the enzyme is allowed to restart the cycle.

Name the substrates and products of alcoholic fermentation.

Alcoholic Fermentation - substrates: glucose - products: carbon dioxide, water, ethanol

Be able to describe what happens to animal and plant cells when they are put in hypertonic or hypotonic solutions.

Animal cells - hypertonic: cells lose water and shrivel - hypotonic: cells take up too much water and burst Plant cells - hypertonic: plant wilts, cell body shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall - hypertonic: cell keeps its shape because plants have cell walls

Be able to describe how the concentrations of the following substances are increasing, decreasing or staying constant during the reaction: catechol, catecholase and benzoquinone.

As the concentration of benzoquinone increases, the concentration of catechol decreases. Catecholase remains constant throughout the experiment.

Understand the concept of a prediction when designing an experiment.

Based on reasoning, a prediction states what type of difference you expect to see between the experimental treatments and in which direction you expect to see the difference

Understand how bacterial plating can be used to determine whether or not bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

By spreading different bacteria over the plate, the antibiotics that are successful will not allow bacteria to grow, but if the bacteria does grow then the that bacteria is resistant to antibiotics.

Describe how paper chromatography works, including being able to name the mobile and stationary phases, and the polarity of each.

Chromatography separates complex mixtures into their component parts. - mobile: chromatography solvent (nonpolar); acetone and petroleum ether - stationary: chromatography paper (polar)

Understand the concept and utility of a control in an experiment.

Controls: controls are important in an experiment because they provide an experimental baseline to compare results - treated same as other treatments but receive no treatment and remain the same throughout the experiment - compare results of treatments & control

Understand how the different absorbance spectra of photosynthetic pigments relate to photosynthetic performance under different light conditions.

Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths which contain different amounts of energy.

Understand how different types of sugars are or are not able to be used by yeast for alcoholic fermentation.

In order for a sugar to be used by yeast for alcoholic fermentation, yeast must have the correct enzyme in order to the carbohydrate into the simple sugars. ??

Be able to describe the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Independent variable: the thing in the experiment that is being changed Dependent variable: the thing in the experiment that is being measured

Understand the concepts of mean and standard deviation and how they are represented in a bar graph.

Mean and standard deviation are types of descriptive statistics which help to describe the data that is collected - Mean: an average of a series of data points - SD: describes how far away from the mean the data points are spread; is an indicator of how much variation occurs in the data Both are represented by error bars that help determine if the treatments are significantly different.

Be able to describe the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis

Null hypothesis: States there will be no difference between the treatments - the independent variable will have no effect on the dependent variable Alternative hypothesis: states there will be a difference between the treatments - the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable

Understand the basic structure of the cell membrane and how it relates to its permeability to different types of substances.

Phospholipid bilayer - polar head (hydrophilic= like water) - nonpolar tail (hydrophobic tails= do not like water) Characteristics that determine permeability: - small molecules move across easily - nonpolar molecules move across easily

Be able to name the substrates and products of photosynthesis, and the role of sunlight.

Photosynthesis - substrates: sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water - products: glucose The sunlight powers the light reactions by allowing the pigments in the chloroplasts to convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Understand the concepts of absorbance and transmittance and the relationship between them.

Pigment are substances that are able to absorb light. Light that is absorbed is the light that you do not see. The light that is transmitted is the light that you do see.

Understand what a plasmid is.

Plasmids are small circular DNA that are not part of a genome

Be able to describe the series of events that happen from when alcohol is added to the blood solution until the moment the red blood cells lyse.

Propanol and Glycols are diffused into the RBC. The RBC becomes hypertonic. Water rushes into the RBC to try to reach equilibrium. The cell becomes hypotonic and lyses= hemolysis.

Understand the concept of reaction rate and how it relates to the slope of a linear regression.

Rate=slope= concentration/time

Understand the reason statistical analyses are required when interpreting the results of an experiment.

Statistical analyses helps us to interpret the results of an experiment by using the numbers or statistics in an experiment an ordering them in way that makes it easier to find patterns. It can also keep the scientist from interpreting data with any kind of bias because it statistical analyses contains only numbers and trends.

Understand the meaning of selective permeability.

The phospholipid bilayer is selectively permeable because it allows some materials to move across the membrane easily, while other substances either cannot move across or do so very rarely.

Understand how the different absorbance spectra of photosynthetic pigments relate to their colors as observed by the human eye.

The pigments that are more polar will have a dark color than the ones that are less polar. The pigments that have more energy will have brighter colors than those that have less energy.

Understand how pigments are separated during paper chromatography.

The polar pigments are stationary and at the bottom of the paper while the nonpolar pigments rise to the top of the paper and are mobile.

Understand the concept of treatments in a scientific experiment.

Treatments: important in an experiment because it gives you different experimental groups based on the independent variable

Understand the function of restriction enzymes.

cut double stranded DNA; they cut the DNA at sequences that read the same on both strands of the DNA (palindrome)

Be able to extrapolate and interpret data and information from a scientific abstract.

go over your abstract from class

Be able to describe the general and induced-fit models of enzymatic catalysis

look at pics on phone

Be able to draw and interpret a bar graph, including axis labels, bars and standard deviation.

play with JMP a bit and see if you can figure out how to do bars and standard deviation