Bio Quiz 5
Carbohydrates
-Ribose sugar and glucose is an example -subunits is all sugar small units: Simple sugars --individual sugar molecules are the monomers large units: Complex carbohydrates ---Many, chemically bonded sugar molecules are inside these polymers Iodine Test-Starch-purple/blue
Nucleotides
-a nucleic acid is a polymer consisting of monomers -nucleotides are monomers inside nucleic acid polymers -monomer consists of 3 components: at the center: 5-carbon sugar-ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA Dehydration synthesis links nucleotides together. -A covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of its neighbor
Amino Acids
-is a chain of monomers -subunits of proteins -each amino acid have a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups of atoms
Carbohydrates
-organic molecules that consist of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen. 1 C; 2 H; O7 -the simplest of the 4 organic compounds Monomers: Sugars 2 types of carbohydrates: simple sugars and complex carbohydrates Have Monosaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2 sugar), and polysaccharides(3 sugar) ex. Potatoes, bread, rice, sugary fruits, and sweets
Proteins
Enzymes with the suffix peptidase help to digest proteins -Amino acids are the monomers inside all protein polymers -4 structure shapes Numerous: enzymes, structures, transport, etc. Carry out nearly all the work of the cell
Dehydration Synthesis
Join monomers, water comes out=anabolic, constructive metabolism -cells use a chemical reaction-> also called condensation reaction to link the monomers together - a protein called an enzyme removes an -OH from one molecule and a hydrogen atom from another, forming H2O and a new covalent bond between the 2 smaller components -"water is lost" -repeating this reactions; cells can build extremely large polymers consisting of thousands of monomers
Polymers
Linked together, these monomers form polymers, just as a train is made of individual railcars. -most types of large macromolecules: polymers
Simple Sugars
Monosaccharides: 1 sugar that contains 5 or 6 carbon atoms Ex. Ribose, fructose, and glucose Disaccharides: 2 sugars that contain 2 monosaccharides that are joined together by dehydration synthesis Ex. Lactose, milk sugar -Smallest of the carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides: many sugars which are huge molecules consisting of hundreds of monosaccharide monomers -In other words, are long chains of monosaccharides such as glucose. -most common in cellulose, starch, chitin, and glycogen Ex. potatoes, rice, and wheat are all starchy products Polymers are monosaccharides -are made up of all sugars
Monomer
Proteins, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates all share: a property in common with one another: they are chains of small molecular subunits called monomers -they also form polymers all types of small molecules -> monomers
Lipids
They have hydrocarbon tails -Ex. fats, waxes, and oils -Fatty acids and glycerol are subunits -Paper test-> Veg. oil-> grease spot Lipases are enzymes that help digest lipids macromolecules->after they digest, Fatty Acids and Glycerol are released
Glycerol
a 3- carbon molecule that forms the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids -a monomer of a lipid -a triglyceride consists of 3 long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded to glycerol -enzymes link the -OH groups from 3 fatty acids to glycerol, yielding 3 water molecule per triglyceride
Hydrolysis
breaking the covalent bonds that link monomers -enzymes use atoms from water to add a hydroxyl group to one molecule and a hydrogen atom to another -"breaking with water" -Break bonds of polymers, water goes back in -Catabolic=deconstructive metabolism
Endergonic
energy entering-> forming a bond Biosynthetic reactions -involve the "loss" of water between monomers (condensation or dehydration synthesis)= anabolic (constructive metabolism) -energy is reformed as covalent bonds are broken
Exergonic
energy exiting-> breaking bonds Degradative reaction -involve an energy release as bonds are broken -considered catabolic-deconstructive metabolism
Fructose
in carbohydrates-> disaccharide formation and breakdown -the disaccharide sucrose consists of glucose, and this other monosaccharides Fru-monosaccharide single sugar molecules
Starch
in complex carbohydrates-> polysaccharide -storage molecules that readily break down into their glucose monomers when cells need a burst of energy -most plants store starch Potatoes, rice, wheat are starchy
Protein
is a chain of monomers called amino acids Ingredients: C, H, O, N and some Sulfur Monomers: Amino Acids (20 types of amino acids) -do more jobs in a cell than any other type of biological molecule -controls what enters and leaves the cell, control all the activities of life, so much so that illness or death can result if even one is missing or faulty. Biuret Test-> albumin-> violet color
Nucleic Acids
is a polymer consisting of monomers called nucleotides. -reproduction, operation of the cell: DNA, RNA Ingredients: C, H, O, N, P Monomers: Nucleotides Store and use genetic information and transmit it to the next generation
Glucose
is in carbohydrates-> monosaccharides a type of sugar-> simple sugar Glu-Glu= disaccharide Glu-Glu-Glu=polysaccharide
Fatty Acids
long-chain of hydrocarbon terminating with a carboxyl group -a monomer of a lipid-in triglycerides -with tails Unsaturated or saturated-degree of saturation is a measure of a fatty acid's hydrogen content
Simple Sugars
provide a ready source of energy, which is released when their bonds are broken -non-aqueous-primary ingredient in pure fruit juice -Provide quick energy
Functional group
specific groups of atoms -located at the region of monomers that will form covalent bonds with the atoms of the functional groups of other monomers
Lipids
they are hydrophobic-nonpolar carbon-carbon bonds -They do not dissolve in water. Ex. veg. oil Ingredients: C, H, O Monomers: Fatty Acids and Glycerol 2 groups: sterols and triglycerides (and phospholipids) They contain fatty acids, carboxyl groups, unsaturated or saturated, and trans fats Ex. cholesterol