BIO Test 2 71-114

112) If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include _____. 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes 2. chlorophylls a and b 3. alternation of generations 4. cell walls of cellulose 5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin A) 1, 2, and 3 B) 1, 2, 4, and 5 C) 1 and 5 D) 1, 3, and 5

1 and 5

113) Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners 4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support A) 3 and 4 B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 1 and 2

1, 2 and 3

114) A student encounters a pondweed which appears to be a charophyte (stonewort). Which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga? 1. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts 2. structure of sperm cells 3. presence of phragmoplasts 4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes A) 2 and 3 B) 1 and 3 C) 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 and 4

2, 3 and 4

88) You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 meters deep) and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga A) 4 and 5 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1 and 2

3 and 4

78) A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga? A) red B) brown C) yellow D) green

Brown

110) According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? A) red algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) unicellular green algae

Charophytes

98) Which of the following is a producer? A) apicomplexan B) kinetoplastid C) diatom D) ciliates

Diatom

95) Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year? A) Dictyostelium discoideum B) Amoeba proteus C) Entamoeba histolytica D) plasmodial slime molds

Entamoeba histolytica

76) A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of _____. A) water molds B) ciliates C) diatoms D) foraminiferans

Foraminiferans

75) Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of _____. A) dinoflagellates B) forams C) oomycetes D) water molds

Forams

101) The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. A) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) B) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines C) liverworts and mosses D) green algae

Green Algae

73) Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9 + 2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms? A) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface? B) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? D) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?

How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 81) The motility that permits P. bursaria to move toward a light source is provided by _____. A) a single flagellum featuring the 9 + 2 pattern B) contractile vacuoles C) many cilia D) pseudopods

Many cilia

111) Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? A) Charophycea B) Bryophyta C) Plantae D) Pterophyta

Plantae

91) Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except _____. A) plants B) animals C) protists D) fungi

Plants

86) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga is most likely a type of _____. A) brown algae B) green algae C) golden algae D) red algae

Red Algae

105) Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? A) There was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat. B) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air. C) They were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil. D) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants.

The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.

97) Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs? A) The coral animals, which capture planktonic organisms, may be outcompeted by the diatoms. B) The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. C) The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water. D) The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms with their cases of silica

The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms.

BDM will significantly decrease motility of the cells in culture.

The mechanism of cell crawling in protist species is not well defined. Pseudopodia extension involves interactions between actin and myosin (the same molecules that are involved in vertebrate muscle contraction). However, prior to the study described below, no one had provided convincing data that actin and myosin were actually involved in cell crawling in protists. Anatomical studies had identified the cytoskeletal protein actin just below the surface of the cell membrane in several species of protist, but physiological studies had failed to show a functional link between actin, myosin, and cell crawling. In a study by N. Poulsen et al. (Diatom gliding is the result of an actin-myosin motility system, Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 44 (1999):23-22), researchers tested whether motility in a particular species of diatom involves interactions between actin and myosin. 85) Refer to the study by Poulsen et al. and the figure above. Cultures of a species of diatom were treated with BDM, a reversible inhibitor of myosin function. Which of the following predictions is consistent with the hypothesis that an actin-myosin interaction is necessary for motility? A) BDM will not significantly alter motility of the cells in culture. B) BDM will significantly decrease motility of the cells in culture. C) BDM will significantly increase motility of the cells in culture.

72) Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? A) They are often multinucleate. B) They use pseudopods as feeding structures. C) Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water. D) They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.

They are often multinucleate.

late summer

Use the following description and table to answer the question(s) below. Diatoms are encased in petri-platelike cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times as oil. The following are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment. 79) Water's density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Based on this consideration and using data from the table above, at which time of year should one expect diatoms to be storing excess calories mostly as oil? A) early spring B) mid-winter C) late summer D) late fall

cold seawater

Use the following description and table to answer the question(s) below. Diatoms are encased in petri-platelike cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times as oil. The following are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment. 80) Water's density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Considering the impact of temperature, and the table above, in which environment should diatoms sinking be slowest? A) warm fresh water B) cold seawater C) warm seawater D) cold fresh water

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 82) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is said to be aposymbiotic. It might be able to replenish its contingent of zoochlorellae by ingesting them without subsequently digesting them. Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the reestablis hment of resident zoochlor ellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursaria's habitat? A) abundant light, no bacterial prey B) no light, no bacterial prey C) no light, abundant bacterial prey D) abundant light, abundant bacterial prey

abundant light, abundant bacterial prey

108) Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____. A) helps in dispersal of the zygote B) protects the zygote from herbivores C) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant D) evolved concurrently with pollen

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

93) Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree A) are presently unclear B) strongly suggest that fungi are more closely related to plants than animals C) suggest that Archaeplastids were the first eukaryotes D) reveal that unikonts are derived from the SAR clade

are presently unclear

87) Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____. A) have cell walls containing cellulose B) have plastids C) have alternation of generations D) are unicellular

are unicellular

89) Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, the taxon would _____. A) be monophyletic B) include all eukaryotes C) be polyphyletic D) be paraphyletic

be polyphyletic

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 83) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is aposymbiotic. If aposymbiotic cells have population growth rates the same as those of healthy, zoochlorella-containing P. bursaria in welllit environments with plenty of prey items, then such an observation would be consistent with which type of relationship? A) mutualistic B) parasitic C) toxic D) commensalistic

commensalistic

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 84) Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size? A) conjugation B) binary fission C) meiotic division D) budding

conjugation

94) Super cells characteristic of plasmodial slime molds result when which one of the following common cellular processes does not occur? A) cytokinesis B) aerobic metabolism C) endocytosis D) mitosis

cytokinesis

77) You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n) _____. A) diatom B) red alga C) apicomplexan D) dinoflagellate

diatom

92) Previously understood similarities that seemed to connect slime molds and fungi are now considered to be _____. A) examples of convergent evolution B) variations of common ancestral traits C) homologies D) adaptations for much different functions

examples of convergent evolution

102) About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have _____. A) had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock B) looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees C) been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria D) been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

74) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) gel-forming polysaccharides B) holdfasts C) thalli D) bladders

holdfasts

100) According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____. A) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil B) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them C) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans D) only about 150 million years ago

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

99) If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would _____. A) use a "cocktail" of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes B) insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes C) introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans D) increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans

insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes

107) You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. A) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose B) contains chloroplasts C) is surrounded by a cuticle D) does not contain vascular tissue

is surrounded by a cuticle

96) Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists? A) loss of motility B) gain of meiosis C) loss of chloroplasts D) gain of a rigid cell wall

loss of chloroplasts

90) Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature? A) phaeophyta (brown algae) → blade B) dinoflagellata → holdfast C) diatoms → tests made of cellulose D) foraminifera → silicon-rich tests

phaeophyta (brown algae) → blade

71) Dinoflagellates _____. A) possess two flagella B) include species that cause malaria C) lack mitochondria D) are all autotrophic

possess two flagella

104) Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes B) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests C) rise and diversification of angiosperms D) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses

rise and diversification of angiosperms

106) Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because _____. A) spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not B) spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not C) spores have an embryo; seeds do not D) spores are unicellular; seeds are not

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

109) The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to _____. A) sporopollenin B) lignin C) cellulose D) secondary compounds

sporopollenin

103) What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells B) loss of structures that produce spores C) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves D) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves