Bio Test 2

Purine (2 rings) and 2 hydrogen bonds. DNA and RNA.

Adenine

True or False. Denatured proteins can still carry out normal functions but at a much lower level.

False. Denatured proteins DO NOT WORK.

Purine (2 Rings) and 3 Hydrogen bonds. DNA and RNA.

Guanine

Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

What are the 4 main classes of large biological molecules?

Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids--Lipids do not consist of Polymers

Which of the following statements is not true? a. Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. b. Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles. c. The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. d. Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. e. Only some archaea use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane.

Not Sure. You'll have to guess.

Has two membranes

Nucleus and Mitochondria

Protein synthesis

Ribosomes and Rough ER

These organelles are physically connected to each other

Rough and Smooth ER

Pyrimidine (1 Ring) and 2 hydrogen bonds. RNA only.

Uracil

This bacterium derives nutrition by digesting human intestinal contents (in other words, food). Thus, this bacterium should be an a. aerobic chemoheterotroph. b. aerobic chemoautotroph. c. anaerobic chemoheterotroph. d. anaerobic chemoautotroph.

c. anaerobic chemoheterotroph

The backbone of an RNA strand is composed of phosphates and sugars. How many phosphates are there for every sugar in the backbone? a. One b. Two c. Three d. It varies depending on the sequence of the DNA

a. One

The term 5' is best associated with which of the following a. Pentose sugar b. Nitrogenous base c. Phosphate group d. Fatty acid

a. Pentose sugar

Which of these analogies best explains the difference between the cytosol and the cytoplasm a. The cytoplasm is like Atlantic Ocean and the cytosol is like the sea water in it b. The cytoplasm is like the sea water and the cytosol is like ships in the sea water c. The cytoplasm is like the beaches of an ocean and the cytosol is like the sea water d. The cytoplasm is like an island and the cytosol is the seawater that surrounds it

a. The cytoplasm is like Atlantic Ocean and the cytosol is like the sea water in it

Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in high salt environments? a. extreme halophiles b. extreme thermophiles c. methanogens d. cyanobacteria e. nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

a. extreme halophiles

In a hypothetical situation, a bacterium lives on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains nutrition from the leaf's nonliving, waxy covering while inhibiting the growth of other microbes that are plant pathogens. If this bacterium gains access to the inside of a leaf, however, it causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the bacterium and its offspring decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the bacterium in the situation described here? Circle those that apply. a. nutrient recycler b. mutualist c. commensal d. parasite e. primary producer

a. nutrient recycler b. mutualist d. parasite

The host range of a virus is determined by a. the enzymes carried by the virus. b. whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. c. the proteins in the host's cytoplasm. d. the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell. e. the proteins on its surface and that of the host.

e. the proteins on its surface and that of the host.

Low pH of 5

Lysomes

3 nucleotide monomers that make up a Nucleic Acid?

1. Nitrogenous Base 2. Pentose Sugar 3. Phosphate Group

What is an anomeric carbon?

A Carbon in a molecule that has 2 oxygens attached. The term is only used with the ring form of monosacharides.

Pyrimidine (1 Ring) and 3 Hydrogen Bonds. DNA and RNA

Cytosine

8. T/F fructose forms multiple hydrogen bonds with water.

I guess true.

Site of phospholipid synthesis

Smooth ER

Pyrimidine (1 Ring) and 2 hydrogen bonds. DNA only.

Thymine

2. Glucose is a(n) a. Monosaccharide b. Disaccharide c. Structural Polysaccharide d. Storage Polysaccharide e. Oligosaccharide

a. Monosaccharide

The term Pyrimidine would be best associated with which of the following groups? a. Nucleic acids b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Carbohydrates e. Minerals

a. Nucleic acids

Which of the following locations would you find a intermediate filament a. Finger nail b. Spindle apparatus c. Cell cortex d. Cleavage furrow

a. Finger nail

Which statement about the domain Archaea is true? a. Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species. b. No archaeans can reduce CO2 to methane. c. The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. d. No archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. e. No archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point

a. Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species.

10. Oligosaccharide structures are typically composed of 3-40 monosaccharides and are... a. Highly branched and diverse in monosaccharide composition b. Highly branched and homogenous in monosaccharide composition c. Generally unbranched and diverse in monosaccharide composition d. Generally unbranched and homogenous in monosaccharide composition

a. Highly branched and diverse in monosaccharide composition

6. Which of the following glycosidic linkages is commonly found in Cellulose a. 1-4α b. 1-4β c. 1-6α d. 1-6β e. Both a and c

b. 1-4β

4. You have a cellulose chain consisting of 120 glucose residues. You also 40 monomeric glucose residues. You place both in water and perform multiple condensation reactions until all reactants are gone. Which of the following best describe the product(s) of your reactions? a. A cellulose chain with 160 residue and 39 water molecules b. A cellulose chain with 160 residues and 40 water molecules c. A cellulose chain with 160 residues and no water molecules d. 160 monomeric glucoses and 160 water molecules e. 160 monomeric glucoses and 119 water molecules f. 160 monomeric glucoses and no water molecules

b. A cellulose chain with 160 residues and 40 water molecules --This is a Best Guess--

The genome of a bacterial cell is sequenced and several remnants of phage DNA are uncovered. The most likely explanation is a. A transformation has occurred b. A transduction has occurred c. A translation has occurred d. A coincidental mutation has occurred. e. A conjugation has occurred

b. A transduction has occurred

Considered the tail of a Polypeptide Chain: a. 5'-terminus b. C-terminus c. Polar head d. Anomeric terminus e. None of the above

b. C-terminus

A temperate phage goes dormant between which stages of the lytic cycle? a. Attachment and entry b. Entry and Synthesis c. Synthesis and Assembly d. Assembly and Release e. Temperate phages never participate in the lytic cycle

b. Entry and Synthesis

3. A certain sugar molecule has a 5 carbon chain. It has a carbonyl group on the second carbon in the chain. It would be called... a. Aldohexose b. Ketopentose c. Aldoketose d. Ketotriose e. Aldopentose

b. Ketopentose Use the suffix (Pen, Hex, etc) to correlate number of sugars THEN remember Aldoses have the carbonyl on the END of the chain. Ketoses have the carbonyl in the MIDDLE of the chain.

Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. Which of these observations comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa, well before relevant data from molecular systematics became available?? a. Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls. b. Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals. c. Some have cell walls only for support. d. Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores. e. Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.

b. Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals.

Grouping of the lipids together because a. They are all made from the same fatty acid subunit b. They all share the same property of being hydrophobic c. None of them fit well into the other three groups d. They contain more carbon than other macromolecules

b. They all share the same property of being hydrophobic

Which of the following statements is true concerning anomeric carbons (circle all that apply) a. They must be bonded to four different chemical groups b. They are always bonded to two different oxygen groups c. They are the same thing as a carboxyl group d. At least one is always present in a glycosidic linkage e. They are only found in ketose monosaccharides

b. They are always bonded to two different oxygen groups d. At least one is always present in a glycosidic linkage e. They are only found in ketose monosaccharides

Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell walls. On the basis of this structural feature, which statement concerning mycoplasmas should be true? a. They are gram-negative. b. They are subject to lysis in hypotonic conditions. c. They lack a cell membrane as well. d. They should contain less cellulose than do bacteria that possess cell walls. e. They possess typical prokaryotic flagella.

b. They are subject to lysis in hypotonic conditions.

5. (CT) The terms alpha and beta are used with proteins to describe two types of secondary structures. These terns are also used to describe a. Two different types of glycosidic linkages in polysaccharides b. Two different types of geometric isomers in fatty acids c. Two types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids d. Two different enantiomers of amino acids

b. Two different types of geometric isomers in fatty acids

In general, what is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes? a. parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases b. breaking down organic matter c. metabolizing materials in extreme environments d. adding methane to the atmosphere e. serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

b. breaking down organic matter

2. All amino acids share which of the following functional groups? a. phophate b. carboxyl c. carbonyl d. alkyl e. hydroxyl

b. carboxyl

Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve a symbiosis? a. skin commensalist b. decomposer c. aggregates with methane-consuming archaea d. gut mutualist e. pathogen

b. decomposer

Which of the following can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans? a. taking vitamins b. getting vaccinated c. taking antibiotics d. applying antiseptics e. taking nucleoside analogs that inhibit transcription

b. getting vaccinated

A prerequisite for undergoing conjugation is a. A plasmid b. A capsule c. An F factor d. A phage e. Single stranded DNA

c. An F factor

4. (CT) The side chains of a polypeptide and the nitrogenous bases of a nucleic acid are similar in that a. Both are non polar b. Both form a critical part of the polymer backbone c. Both extend out from the polymer backbone d. Both are capable of forming disulfide bonds e. Both are composed entirely of planar ring structures

c. Both extend out from the polymer backbone

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of internal membranes? a. Decreased internal volume b. Increased total membrane surface area c. Greater control of mobility d. Containment of toxic cellular reactions

c. Greater control of mobility

You see a nitrogenous base that is made of two cyclic rings and can make 3 hydrogen bonds. It is a. Adenine b. Cytosine c. Guanine d. Thymine

c. Guanine

An ester linkage is a bond between fatty acids and glycerol and involves which two functional groups? a. Carboxyl & carbonyl b. Hydroxyl & hydroxyl c. Hydroxyl & carboxyl d. Carbonyl & carbonyl

c. Hydroxyl & carboxyl

1. A glycosidic linkage is a bond between monosaccharides that involve which two functional groups? a. Carboxyl & carbonyl b. Carbonyl & amino c. Hydroxyl & hydroxyl d. Hydroxyl & carboxyl e. Carbonyl & carbonyl

c. Hydroxyl & hydroxyl

9. Ribose is a significant carbohydrate because...? a. It is one of the components of sucrose b. It is the building block of many polysaccharides c. It is used in building nucleotides d. It is the most common subunit of oligosaccharides

c. It is used in building nucleotides

3. The covalent link between two amino acids forming a polypeptide chain is called a(n) a. Glycosidic linkage b. Residue linkage c. Peptide bond d. Ester bond

c. Peptide bond

The term amphipathic is best used to describe a. Monosaccharaides b. Triacylglycerol c. Phospholipids d. Enantiomers

c. Phospholipids

The best represented (most common) viral genome type is a. Single stranded DNA b. Double Stranded DNA c. Single Stranded RNA d. Double stranded RNA e. Viruses do not have genomes

c. Single Stranded RNA

8. Vander Wals interactions between hydrocarbon chains are important in which level of protein structure? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary e. Secondary, tertiary, quaternary f. Tertiary and quaternary

c. Tertiary

A researcher lyses a cell that contains nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The cell contents are left in a covered test tube overnight. The next day this mixture is sprayed on tobacco plants. Which of the following would be expected to occur? a. The plants would develop some but not all of the symptoms of the TMV infection. b. The plants would develop symptoms typically produced by viroids. c. The plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection. d. The plants would not show any disease symptoms. e. The plants would become infected, but the sap from these plants would be unable to infect other plants.

c. The plants would develop the typical symptoms of TMV infection.

DNA is a polymer of repeating units called ___________________ a. Monosaccharides b. Nitrogenous bases c. nucleotides d. amino acids e. peptide bonds

c. nucleotides

The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? 1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide 2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids 3. peptidoglycan 4. capsule a. 2, 4, 3, 1 b. 1, 3, 4, 2 c. 1, 4, 3, 2 d. 4, 1, 3, 2 e. 4, 3, 1, 2

d. 4, 1, 3, 2

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? a. Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced. b. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. c. The viral genome replicates without destroying the host. d. A large number of phages are released at a time. e. The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations

d. A large number of phages are released at a time.

Which of the following filaments is made from adding smaller protein subunits together? a. Actin filaments b. Microtubule filaments c. Intermediate filaments d. All of the above

d. All of the above

9. The functional groups in involved in the linking two monomers of a polypeptide together are a. Hydroxyl and amino b. Amino and carbonyl c. Carboxyl and hydroxyl d. Amino and carboxyl

d. Amino and carboxyl

1. Lysine has positively charged amino group on the end of its side chain. What category of amino acids does it belong to? a. Non-polar b. Polar c. Acidic d. Basic

d. Basic

The bond holding two RNA monomers together in a strand is called a. A peptide bond b. Glycosidic linkage c. Ester linkage d. Phosphodiester bond e. High energy bond

d. Phosphodiester bond

7. _________________ structure is the formation of two or more protein subunits into a functional protein. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

d. Quaternary

7. Chitin is a... a. Monosaccharide b. Disaccharide c. Storage polysaccharide d. Structural polysaccharide e. Oligosaccharide

d. Structural polysaccharide

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are similar in that...(mark all that apply) a. They both consist of two membranes b. They are both found in all plants c. They are both found in all animals d. They both contain their own DNA e. They are both part of the endomembrane system

d. They both contain their own DNA

A trans-fat would contain fatty acids that are _____________ and have double bonds with the carbon chain leaving and entering on the _________________ sides of the double bond. a. Saturated, same b. Saturated, opposite c. Unsaturated, same d. Unsaturated, opposite e. Nitrogenous base f. Phosphate group g. Fatty acid

d. Unsaturated, opposite

Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains? a. microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall b. metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas c. metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis d. genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences e. ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

d. genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

Which of the following organelles is NOT a member of the endomembrane system? a. nucleus b. golgi apparatus c. vacuoles d. peroxisomes e. lysosomes

d. peroxisomes

Which of the following words is not a terms that is associated with Actin a. Muscle b. Microvilli c. Microfilament d. Tension resisting e. Kinesin

e. Kinesin

6. The head of a polypeptide chain is called the... a. 5'-terminus b. C-terminus c. Polar head d. Anomeric terminus e. None of the above

e. None of the above N-terminus is the correct answer.

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct? a. Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. b. Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids. c. Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, "packed" with a relatively large amount of protein. d. The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but, rather, is found at the nucleolus. e. Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.

e. Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.

Which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high mortality in its host? a. It is able to spread to a large number of new hosts quickly because the new hosts have no immunological memory of them. b. The new virus replicates quickly and undergoes rapid adaptation to a series of divergent hosts. c. A change in environmental conditions such as weather patterns quickly forces the new virus to invade new areas. d. Sporadic outbreaks will be followed almost immediately by a widespread pandemic. e. The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal.

e. The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal.