bio test 3 section #2
Chemical cycling may involve all but which of the following?
All of the choices are correct.
Clements proposed the climax-pattern model of succession. Governing factors for this model include
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following statements about parasitism is NOT true?
An efficient parasite usually kills its host.
_____ is the interaction between two species as both attempt to use the same environmental resources that are in limited supply.
Competition
Which ocean current runs along the western coast of South America producing cold offshore winds?
Humboldt Current
The relationship between plants and their pollinators is a good example of parasitism.
false
Which of the following events will occur as an ocean current moves from an equatorial region towards a polar region?
The current will be warm as it leaves the equatorial region and begins to cool as it moves towards the polar region. This in turn will cause the air currents to become cooler as they move closer to the poles, creating a tundra type of biome.
The Earth is actually farther from the sun during the period when the Northern Hemisphere is having summer. How can this be explained?
The tilt of the Earth presents the Northern Hemisphere in a more perpendicular angle, and this increased sunlight more than offsets the decrease in sunlight due to the added distance.
What occurs to air currents as they travel from 60° north towards the pole?
The warmed air will rise and cool, producing a low pressure area with high rainfall.
Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by
a growing season that ranges between 140 and 300 days.
A rain shadow is the region where heavy condensation precipitates out, as warm, moist air rises and then cools on the windward side of mountain ranges.
false
All food chains begin with a photosynthetic producer.
false
Hurricanes and other severe precipitation events have started becoming weaker and less intense as a result of climate change.
false
In order for a community to reach the status of climax community, succession must always begin with pioneer species.
false
The Humboldt Current runs along the coast of South America, carrying nitrogen-rich cold water northward.
false
The early explorers used sailing ships, which were blown by the major winds; therefore, Columbus and other sailors generally traveled from Europe to North America by the mid-latitude westerlies, and returned to Europe by the southern easterlies near the equator.
false
Coniferous forests are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT
northern Africa and the extreme southwestern United States.
The largest biome on Earth is the
ocean (marine aquatic).
Climate is affected and/or characterized by all of the following factors EXCEPT
soil type
As the Earth moves from the summer solstice towards the vernal equinox, the equatorial regions of the Earth will be in direct alignment with the sun.
true
Chemosynthetic producers obtain energy by the oxidation of ammonia, nitrites, and sulfides, using this energy to make organic compounds.
true
Organisms in all trophic levels may be consumed by decomposers.
true
When a cold ocean current brings rich nutrients to the surface and influences the climate of the region, it is called a(n)
upwelling.
Approximately what percentage of the energy in one trophic level is incorporated into the next trophic level?
10%
If there are 12,000 kg. in the base of an ecological pyramid, how many kg. will be found in the body tissue of the tertiary consumers?
12 kg
Which of the following is (are) correct in a predator-prey cycle?
A decline in the number of prey causes a decline in the number of predators.
Among the many functions of wetlands is (are)
All of the choices are functions performed by wetlands.
Which of the following features is not part of the ecological niche of a white-tailed deer?
All of these are part of a white-tailed deer's ecological niche.
As animals take in food energy, approximately 10% of it is made available to the next level in the food chain. Which of the following is one of the ways in which the energy is used by the organism and not passed along?
All of these are ways in which the organism uses the energy.
Excluding humans, which group of organisms is most likely to change the abiotic factors within an ecosystem?
All of these can change the abiotic factors within an ecosystem.
Incoming solar radiation affects
All of these choices are directly or indirectly affected by solar radiation.
Which of the following statements about the value of the nitrogen cycle to an ecosystem is NOT true?
Denitrification removes nitrogen from the atmosphere and converts it to a form that plants can use.
_____ lakes are nutrient-rich and tend to have large populations of algae.
Eutrophic
Which region of the Earth receives the least amount of solar radiation during the December winter solstice?
Northern Hemisphere
_____ occurs when one living organism feeds on another.
Predation
Which of the following statements about ecological pyramids is true?
Pyramids built upon the biomass of organisms at each level eliminate size as a factor.
Which of the following statements about stratified temperate zone lakes is NOT true?
Rich nutrients from the continual production of detritus accumulate near the surface of the lake.
What is the correct order of events during primary succession?
Soil formation occurs - pioneer species enter the region - shrubs begin to grow - small trees begin to grow
Which of the following statement(s) about the hydrologic cycle is (are) true?
Some water evaporates from land and from plants.
Consider the consequences of a harmless prey that evolves toward mimicry of a model that has an antipredator defense (Batesian mimicry). What happens to the effectiveness of this defense as more and more prey in the population are harmless mimics? Then consider what happens when a species with bad taste evolves to resemble a model that stings (Mullerian mimicry).
The increased number of Batesian mimics dilutes or weakens the protection afforded by the warning color pattern, but the addition of more Mullerian mimics only strengthens the protective mimicry complex.
What is the main reason that the oceans play a larger role than land masses in determining the temperature of air masses?
The ocean holds its temperature longer than land masses.
All the populations of all the different species interacting with one another in the same environment is called
a community
In the water cycle, most of the evaporated equatorial water that rises and does not immediately rain back down proceeds to
about 30° north or south and then cools and condenses, supporting a band of moist vegetation.
MacArthur discovered that five species of warblers coexisted on spruce trees by foraging on the same caterpillar, but in different places of the tree canopy. This is
an example of resource partitioning.
Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many clover plants, per day, does it take to support one rabbit?
approximately 100 plants
Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many clover plants, per day, does it take to support a family of hawks (Mom, dad, and juvenile. Assume each hawk needs the same number of calories per day.)?
approximately 1800 clover plants
Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many rabbits, per day, does it take to support the hawk?
approximately 6
Consider the following food chain: hawk - rabbit - clover. Each species will contain a different amount of calories in its body (clover: 10 calories, rabbit: 500, and hawk: 1200). Each species has a different daily caloric requirement (clover: sunlight, rabbit: 100 calories, hawk: 300). How many clover plants, per day, does it take to support one hawk?
approximately 600 clover plants
Ocean currents
are generated by friction between winds and ocean surfaces.
Which association between zone and description is NOT correct?
bathypelagic - sunlit portion of the ocean
The portion of a lake or stream that harbors worms, clams, and other organisms is the
benthic zone.
Major regional groups of interacting terrestrial ecosystems, characterized by climate and geography, are called
biomes
Two communities may have exactly the same number of species, yet one might be measured as having a greater species diversity. What defines species diversity?
both the number of species and the evenness or relative abundance of individuals of the different species
The Gulf Stream
brings tropical Caribbean water to the east coast of North America and upper Western Europe.
The temperature is nearly uniform throughout a lake
by the end of the fall and spring overturn.
What is the correct sequence of organisms if a community is going through secondary succession? a. grasses establish themselves in the community b. shrubs establish themselves in the community c. soil formation occurs d. trees establish themselves in the community
c - a - b - d
Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
carbon monoxide
There are tubeworms and clams that live at the bottom of the ocean near thermal vents that do not have direct access to sunlight so they derive their energy from
chemosynthetic bacteria.
Identify the correct sequence that freshwater will flow through.
clouds - streams - river - wetlands - delta - ocean
The frequent change in HIV surface proteins is a type of
coevolution
A small marine amphipod has recently been discovered that carries a bad-tasting organism on its back, which is contrary to its normal behavior. If a fish ingests the pair, it immediately spits them back out. If the amphipod is alone, however, it is readily eaten. There is no apparent benefit or harm in this relationship for the "backpack" organism. This is probably a case of
commensalism.
What occurs when two species with very similar niches live in an overlapping range?
competitive exclusion
Which of the following biomes will receive migratory animals, such as caribou, from the tundra?
coniferous forest
Energy flow in an ecosystem is NOT cyclic because energy is
converted to heat, which is no longer useful.
A biome characterized by hot days, cold nights, and cacti is the
desert
Which of the following pairings of organisms and their method of obtaining nutrients is incorrect?
detritivores - inorganic matter
Kansas and Pennsylvania are approximately at the same latitude. Yet why are the potential natural communities in Kansas mostly grassland and in Pennsylvania mostly temperate forest?
different levels of moisture
In what order do these layers occur in deep lakes in the temperate zone during the summer?
epilimnion - thermocline - hypolimnion
Which of the following correctly pair ocean and lake zones?
epipelagic - limnetic
Which region of the Earth would have the greatest solar exposure during the vernal equinox?
equatorial regions
Which of the following is NOT strictly a freshwater community?
estuaries
Due to its high productivity and biological diversity, this biome is considered the "nursery" of the sea.
estuary
A community that contains a low species diversity will often have a high species richness.
false
Compared with the numbers of grasshoppers or deer, there are not as many mountain lions. The reason that large top-level carnivores are more rare in an ecosystem is because
food chains are only 10 to 20% efficient at each step, and top carnivores are therefore limited by the availability of food in their range.
Ecologist Robert MacArthur observed that five species of similar warblers coexisted on spruce trees because they
foraged in different places of the tree canopy.
All of the abiotic conditions under which a species can survive when adverse biotic conditions are absent is known as its
fundamental niche.
Which of the following biomes is characterized by rich soils, insufficient rainfall for trees, and many herbivores?
grasslands
All of the following are terrestrial biomes EXCEPT
lentic systems.
The sunlit portion of a lake where rooted plants are not found is the
limnetic zone.
Which aquatic zone will provide a habitat for invertebrates and many small fish?
littoral zone
There are several species of grain beetles that live on dry meal and do considerable damage to stored grain. In an experiment, a dozen jars of dry meal are set up and fifty individuals of each species, both males and females, are added to each jar. The food supply is not quite sufficient to last for six months and the size of the jar is adequate so that wastes do not become toxic. Most likely, examination of the jars in six months will find
only one species per jar.
In a grazing food chain,
primary consumers eat photosynthetic organisms.
The part of a body of water where light does not penetrate is the
profundal zone.
The actual conditions under which an organism exists in nature constitute its
realized niche.
The tropical grassland in Africa is called the
savanna
Wetlands are generally classified by their vegetation. Wetlands dominated by trees and shrubs are _____ and wetlands dominated by grasses and sedges are _____.
swamps; marshes
A forest found in a broad belt in northern Eurasia and North America, with conifers and swamps, is called the
taiga
Which biome is characterized by rainfall under 25 cm/year, hot days, cold nights, and quickly blooming plants?
temperate deserts
If the mean annual precipitation of a region, currently characterized by grasslands, was to increase by 50 cm. per year, what type of biome(s) would evolve in that region?
temperate forests
In an Asian rice paddy, carp eat decaying material from around the base of rice plants while a snail scrapes algae from the leaves, stems, and roots of the same plant. They can survive at the same time in the same rice paddy because they occupy
the same habitat but different niches.
Primary succession takes much longer than secondary succession because it involves
time for development of the soil.
Which of the following does NOT characterize tundra?
trees
What is the correct order of biome distribution starting at the lowest elevation and moving to higher elevations?
tropical forest - deciduous forest - montane coniferous forest - alpine tundra
What biome has a mean annual precipitation over 250 cm. with relatively little seasonal variation, and warm temperatures over 20°C?
tropical rain forest
A biome with complex structure, warm weather, plentiful rainfall, and diverse species is a
tropical rain forest.
As the average global temperature continues to increase, which type of biome(s) will take over the regions currently inhabited by temperate forests?
tropical seasonal forests
The first species to begin secondary succession are called pioneer species, or colonizers.
true
A treeless region with little rainfall in the far north is the
tundra
Which of the following biomes is characterized by little rainfall, permafrost, and an average temperature below 0°C?
tundra
