BIO UNIT 2 EXAM
What role does mitosis play in your body?
-Replacement of dying cells -Growth and repair -Early development of a embryo after fertilization
The 3 steps of cellular respiration are...
1. Glycolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain
What are the 3 phases of Inter phase? What is happening at each phase and why? What is the G0 phase and what is its significance? What types of cells would be in this phase?
1. Interphase: before the cell divides. 2. splitting of cell 3. Splitting of cytokineses. mitosis G1: the cell individually grows, S: cell replicates its DNA , and G2: cell grows more for preparation of mitosis G0: resting phase. extended G1 phase, where the cell is neither dividing or preparing to divide. Some cells go here temporarily if there aren't enough neurons. Some cells stay here permanently, they can't continue to divide.
two steps of photosynthesis
1. light reactions 2. calvin cycle
What is a C3 plant? What is the drawback to this photosynthesis "strategy"? Be sure to explain photorespiration as part of your answer.
A C3 plant is a plant that uses the calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. The drawback to this photosynthesis strategy is that when weather is hot and dry, this plant will close its stomata. This adaptation reduces water loss but it also prevents CO2 from entering the leaf and O2 from exiting. As a result CO2 levels get very low in the leaf and photosynthesis slows. The o2 released from the light reactions begins to accumulate, as o2 builds up in the leaf, rubisco adds o2 instead of co2 to RuBP. a two carbon product of this reaction is then broken down into the cell this is called photorespiration.
What is a biome? What environmental factors define terrestrial biomes? List the 9 major terrestrial biomes identified in the textbook and a defining characteristic for each.
A biome is a major type of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water. A terrestrial biome is determined primarily by precipitation and temperature. Tropical forest: temperature is warm and days are 11-12 hours long-year round, lots of rainfall., savanna: dominated by trees and grass, temps are warm year round. Desert: driest of all, low rainfall., chaparral: dense, spiny shrubs with tough evergreen leaves. Climate supports chaparral vegetation results mainly from cool ocean currents circulating offshore., temperate grassland: mostly treeless, relatively cold winter temperatures, periodic severe droughts can occur. temperate broadleaf forest: sufficient moisture for support of growth for large trees., northern coniferous forest: largest, pine trees, cool high elevations in more temperate latitudes. Tundra: covers expansive areas of the arctic, temps are extremely cold. polar ice: covers land north of tundra, extremely cold temps year round, rainfall is very low.
. What is ecological succession? Describe the 2 types of ecological succession and identify 2 causes of each type.
A ecological succession is when a disturbed area is colonized by a variety of species, which are gradually replaced by a succession of other species. Primary succession is when succession begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil. An example would be rubble left from a retreating glacier. Secondary succession occurs when a disturbance has cleared away an existing community but left the soil intact. An example would be an area has soil intact after a fire or flood.
What is a keystone species? Based on the examples provided in the text, what aspect of the community does a keystone species affect and what is the interspecific interaction(s) involved?
A keystone species is a species whose impact on its community is much larger than its abundance would indicate. The removal of keystone species results in lower genetic diversity, a keystone species holds the community together. This is an example of mutualism because both benefit when the keystone species is present, but do not function when it is missing.
What is a photosystem? Explain how it works and why it's needed for photosynthesis.
A photosystem is a organization of clusters of chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane. Light harvesting complexes function as a light gathering attena. When a pigment molecules absorbs a photon, the energy is transferred from molecule to molecule until it is passed into the reaction center complex. A photosystem harvests light for photosynthesis.
During chemiosmosis
ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.
What is the difference between an abiotic and a biotic factor? Provide 2 examples of each.
Abiotic factors: are the environments non living component, the physical and chemical factors such as temperature, forms of energy available, water, and nutrients. Biotic factors: include all of the organism in the area, are the living component of the environment. An example would be animals and plants.
List the major characteristics of the plant kingdom and the type of life cycle plants exhibit. What challenges did plants need to overcome to colonize land? Briefly explain the adaptations evolved to meet each challenge.
All plants are autotrophic, making and producing their own food and nutrients, without needing others to provide it for them. All plants all multicellular, meaning they are composed of more than one cell, which is what makes them visible to our naked eyes. All plants are eukaryotic; their cells all contain a nucleus, which is one of the organelles of the cell surrounded in a cell membrane. Plants were surrounded by air rather than water so they had to adapt to be able to maintain moisture inside their cells, they had to adapt to support the body in a non buoyant medium, and reproduce and disperse offspring without water. Plants also had to learn to anchor their bodies in the soil and obtain resources from both soil and air. This required fundamental changes in algal structure and life cycle. Leaves-carry out photosynthesis. Reproductive structures- contains spores and gametes, cuticle-covering leaves and stems and reduces water loss. Lingin-hardens cell walls of some plant tissues. Stomata- allows gas exchange between plant and atmosphere. Vascular tissues- transport water , minerals, and sugars; provides support. Roots- help absorb water and minerals forms oil.
seven major groups of vertebrates
Amphibia-Have powerful hind legs. Tetrapods-vertebrates with two pairs of limbs. mostly aquatic: frogs Agnatha-Jawed vertebrates held together by a hinge: fish Chondrichthyes-Have flexible skeleton made primarily from cartilage. Suspension feeders: skeletons Osteichthyes-Skeleton made from bone, a tissue is reinforced with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate.: trout Have powerful hind legs. Tetrapods-vertebrates with two pairs of limbs. mostly aquatic: frogs Reptilia-amniotes, derived from amniotic eggs: snakes. Scales that are waterproof. Can't breathe through dry skin, have to do most of it through lungs. Aves-Feather covered limbs- wings act as airfoils, providing lift and maneuverability in the air, large flight muscles are anchored to a central ridge along breastbone.: birds. endothermic Mammalia-Have hair and mammary glands that produce milk. Endothermic. Efficient respiratory and circulatory systems: humans, dogs, cats, etc.
Explain how an electron transport chain works and why it is important in cellular respiration. What is "driving" the chain?
An ETC works by a number of carrier molecules that are mostly proteins. are built into the inner membrane of mitochondria. Through a series of redox reactions, electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, releasing energy that be used to make ATP this is important for cellular respiration so energy can be released. Electrons are driving the chain.
Define ecological footprint, biocapacity, and sustainability. How and why do ecological footprints differ among countries? How does a country's population size also impact sustainability?
An ecological footprint estimates the amount of land required by each person or country to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorbs all its wastes. The ecological footprint is determined by multiplying each country's per-person footprint by its population, so the bigger the population, the bigger the footprint. Overconsumption and overpopulation imperil the goal of sustainability.
What is an ecological niche? Describe what happens when the niches of two populations overlap. Be sure to identify the interspecific interaction that occurs in your answer.
An ecological niche is defined as the sum of its use of the biotic and abiotic environment. When the two populations overlap, this is called a interspecific competition, this affects the carrying capacity of the species, because species in the same environment have similar requirements that it does not allow for both species to coexist.
What is an ecosystem? Identify and define the 2 processes that are important in an ecosystem.
An ecosystem consists of all the organisms in a community as well as the abiotic environment with which the organisms interact. Energy flow and chemical cycling are important in an ecosystem. Energy flow is the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem. Chemical cycling is the transfer of matter within the ecosystem.
What is an invasive species? What are some ways that an invasive species can get to a new location?
An invasive species are organisms that have been introduced to non-native habitats by human actions and have established themselves at the expense of native communities and considered invasive. Invasive species can move to new locations from human interaction.
What is fermentation? What are the two types of fermentation (and byproducts)? List some example organisms/cells that carry out each type.
Anaerobic-Fermentation is a way of harvesting energy that does not require oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation this process is used by certain fungi and bacteria is used in the dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt. Oxygen starved muscles produce lactic acid. Alcohol fermentation is the process where carbon dioxide is released from the pyruvate, which is converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde. In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of NAD+ needed for the continuation of glycolysis. Ethanol and carbon dioxide are by products. What is happening is essentially the first step(glycolysis) yeast can do this process, some bacteria and muscle cells.
What are 3 types of blood vessels? What is the function of each and how does that relate to their structure?
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart to body organs and tissues. Veins; return blood to the heart. Capillaries; convey blood between arteries and veins within each tissue. Where exchange is occuring. Using process of diffusion.
Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs. What is a photoautotroph? Include example organisms in your answer.
Autotrophs are unicellular organisms that make their own food, they are "Self feeders" plants are autotrophs. Plants and photosynthesizers use the energy of light they are called photoautotrophs. Heterotrophs are consumers that can not make their own food but must consume plants or animals or decompose organic material. Humans are heterotrophs.
What is bio magnification? Explain in your own words how it works and the implications. Provide a real world example of this process.
Bio magnification is when toxins produced by industrial wastes or applied as pesticides become concentrated as they pass through the food chain. This happens by the most dominant consumers in an environment being exposed to high amounts of toxins/pollutants, then gets passed down as the food chain progresses, and as the consumers are less dominant, the less pollutants and toxins are concentrated in that consumer.
What is biodiversity? What are the 3 levels of biodiversity and why is each important?
Biodiversity encompasses individual species, ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity. The 3 levels of biodiversity are ecosystem diversity: if ecosystems are lost, essential services will be lost., species diversity: if a species disappears, this can negatively impact its environment. This is also harmful to humans because a lot of our medicine was developed from substances found in the natural world. genetic diversity: this makes evolution and micro evolution possible.
What is biosynthesis? Explain the relationship between cellular respiration and biosynthesis.
Biosynthesis is the production of organic molecules using energy requiring metabolic pathways. Cells use intermediates from cellular respiration and ATP for biosynthesis of other organic molecules.
To what major vertebrate group do birds belong? Explain why they fall in this group but also how they are different.
Birds are chordata because their tail is supported by vertebrae, their feathers have hollow shafts and their bones have a honeycombed structure. Birds do not have a hollow nerve cord.
Identify the two types of plants that can "avoid" photorespiration. How are they different?
C4 plants avoid photorespiration by keeping its stomata mostly closed, which conserves water, it continues making sugars by photosynthesis using the pathway. CAM plants conserve water by opening it stomata and admitting CO2 only at night. CO2 is fixed into a four carbon compound, which banks CO2 at night and releases it during the day.
What is cancer? Explain the difference between a benign and malignant tumor. What are some reasons that cells become "cancerous"?
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth. Chromosome breakage can lead to rearrangements, deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, that can produce genetic disorders or, if the changes occur in somatic cells, cancer. Benign tumors are noncancerous tumors. Malignant tumors are cancerous.
What is cell division? Identify the 2 categories of cell division and the "product" of each.
Cell division is when two cells divide into two daughter cells and contain the same genetic information. Inter phase is one of two categories in cell division where the cells are growing, replicating their DNA, or doing their cell functions or they are in M phase- mitotic phase which includes mitosis and the splitting of the cytoplasm-cytokineses. The m phase is where cells actually divide. DNA replication, DNA splits into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell gets a copy of the same DNA(identical) this is what goes into asexual reproduction. Single celled and multi cellular use this. Meiosis is sexual reproduction-variability.
What are chemical cycles? What is the importance of abiotic reservoirs in these cycles?
Chemical cycles include both biotic and abiotic components. Abiotic reservoirs is where chemicals accumulate or are stockpiled outside of living organisms.
What phyla includes both invertebrates and vertebrates? Identify the four defining characteristics of this group. What are the 2 types of invertebrate organisms found in this group and why are they included?
Chordata includes both vertebrates and invertebrates. The characteristics of this group are they have dorsal hollow nerve cord, the anterior end becomes enlarged in vertebrates and becomes the brain. notochord. They have a muscular post anal tail which serves as an extra specialized appendage, a propeller for aquatic species, and pharyngeal slits. The two types of invertebrate organisms found in this group are lancelets and tunicates, they are included because they both illustrate all four characteristics of chordates.
What is a chromosome? How is it different from chromatin? Draw a labeled diagram of a duplicated chromosome.
Chromosomes are threadlike nucleic acids and proteins that carry the genetic information and are located in the nucleus of cells(when going to divide). Chromatin are sister chromosomes that are tightly packed before they go undergo division so that the DNA can be easily stored and transported. (not being split)
7. What are the 3 types of circulatory systems? Explain how they are different and give an example of an organism that utilizes each.
Circulatory systems facilitate food/gas exchange. Also helps with glucose and amino acid exchange. The most simple circulatory system is gastrovascular cavity. Open circulatory system: not contained in vessels, tissues bathed in fluid. Cardiovascular(closed)- fluid stays in the vessels. Cardiovascular(closed)- fluid stays in the vessels. Arteries=away from heart. veins = to the heart. Muscular pump that delivers blood to heart. Single circulation= two chamber heart is when blood passes through the heart only once in each circuit through the body. The double circulation:(three-four chambered hearts) has to pass through the heart twice to make a complete loop. This is when blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the lungs. The pulmonary circuit is when blood is carried between the heart and gas exchanges tissues in the lungs.
What is climate and why is it important in the study of ecology? Identify the various factors that determine global climate patterns and how.
Climate is the statistics of weather of a specific area over a period of time. The changing of a climate affects the ecosystem. Various factors that determine global climate patterns include: latitude: temperatures vary depending on latitude., nearby water: water temperature affects land temperature, ocean currents: affect temperature changes with a comb on prevailing winds, the planets rotation, and unequal heating of surface waters, elevelation: air temperature declines by about 6 degrees celcius with every 1,000-m increase in elevation, and prevailing winds: results from the combined effects of the rising and falling of air masses.
List and define the 3 distribution (dispersion) patterns of populations. What factors might cause these patterns?
Clumped dispersion pattern- individuals are grouped in patches, is the most common in nature. This results from an unequal distribution of resources in the environment. Uniform: an even one- often results from interactions between the individuals of a population. Random: individuals in a population are spaced in a unpredictable way, without a pattern.
What is conservation biology? Explain the various ways in which biodiversity can be protected (or restored).
Conservation biology is a goal oriented science that seeks to understand and counter the loss of biodiversity.
What is cytokineses and when does it occur in the cell cycle? Explain how this process is different between animal and plant cells (a diagram may be helpful).
Cytokinesis is responsible for the final separation into two cells by splitting cytoplasm, which completes after mitosis. Cytokinesis overlaps the end of mitosis. In animals, cytokinesis occurs when a cell constricts, forming a cleavage furrow. In plants, a membranous cell plate forms and then splits the cell into two.
What is ecology? Identify and define in order the different levels in the ecology hierarchy (start with the "smallest" level). Why is the study of ecology important?
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. The science of ecology provides insight into environmental problems. The different levels in ecology include organism: may examine how one kind of organism meets the challenges and opportunities of its environment through its physiology or behavior. Population: a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area. Community: an assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction- all of the biotic factors in an environment. Ecosystem: includes both the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Biosphere: is all of the earth that is inhabited by life.
hat are ecosystem services? Explain why these services are a key component of sustainability. w
Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well being. They support directly or indirectly our survival and quality of life. Sustainability is the goal of developing, maintaining and conserving earth's resources in ways that does not compromise future generations. Scientists apply their knowledge of population, community, and ecosystem ecology to conserve natural ecosystems and to repair damage.
What is excretion and why is it necessary? What are the 3 forms of waste and what is the advantage of each?
Excretion is the disposal of nitrogen-containing-metabolic wastes. The three wastes are ammonia: highly soluble and diffuses rapidly across cell membranes, urea the advantage is that is has very low toxicity, and uric acid: can be safely transported and stored in the body and released periodically by the urinary system
What are the 2 types of growth curves (models)? Why and how are they different? Which curve is usually seen in nature? (a diagram may be helpful) Be sure to include carrying capacity in your answer.
Exponential growth: the accelerating increase that occurs when growth is unlimited and logistic growth: the model that represents the slowing of a population growth as a result of limiting factors and the leveling off at carrying capacity. Logistic growth is usually seen in nature.
What are some features that contribute to the success of prokaryotes and why?
External features such as sticky capsule-Sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein surrounding cell wall that enables prokaryotes to adhere to substrate or to other individuals in colony they may also protect against dehydration, or shield against host's immune system. Flagella-adaptations that enable them to move about in response to chemical or physical signals in their environment. Fimbriae-Hair like appendages that enable prokaryotes to stick to a surface or one another.
. What is environmental resistance? What are the 2 categories of factors that contribute to environmental resistance and how are they different? Provide 2 examples for each category.
Factors in an environment such as predators, competition, climate, and food availability, that keep its various populations from reaching their maximum growth potential. Biotic include predation, parasitism, lack of food, competition with other organisms and disease. Abiotic are factors that include drought, fire, temperature, and even the wrong amount of sunshine.
Other organic molecules that we eat besides glucose can be used as fuel for cellular respiration. What first has to happen before they can be funneled into the process? What are the benefits and drawbacks of using these other molecules?
Fats can be used as fuel, a cell first hydrolyzes fats to glycerol to G3P, one of the intermediates in glycolysis. The fatty acids are broken into two- carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. fats contain more energy, but also contain more calories so you must expend a lot of energy to to burn fat stored in the body. Proteins can also be used for fuel, to be oxidized as fuel proteins must first be digested to their constituent amino acids. Carbohydrates can also be used as a fuel source, they can be funneled into glycolysis, enzymes in the digestive tract hydrolyze starch to glucose, which is then broken down by cellular respiration.
A skin cell of a red fox has 34 chromosomes. You look at the cell under a microscope and see that it has 34 chromosomes and one nucleus. Several hours later, you look at the same cell again and see that it has double the amount of DNA and one nucleus. A little while later, you see that it has 68 chromosomes and two nuclei. What stage of the cell cycle was this cell in when you viewed it at each time
First view: G1; second view: G2; third view: telophase
What are the 3 types of digestive compartments? Briefly describe these compartments and identify an example organism for each.
Food vacuoles:(cellular level) most simple digestive compartment, a cellular organelle in which enzymes break down food. After a cell engulfs food by phagocytosis, the newly formed food vacuole fuses with a lysosome containing enzymes. Pick up food from outside and goes directly into food vacuole and enzymes digest it., Gastrovascular cavities(used for gas exchange): only has one opening, the way it gets in is the way it gets out. It's a compartment with a single opening that functions as both the entrance for food and the exit for undigested waste. Alimentary canals(most complex): 2 openings, this is compartmentalized into special regions: crop-store food and soften it up. Gizzard- storage and grinding. Stomach- where food is churned up. A digestive tube extending between two openings: a mouth at one end and a anus at the other,
Fungi are very important organisms. List and describe at least 3 benefits they provide (to the environment and/or humans). How can they be problematic?
Fungi are essential decomposers in ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and restocking the environment with vital nutrients essential for plant growth. Soil is replenished because of decomposition done by fungi. Some fungi can break down toxic pollutants. Fungi are also the reason for a lot of food we consume such as mushrooms, cheese, bread, and alcohol. Fungi can also be used in the medical field, yeast is used to study molecular biology. Fungi can become problematic, in disease, there are specific diseases related to bad fungi, such as aspergillosis caused by fungus aspergillus which occurs in people with lung diseases or weakened immune systems.
What are fungi? What is unique about their nutritional strategy and how is it accomplished? What is unique about their life cycle?
Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb the resulting nutrients. A fungus usually consists of a mass threadlike hyphae, called a mycelium. Fungi life style is unique because in some fungi, fusion of haploid hyphae produces a heterokaryotic stage containing nuclei from two parents. After the nuclei fuse, meiosis produces haploid spores.
_____ is produced in the calvin cycle, it is the raw material plants use to make necessary organic molecules
G3P
Write out the chemical reaction equation for the cellular respiration. Where does some of the energy in a glucose molecule end up (i.e., in what form)? What happens to the rest?
Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP the chemical energy of bonds in glucose is released, and some is stored in ATP. the rest is released as heat.
Explain why glycolysis is considered an ancient metabolic pathway.
Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway found in Earth's organisms today, that is suggests it evolved very early in the history of life. it occurs universally and does not require oxygen, and does not occur in membrane enclosed organelles. The location tells that it is ancient because it does not require a membrane enclosed organelle of the eukaryotic cell, which evolved about a billion years after the first prokaryotic cell.
What are growth factors? How do they signal the cell and control the cell cycle?
Growth factors are proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide. Signals affecting critical checkpoints in the cell cycle determine whether a cell will go through the complete cycle and divide. The binding of the growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division.
ATP is generated when ____ flows through ATP synthase down its concentration gradient.
H+
A biochemist wanted to study how various substances were used in cellular resp. In one experiment, she provided air with a labeled isotope of oxygen to a mouse. In the mouse. The labeled oxygen first showed in:
H2O
which of the following provides the electron that is captured by the primary electron receptor in the photo system
H2O
Identify the various threats to biodiversity and provide an example of each. What/who is the ultimate cause of each threat?
Habitat loss: deforestation in order to use the land and or products produced from the deforestation. Invasive species: disrupt communities by competing with or preying on native species. Over harvesting: over exploitation of wildlife by harvesting at rates that exceed the ability of population, an example would be poachers. Pollution: pollutants released by human activities can have local, regional, and global effects. An example would be an oil spill. The ultimate cause of each threat is humans.
Explain the difference between the terms "haploid" and "diploid. What is the haploid and diploid chromosome numbers of humans?
Haploid means a cell has one copy of all of its DNA. Haploid cells in humans have a total of 23 chromosomes. Diploid- chromosomes being a pair. is the carrying of two copies of the chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes in humans.
List and describe the different 1) heterotrophic diets and 2) feeding methods. Provide an example of an organism for each.
Heterotrophic diets include other animals and plants: herbivore: plants only, omnivore: plants and animals, carnivore: meat only. Their feeding methods include: bulk feeder: have to take chunks of whatever it is they're eating, suspension feeder: primarily aquatic, they gulp up water and everything else and then filter out the food. and fluid feeder: fluid, blood is most common(mosquitos). Substrate feeder: eat their way through their the substrate.
Not all four characteristics of the above group are obvious in vertebrates (hint: humans). Explain how and why they still belong in this group.
Humans have a notochord develops into the spinal cord, making us a chordate.
What 2 environmental factors can affect the rate of cell division? Explain how each factor works and why they are important in the human body.
In laboratory cultures most cells divide only when attached to a surface. The cultured cells continue dividing until they touch one another. Most animal cells divide only when stimulated by growth factors, and some do not divide at all. Growth factors stimulate cells to divide.
What are the 4 stages of food processing? Explain why each step is necessary (i.e., what is happening?)
Ingestion: the act of eating. Where enzymes start to break down food, some sort of chemical digestion happening. Humans eating their meal is an example. Digestion(mechanical and chemical):where nutrients are absorbed and sent out to the body. Not everything is used. The breakdown of the food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. Humans eating their food with their teeth to break it down into smaller pieces is an example. Absorption: the cells lining the digestive tract take up to absorb the products of digestion. Amino acids and simple sugars absorb the products of digestion is an example. Elimination: is when undigested material passes out of the digestive system. An example would be when a human eats and later defecates. Vertebrate digestive systems: adaptations related to diet
What is a community? Define the various interspecific interactions that can shape a community and give an example of each. What can be the result from each of these interactions?
Interspecific Competition (-/-) Occurs when populations of 2 different species compete for the same limited resource. Ex: squirrells and black bears competing for acorns when the source is limited. Negative for both populations. Mutualism (+/+) Both populations benefitting. Ex: flowers and their pollinators. Predation (+/-) Occurs when one species kills and eats another species. Ex: lions eating zebras. Herbivory (+/-) The consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal. Ex: caterpillars and leaves. Parasites and Pathogens (+/-) Both plants and animals can be victimized by parasites Ex: heartworms and dogs. A community is an assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction.
Although relatively small, invertebrates are very important. Describe at least 3 examples that illustrate their importance in nature and/or to humans.
Invertebrates such as bees pollinate crop plants. Reef building corals build structures that support a wide variety of useful animals. Freshwater mussels improve water quality by filtration.
List the major characteristics of the animal kingdom. Identify the 2 main groups of animals and explain how they are different.
Invertebrates- animals without a backbone, multicellular, reproduce sexually, heterophic and vertebrates- animals with an internal skeleton made of bone, well-developed internal skeleton; highly developed brain; have advanced nervous system; outer covering of protective cellular skin.
What are some methods of seed dispersal in angiosperms? How is each method reflected in the structure of the seed?
Methods of dispersal are wind, water, and animals. Some fruits and seeds have modifications that aid in wind dispersal as well. The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal.The size and shape of the seed or the seeds influences how they are dispersed.
What is mitosis? Create a table that identifies and describes the phases of mitosis (combine prophase and prometaphase into a single phase [prophase]).
Mitosis is a type of cell division, where the nucleus and it contents, the duplicated chromosomes divide and are distributed into two daughter nuclei
. What are the 3 types of mammals? List the defining characteristic(s) and include 2 examples of each.
Monotremes-egg laying mammal:platypus marsupials-mammals with a pouch, give birth to tiny embryonic offspring that complete development while attached to mothers nipples: kangaroos. Eutherians-placental mammals- bear fully developed live young: zebra
What is NAD+ and why is it important in cellular respiration? How is it reduced to NADH?
NAD+ accepts electrons and becomes reduced to NADH. NAD+ is used to shuttle shuttle electrons in redox reactions. NAD+ is reduced to NADH by an enzyme called dehydrogenase which strips two hydrogen atoms from the organic fuel molecule and transfers two electrons and one proton to its coenzyme NAD+, reducing it to NADH.
What is an action potential? What is a synapse? What is a neurotransmitter and how is it involved in communication among neurons?
Nerve signal- action potential is a massive change in membrane voltage that transmits a nerve signal along a axon. A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that carries information from transmitting neuron to a receiving cell, either another neuron or an effector cell. A synapse is a gap between two neurons, or between a neuron and an effector cell. Electrical or chemical signals are relayed from one cell to another at a synapse.
Identify the four groups/types of plants, list their defining characteristics, and include 2 examples of each. (Hint: each group is categorized as non-vascular or vascular). What evolutionary adaptation resulted in each group?
Nonvascular plants-bryophytes include the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Vascular plants have asupportive conducting tissues. Ferns are seedless vascular plants with flagellated sperm. Seed plants have sperm transporting pollen grains and protect embryo in seeds. Gymnosperms, such as pines, produce seeds in cones. The seeds of angiosperms develop within protective ovaries.
What is osmosis? Explain what happens to a cell in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions. To maintain water balance in these solutions (or conditions), animals can be osmoconformers or osmoregulators. How are they different? What are some strategies for osmoregulation?
Osmosis is the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable cell membrane. In a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks. In a hypotonic solution water moves inside the cell and it swells. Isotonic solutions is when an equal amount of water and solutes are passing through a cell. Osmoconformers have the same internal solute concentration as seawater. Osmoregulators control their solute concentrations. Animals conserve water by waterproof barriers and reproductive adaptations.
List and describe the 4 types of respiratory surfaces. What 2 criteria must be met for these surfaces to work properly and efficiently? What transport process do they all utilize?
Outer skin : small organisms, need to have high surface area to volume ratio. Utilizes transport (earthworms, Gills, Tracheal system, Lungs). Gills: used in aquatic organisms(high SA/V ratio) Tracheal System: the gases go into the holes of the body. Lungs: still using diffusion, high SA/V ratio. Little extensions in lung increase the ratio. In order to work properly theses surfaces must be thin (usually a single layer of cells), relatively large, and moist for diffusion of O2 and CO2. They all utilize passive transport.
Why are plants green? How is light involved in "producing" this color?
Plants are green from chlorophyll, a light absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts. In the chloroplasts an envelope of two membranes encloses an inner compartment, which is filled with a thick fluid called stroma. In the stroma, a system of interconnected membranes called thylakoids exist.
Identify the components of the blood. What is the importance of each component?
Plasma: contains various inorganic ions, proteins, nutrients,wastes, gases and hormones, white blood cells: fight infections, red blood cells: they have respiratory pigments, made up of different proteins and iron, the iron is what carries the oxygen transport. o2 bound to hemoglobin., and platelets: fragments that are involved in the process of blood clotting. Hemoglobin can carry some co2.
What is pollination? Since plants can't move, describe some ways that plants are able to achieve pollination. How is pollination different from fertilization?
Pollination is a transfer of pollen to a plant to allow fertilization. Flowers can attract pollination by flower or scent, pollinators are then rewarded with nectar and pollen. Pollination can be done through self pollination, or cross pollination. Cross pollination is when there are outside factors, such as animals, people or the wind, facilitate the transfer of pollen to stigma. Pollination is different from fertilization because fertilization is the joining of sperm and egg, whereas pollination is just the process of transferring the pollen to the stigma.
What is population ecology? Why is important to study?
Population ecology is concerned with the changes in population size and the factors that regulate populations over time. Data from population ecology are used to manage wildlife populations, and gain insight into controlling the spread of pests and pathogens.
What is primary production and why is it important? What are the 2 ways it is measured and how are these measurements different?
Primary production is the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy, as organic compounds by photosynthesis. The total amount of primary production during a given time period is called gross primary production. The remainder, the net primary production is the amount of new organic material added to an ecosystem in a given period. Net primary production represents the stored chemical energy available to consumers
What is the term for the division of prokaryotic cells? Describe the 3 main steps of this process.
Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. (splitting in half) In the first step the chromosome duplicates and separation of the copies occurs. During the second step continues elongation of the cell and movement of the copies occurs. In step three the cells divide into two daughter cells.
What are protists? To what domain do they belong? What are the major characteristics of this "group"?
Protists are a diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. They belong to domain eukaryote. The characteristics of protists are that they are mostly aquatic, their cells have a membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles characteristic of eukaryotic cells. They are mostly unicellular that are found in a variety of aquatic or moist habitats. They may be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic.
Protists provide valuable resources but some can be problematic for humans. Provide a few examples of each type (good vs. bad) and why.
Protists can be used to form renewable energy and they can form oxygen. Diatoms are one of the most important photosynthetic organisms on earth. They are a rich source of energy. Massive accumulations of fossilized diatoms make up thick sediments known as diatomaceous on earth which is mined for use as a filtering medium and as a grinding and polishing agent. Some bad protists are called excavata, they have modified mitochondria that lack functional electron transport chains and use anaerobic pathways to extract energy. Some are parasites sic as giardia intestinalis, waterborne parasite that causes diarrhea.
Identify the 2 general life histories (strategies) seen in organisms. What are characteristics of organisms that use each of these strategies? Why would each strategy be advantageous (hint: environmental conditions)?
R selection-have an advantage in habitats that experience unpredictable disturbances, such as fire, floods, hurricanes, drought, or cold weather , which create new opportunities by suddenly reducing a population to low levels. K selection- population growth in these situations is limited by density-dependent factors. K selected organisms are adapted to environments that typically have stable climate and little opportunity for rapid population growth. Organisms gain advantage by allocating energy to their own survival and to the survival of their descendants.
Identify the 4 mechanisms of heat loss (exchange). Briefly explain the various adaptations for dealing with heat gain and loss.
Radiation: when heat travels through atmosphere, convection: heat transfer, as air passes by you, it takes away heat. Evaporation: water going from liquid form to gas form, and conduction: heat from objects. The adaptations for dealing with heat gain and loss are metabolic heat production:, circulatory adaptations:, evaporative cooling:, Behavioral responses:
What are oxidation-reduction reactions? Explain what is happening when a molecule is oxidized and when a molecule is reduced.
Redox reactions are the loss of electrons from one substance is called oxidation, and the addition of electrons to another substance is called reduction. A molecule is oxidized when it loses one or more electrons and reduced when it gains one or more electrons.
What is respiration? How is it related to cellular respiration?
Respiration(breathing) is an exchange of gases: an organism obtains o2 from its environment and releases co2 as a waste product. In breathing, co2 and o2 are exchanged between your lungs in the air. In cellular respiration, cells use the o2 obtained through breathing to break down fuel, releasing co2 as a waste product.
During what phase of the cell cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase
What would happen if a plant closed its stomata?
Slow evaporation. Cause buildup of o2 Slow uptake of co2 D) all of the above
Identify the 2 components that define species diversity. Why are they both important?
Species richness, and relative abundance. Both are important because the number of species factors into species diversity but the number of individuals in each species is also considered, by providing a broader range of habitats and food sources, a diverse community promotes animal diversity.
What is the purpose of a survivorship curve? Identify and describe the 3 types of curves. What kind of organism exemplifies each curve? (a diagram may be helpful)
Survivorship curve plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age. Type I survivorship: when most people survive to the older age intervals- humans and large mammals. Type III: low survivorship for the very young, followed by a period when survivorship is high for those few individuals who live at a certain age-fish. Type II: intermediate, with survivorship constant over the life span. Individuals are no more or less vulnerable at one stage of the life cycle than at another-lizards.
Briefly describe how gases are exchanged in the lungs and how they are transported through the body. What is the respiratory pigment found in mammals and why can it bind oxygen molecules?
The blood carries it into your vessels, all over your body and delivers blood to the lungs.The heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, where it picks up o2 and drops off co2. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart and is pumped to body cells, where is drops off o2 and picks up co2. Hemoglobin is found in mammals and carries o2, helps transport co2 and buffers the blood. Every hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four o2 molecules because each iron atom binds one o2 molecule. Blood is suspended in plasma.
What is the greenhouse effect? How do plants contribute? How are humans mucking up the system?
The greenhouse effect is when solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and warms Earth's surface. Heat radiating from the warmed planet is absorbed by greenhouse gases, such as CO2, water vapor, and methane, which then reflect some of the heat back to earth. Photosynthesis sucks out the CO2 out of the atmosphere and stores it in biomass, which helps to mitigate climate change. By humans increasing deforestation, it accounts for 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions, which increases the climate change and produces higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Breathing is automatically controlled by your brain. What specifically triggers this involuntary response? Briefly describe the mechanics involved in the action of breathing.
The level of co2 in your blood controls your breathing. When there's a buildup of co2, your pH in blood drops and triggers the diaphragm.
Where does the majority of photosynthesis take place in a plant? How are the involved gases exchanged? How does this area of the plant get water and then deliver the glucose product to the rest of the plant? A diagram may be helpful.
The majority of photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf. CO2 enters the leaf, and O2 exists, through tiny pores called stomata. Water absorbed by the roots is delivers to the leaves in veins, leaves use veins to export manufactured sugar to roots and other parts of the plant.
The nervous system in vertebrates is divided into 2 "systems". Name each system and what main components are included. What is the purpose/function of each system?
The nerve net: a loose network of scattered neurons- nerve cells. Most simple nervous system. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord serve the nervous system's command station.The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.The peripheral nervous system's main job is to send information gathered by the body's sensory receptors to the CNS as quickly as possible. The ganglia- the precursor to the brain and spinal cord. Start to see the division of the nervous system. Vertebrate brain- coordination, cognitive function, visual processing
What is the basic unit of the nervous system? Briefly explain the purpose of this body system and how it works.
The nervous system responds to the environment and monitors internal functions.-co2 levels, ph levels etc. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system. The purpose of the nervous system is sensory receptors allow the organism to monitor its external environment and detect changes that occur. The nervous system then activates structures such as muscles and glands, which permit the organism to respond appropriately to the environmental changes. Second, the nervous system also monitors the organism's internal environment, controlling heart rate so that enough blood is delivered to organs, or measuring nutrient levels to signal when an organism needs to obtain food.
What are the 2 versions of vertebrate cardiovascular systems (hint: circulation)? Explain how they are different and give an example of an organism that utilizes each.
The open circulatory system is when fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels and flows out among the tissues; there is no distinction between the circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid. The closed circulatory system is when blood is confined to vessels, keeping blood distinct from the interstitial fluid.
1. Identify the major characteristics of prokaryotes (include method of reproduction). What 2 domains include prokaryotes?
The plasma membrane, cytoplasm ribosomes, genetic material DNA and RNA. Prokaryotes reproduce through the process of binary fusion. Domain archaea and bacteria are the two branches of prokaryotes.
What are the components of an age structure diagram? (an example diagram may be helpful) What information can be obtained from an age structure diagram?
The purple represents the portion of population in the prereproductive years 0-14. The pink area indicates the part of the population in prime reproductive years 15-44 and blue is the proportion is the postreproductive years 45-older. Each horizontal bar within these broader groups represents the population in a 5 year year age group. Age structure diagrams reveal a population's growth trends, but also indicate social conditions.
What two important things are being done in the electron transport chain during photosynthesis?
The two main reasons for electron transport during photosynthesis is that they are the creation of electrons turning into NADPH and when electrons are going through the membrane it excites the hydrogen ions and then they go from high to low concentrate and convert into ATP
Describe how the total human population has changed/grown over time. (a diagram may be helpful) What factors are currently contributing to growth? How and why is human population growth different compared to other organisms?
The world population is undergoing a change known as demographic transition, a shift from birth rates and death rates that are high but roughly equal to birth and death rates that are low but roughly equal. Fertility rate has increased and so has population momentum- the increased proportion of women of childbearing age in the population.
16. What is thermoregulation? Why is it important? What are the 2 methods of obtaining heat and how do they differ?
Thermoregulation is the homeostatic mechanism by which animals maintain an internal temperature within an optimal range despite variation in external temperature, is critical to survival. Endothermic(warm blooded) is heat generated by metabolism, mammals use this. Ectothermic(cold blooded) can't generate own heat, has to get heat from external sources. heat is when they gain most of their heat from external sources, reptiles and invertebrates use this.
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates?
They all have a notochord.
To which domain do "extreme" prokaryotes belong? How are they different from bacteriaWhat are the 3 types and how are they different?
They belong to archaea domain. They are different from bacteria because they can live in harsh environments. They have unusual proteins and other molecular adaptations that enable them to survive and reproduce effectively.The 3 types of archaea are phototrophs- they use the energy of the sun. Lithotroph-breaking down simple chemicals to get energy. Organotroph- breaking down organic material.
The light reaction of photosynthesis take place in the:
Thylakoid membrane
What is interstitial fluid? What is the function of this fluid in a closed circulatory system?
a mixture of water, ions, and small solutes that are forced out of the blood plasma by the systolic pressure created when the heart pumps. :Facilitate diffusion
The nerve signal that travels across nerve cells is known as a(n):
action potential
what type of prokaryotes are able to live in extreme environments?
archea
Why are some bacteria considered good and some considered bad? Provide examples of each.
bacteria can digest foods or organic compounds that are needed for the earth, such as soil. Bacteria can also promote repair for damaged cells. Some bad bacteria in your body can result in diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. This happens by extreme growth of that bad bacteria. The bad bacteria have exotoxins that are proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment.- ex:staphylococcus. They also may have endotoxins which are lipid components of the outer
what is digestion
breakdown of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
In what step of photosynthesis is co2 used?
calvin cycle
The maximum number of individuals a habitat can support indefinitely is called the _____.
carrying capacity
What forms during cytokinesis in animal cell
clevage furrow
In most green plants, chloroplasts are:
concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of
density-dependent inhibition.
The summary for photosynthesis reaction is:
endergonic
what process is the anaerobic harvest of food energy
fermentation
Which of the following animals excretes its nitrogenous waste entirely as ammonia?
fish
The ripened ovary of a flower, which is adapted to disperse seeds in angiosperms, is called a(n)
fruit
which of the following demonstrates ecological succession
grasses grow in an abandoned, cleared corn field, followed by shrubs and then trees
What are organisms that cannot make their own food?
heterotrophs
What force is responsible for the cohesiveness of water?
hydrogen bonds
Chemical digestion involves what type of reaction?
hydrolysis
the basic structure that makes up fungus is the
hyphae
Identify and briefly describe the simplest form of a nervous system. What are the various "improvements" in the system as seen in more complex animals?
invertebrate system is the simplest form. may or may not have distinct peripheral and central regions, but communication with and response to the environment still occurs.invertebrate systems are much less complex. A vertebrate nervous system may contain a trillion neurons, whereas an invertebrate may have as few as 305.
Photosynthesis
is the process where plants create their own food by turning light energy into chemical energy. -The inputs are h2o, and co2(reactants) and the -products are o2 and sugar(products). -Chlorophyll in the leaves transforms carbon dioxide, water, and minerals into oxygen and glucose. -Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of cells. -Redox process. -Animals and plants can perform photosynthesis.
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
loss of electrons; gain of electrons
Intestinal gas is evidence of active ____ in the digestive tract of cows?
methagoens
Which of the following types of plants lack vascular tissue?
mosses
which of the following types of plants lack vascular tissue
mosses
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
neuron
Which chemical cycle involves an important plant nutrient and relies on bacteria?
nitrogen
What is apoptosis? what is the purpose of this process and why would it take place?
on to divide. This process can also be referred to as "cellular suicide" The purpose of this process is to kill off dysfunctional cells that are not useful, this is also necessary for continued cell growth. This would take place if the
Most of the ATP energy produced during cellular respiration is produced during:
oxidative phosphorylation.
invertebrate
porifera--have no true tissues. Their flagellated choanocytes filter food from water passing through pores in the body: sponges choanocytes--have tissues and cardiovascular cavity. Their two body forms are polyps and medusae(jellies): jellyfish platyhelminthes--bilateral animals with no body cavity between the digestive tract and outer body wall. -has a gastrovascular cavity and simple nervous system.: flatworms nematoda--covered by protective cuticle that is shed periodically: roundworms. mollusca--snails and slugs. All have muscular foot and a mantle, which encloses the visceral mass and they secrete a shell. annelida--errantia mobile marine worms. -less mobile worms including earthworms. Segmented worms arthropoda--spiders. Segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton. echinodermata-Radially symmetric, have a spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement: seastars
The oxygen used in cellular respiration is _____ during the conversion to water
reduced
Chlorophyll a appears green because it ___ the green wavelength of visible light
reflects
Which of the following animals has a two-chambered heart?
salmon(fish)
what type of plant contributes to coal?
seedless (lycophotes)
when blood travels past body cells, the body cells
take up o2 and release co2 into the blood
cellular respiration
the process by which living things convert oxygen and glucose to carbon dioxide and water, producing energy. -does not require the presence of sunlight -always occurring in living organisms. -Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of cells. -cellular respiration breaks down food and releases energy. -Only animals can perform respiration. -Redox process. -Inputs are glucose and oxygen(reactants) -Products are co2, h2o, water, ATP and heat.
Insects breathe using:
tracheae
Which of the following does not explain climatic variation on Earth?
uneven heating of the Earth's surface
Animals transport gases and nutrients via a network of blood vessels. Plants also transport important stuff using vessels. What type of tissue makes up these plant vessels?
vascular
Plasma consists mostly of
water