Bio Unit 2 test review
An individual with the karyotype 48, XYYY would have how many Barr bodies? -3 -0 -1 -2 -4
0
Autosomes
22 pairs of chromosomes
Haploid
23 chromosomes
Which pair of chromosomes on a karyotype would show you the sex of a baby? -18th pair -6th pair -21st pair -23rd pair -1st pair
23rd pair
poison that disrupts the H+ gradient in the thylakoid space would most likely cause which of the following to accumulate during the Calvin cycle reactions? -NADPH -ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) -3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) -glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) -1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
How many ATP are produced from the 10 NADH that enter the electron transport chain? -30 -4 -36 -38 -2
30
A diploid cell, at the beginning of meiosis, contains how many copies of each gene? -3 -8 -4 -1 -2
4
Pangolins have a diploid chromosome number of 36. At prophase II, each cell would contain how many tetrads? -18 -72 -36 -0 -9
0
In each gamete following telophase II, how many copies of each gene is/are present? -2 -8 -4 -1 -3
1
How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare to their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle? -The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. -The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA. -The daughter cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. -The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. -The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.
The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.
Fermentation occurs if ________. -carbon dioxide is not present -excess ATP is present -oxygen is not present -glucose is not present -carbon dioxide is present
oxygen is not present
Which of the types of cellular activities listed below can proceed without ATP energy? -muscular contraction -flagella movement -active transport -passive transport -protein synthesis
passive transport
The opposite of a turgid plant cell is a -ruptured plant cell. -plasmolyzed plant cell.Correct -osmotic plant cell. -hypertonic plant cell. -isotonic plant cell.
plasmolyzed plant cell.
Why is it necessary for ATP to be used in the energy-investment phase of glycolysis? -The energy that is released when ATP becomes ADP is harnessed and used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane. -Adding the phosphate activates the glucose, making it easier to break it apart. -Adding the phosphate to the glucose makes it more stable and less likely to break apart. -The addition of the phosphate is necessary to produce NADH. -There is no purpose to adding the phosphate to the glucose; it just happens that way.
Adding the phosphate activates the glucose, making it easier to break it apart.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of C4 photosynthesis relative to C3 photosynthesis? -need for stomata to close to conserve H2O -inability of ATP synthase to utilize H+ gradient for energy -need for energy to move H2O into bundle sheath cells -inability of rubisco to obtain O2 -C4 plants need energy to move fixed carbon compounds into bundle sheath cells
C4 plants need energy to move fixed carbon compounds into bundle sheath cells
What are the bubbles in pizza dough made from?
CO2
Which of the following statements is correct? -Mitosis involves one division and produces two nonidentical gametes. -Meiosis involves one division and produces two nonidentical gametes. -Meiosis involves two divisions and produces two identical gametes. -Mitosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes. -Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four nonidentical gametes.
Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four nonidentical gametes.
Which of the following is not produced directly from G3P? -glucose phosphate -sucrose -cellulose -NADP+ -starch
NADP+
The _______ from the light reactions is used to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate using energy derived from ______. -rubisco; RuBP -NADPH; ATP -RuBP; ATP -NADPH; RuBP -NADP+; ATP
NADPH; ATP
Why might a cell be prevented from proceeding through the G1 checkpoint? -The cell is cancerous. -The DNA has not finished replicating. -The chromosomes are not properly attached to the spindle. -The chromosomes are not aligned properly. -There is DNA damage.
There is DNA damage
A human egg with 22 chromosomes that is fertilized by a normal sperm will result in -a zygote with monosomy. -a zygote with trisomy. -a fertilized egg with 44 chromosomes. -a zygote with a normal chromosome number. -a zygote with disomy.
a zygote with monosomy.
Which of these words should be classified separately from the others? -passive transport -diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis -active transport
active transport
An oncogene is more likely to lead to cancer than a proto-oncogene because -an oncogene is more likely to accelerate the cell cycle. -oncogenes only arise in embryonic stem cells while proto-oncogenes only arise in adult stem cells. -an oncogene is more likely to suppress the cell cycle. -the mutant oncogene may inactivate telomerase. -oncogenes reverse the function of a proto-oncogene.
an oncogene is more likely to accelerate the cell cycle.
During which phase of mitosis are the sister chromatids separated and consequently become daughter chromosomes? -anaphase -interphase -telophase -metaphase -prophase
anaphase
You are looking at a cell under a microscope and see what appears to be several "X" structures being pulled to each side of the cell. What stage of meiosis are you looking at? -anaphase II -anaphase I -prophase II -metaphase I -prophase I
anaphase I
The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called ________ while the 23rd pair are known as the ________ chromosomes, which code for gender. -homologous; autosomes -diploid; haploid -sex; autosomes -autosomes: sex -autosomes; homologous
autosomes: sex
Apoptosis -increases the number of gamete cells. -occurs as telomeres increase in length. -can be used to remove damaged or malfunctioning cells. -is a process that repairs damaged DNA. -increases the number of somatic cells.
can be used to remove damaged or malfunctioning cells.
Which one of the following molecules is able to move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion? -hemoglobin -glucose -carbon dioxide -chloride ions -starch
carbon dioxide
Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it -does not require the presence of an enzyme. -moves molecules from low to high concentration. -requires energy from the cell. -does not require energy from the cell. -does not require control by the nucleus.
does not require energy from the cell
Enzymes are usually named based on the substrate that they bind. This is possible because -enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction. -enzymes all have the same shape. -enzymes are used up in the reaction. -an enzyme is only associated with one metabolic pathway. -each type of enzyme generally only binds one specific substrate.
each type of enzyme generally only binds one specific substrate.
The products of fermentation depend on the type of organism carrying out the process. What do yeast produce during fermentation? -lactic acid and CO2 -lactic acid -lactic acid and ethyl alcohol -ethyl alcohol and CO2 -ethyl alcohol and oxygen
ethyl alcohol and CO2
What function do the carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane serve? -exocytosis -facilitated diffusion -endocytosis -osmosis -simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
Energy of activation -allows for feedback inhibition. -requires the use of enzymes. -acts on the products of metabolic reactions. -is a measure of the amount of solar radiation striking a leaf surface. -is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.
is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.
In animals, lactate forms from fermentation. Lactate ______. -is stored in the muscle for future energy use -is toxic and causes muscle fatigue -can be used to produce additional ATP -is converted into carbon dioxide and is released in the bloodstream -is transported to the liver where it is reconverted to pyruvate
is transported to the liver where it is reconverted to pyruvate
When an enzyme is present -there is no change in the amount of energy needed to bring about a reaction. -more energy is needed to bring about a reaction.no reaction will occur. -no energy will be needed at all -less energy is needed to bring about a reaction.
less energy is needed to bring about a reaction.
Klinefelter syndrome can result from nondisjunction during -meiosis I in the female parent. -meiosis I or II in the male parent. -meiosis I or II in either parent. -meiosis I in the male parent. -meiosis I in either female parent.
meiosis I or II in either parent
If tumor cells have a faulty, non-functional proteinase, they will be unable to undergo which of the following processes? -mutations -mitosis -angiogenesis -apoptosis -metastasis
metastasis
The failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis is called -tetrad malformation. -nondisjunction. -nondistachment. -disjunction. -crossing-under.
nondisjunction.
Chromatin wrapped around histones form a bead-like structure known as a -nucleotide. -nucleic acid. -nucleosome. -mesosome. -centrosome.
nucleosome
What two stages of cellular respiration produce the carbon dioxide you exhale? -preparatory reaction and electron transport chain -preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle -glycolysis and preparatory reaction -glycolysis and citric acid cycle -citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
preparatory reaction and citric acid cycle
Unicellular organisms undergo mitotic division to -produce gametes. -increase the size of the organism. -repair damaged cells. -increase the genetic variability of the population. -produce new organisms.
produce new organisms
A product of glycolysis is ________. -acetyl-CoA -glucose -carbon dioxide -FADH2 -pyruvate
pyruvate
Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their -spindle fibers. -size. -volume. -rate of cell division. -surface area.
rate of cell division
The addition of electrons and hydrogen ions to a substrate is called what? -an enzyme-substrate complex -phosphorylation -reduction -oxidation -metabolism
reduction
Diploid
46 chromosomes
Two ATP are invested in glycolysis in order to ________. -produce acetyl-CoA -break glucose into two -molecules -join glucose molecules together -release carbon dioxide -add a phosphate group to glucose
break glucose into two -molecules
What is entropy?
disorder
At the beginning of meiosis II, a cell contains how many copies of each gene? -2 -8 -3 -1 -4
2
A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 10 picograms of DNA in the nucleus during G1. Those cells would have ________ picograms at the end of the S phase and ________ picograms at the end of G2. -20; 20 -20; 10 -10; 20 -10; 5 -10; 10
20;20
The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is usually ________. -36-38 -10-20 -10-12 -26-28 -2-4
36-38
Which of the following is necessary for the complete breakdown of glucose? -ADP -carbon dioxide -oxygen -ATP -water
oxygen
The enzyme that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA requires vitamin B1, also called thiamine. Vitamin B1 has to be obtained through the diet. At what phase would cellular respiration come to a halt without B1? -glycolysis -preparatory reaction -citric acid cycle -electron transport chain -carbon fixation
preparatory reaction
Which of the following is mismatched? -preparatory reaction - cristae of mitochondria -glycolysis - cytoplasm -ATP production in the electron transport chain - cristae of mitochondria -citric acid cycle - matrix of mitochondria -where the H+ ions are located before flowing through an ATP synthase complex - intermembrane space
preparatory reaction - cristae of mitochondria
ATP synthase derives energy for the generation of ATP from -the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma. -electrons transferred from NADPH causing the enzyme to change shape. -the movement of hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the thylakoid space. -the splitting of H2O, which releases electrons. -solar energy captured by the light reactions changing the shape of the enzyme.
the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma.
When a portion of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome, this is called a(n) -jumping gene. -translocation. -suppressor event. -inversion. -duplication.
translocation
A new organism is discovered to have an enzyme that can split glucose into pyruvate without using any ATP. In addition, the enzyme cannot function if oxygen is present. Based on this information, what is this organism's net production of ATP from one molecule of glucose? -38 -2 -4 -42 -40
4
Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities? -adenosine -H+ ions -ATP -AMP -ADP
ATP
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose is ultimately converted to ________. -ADP and heat -ATP and NADH -heat only -ATP and heat -CO2 and water
ATP and heat
The reactants of cellular respiration include ________while the products include ________. -C6H12O6 and CO2; O2 and H2O -C6H12O6 and O2; CO2 and H2O -CO2 and H2O; C6H12O6 and O2 -O2 and H2O; C6H12O6 and CO2 -CO2, H2O, O2; C6H12O6
C6H12O6 and O2; CO2 and H2O
A small, low-growing plant found on the surface of a sun-exposed rock in a desert would most likely use which type of photosynthesis? -C4 -both C4 and CAM -CAM -C3 -both C3 and CAM
CAM
Which of the following statements correctly describes an energy transformation in living organisms? -Mitochondria capture solar energy and convert it to oxygen. -Chloroplasts produce CO2 and H2O during photosynthesis. -Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules. -Mitochondria convert ATP molecules into glucose. -Chloroplasts burn glucose into ATP molecules during cell respiration.
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.
Which of the following terms best describes entropy? -kinetic energy -potential energy -energy conversions -disorder -order
Disorder
Before being converted into sucrose, starch, or cellulose, G3P must first be converted into which compound? -galactose -3PG -fructose -glucose phosphate -glucose
glucose phosphate
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics? -Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another. -Energy cannot be created or destroyed -.One usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form. -Energy cannot be transformed. -One usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.
Which of the following is mismatched? -G1 stage - cell grows in size and cell organelles increase in number -S stage - DNA synthesis -G2 stage - mitosis begins -interphase - longest stage of the cell cycle -M stage - mitosis and cytokinesis
G2 stage - mitosis begins
The O2 given off during photosynthesis is derived from -CO2 -both CO2 and H2O. -H2O. -RuBP. -NADP+.
H2O
Which statement accurately describes how the genetic material is divided during meiosis I? -Homologous chromosomes travel together into one new daughter cell. -Homologous chromosomes are not separated during meiosis I. -Sister chromatids of each chromosome separate into different daughter cells. -Nonsister chromatids of each homologous pairs separate into different daughter cells. -Homologous chromosomes separate into two different daughter cells.
Homologous chromosomes separate into two different daughter cells.
Pevita has a tumor in her ovaries. She recently underwent a series of tests and is returning to the doctor to find out the results. Which of the following would be the best news that Pevita could receive from her doctor? -The tumor has metastasized and invaded neighboring tissue. -It is malignant ovarian cancer. -It is a benign tumor. -She has stage 3 cancer
It is a benign tumor.
Why do leaves and vegetables with high concentrations of carotenoids appear yellow or orange? -The carotenoids absorb blue and red wavelengths of light.The carotenoids absorb all wavelengths of light except green. -The carotenoids reflect blue and red wavelengths of light. -The carotenoids absorb yellow and orange wavelengths of light. -The carotenoids reflect yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
The carotenoids reflect yellow and orange wavelengths of light.
If CO2 was replaced by oxygen (O2) as a reactant of photosynthesis, what would be the effect on the products of photosynthesis? -There would be no change to the production of sugar because neither CO2 or O2 are reactants in photosynthesis. -The production of sugar would slow down because it would take longer to build a sugar with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. -The production of sugar would speed up because oxygen is one of the primary ingredients in a sugar molecule. -There would be no change to the production of sugar because both oxygen and carbon dioxide can be used to produce sugar. -The production of sugar would stop because oxygen molecules lack carbon, a key ingredient in a sugar molecule.
The production of sugar would stop because oxygen molecules lack carbon, a key ingredient in a sugar molecule.
What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season? -The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells. -Plant root cells will grow in excess to try to reach fresh water. -The deer in these areas have the danger of consuming too much of it as they forage for food. -Plant cells will take on excess water from the melted ice and become turgid -Salt is in limited supply in the ecosystem and this type of overuse will make it even more so.
The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells.
A tube with a membrane covering the bottom is placed in a beaker. The membrane allows water to flow through but not salt or glucose. The tube contains an aqueous solution with 4% salt and 20% glucose and the beaker contains an aqueous solution with 12% salt and 6% glucose. In terms of osmosis, how would you describe the solution in the tube compared to the solution in the beaker? -The two solutions are isotonic to each other. -The solution in the tube is hypotonic to the solution in the beaker. -The solution in the tube is hypertonic to the solution in the beaker.
The solution in the tube is hypertonic to the solution in the beaker.
The second law of thermodynamics states that all energy transformations result in an increase in entropy (disorder). If so, how does photosynthesis, which is an energy transformation, create order rather than disorder? -Plants do not have mitochondria like animals and therefore cannot create disorder. -Plants take highly ordered molecules like glucose and break them into smaller disordered molecules like carbon dioxide and water. -Plants do not obey the second law of thermodynamics. -The tree takes in small disordered molecules like carbon dioxide from the air and water from the earth and using solar energy produce highly ordered sugar molecules like glucose. -Photosynthesis does not actually create order.
The tree takes in small disordered molecules like carbon dioxide from the air and water from the earth and using solar energy produce highly ordered sugar molecules like glucose.
What would happen if NAD+ were not available for cellular respiration? -There would be no effect on the number of ATP formed. -Cellular respiration would stop completely. -There would be a small reduction in the number of ATP formed. -There would be an increase in the number of ATP produced. -There would be a great reduction in the number of ATP formed.
There would be a great reduction in the number of ATP formed.
Which of the following phase(s) separates sister chromatids into daughter chromosomes? -anaphase I and anaphase II -anaphase II and anaphase of mitosis -anaphase I, anaphase II, and anaphase of mitosis -anaphase of mitosis only -anaphase I and anaphase of mitosis
anaphase II and anaphase of mitosis
In C4 plants, chloroplasts are located in -both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. -the stomata. -bundle sheath cells. -epidermal cells of the leaf. -mesophyll cells
both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________. -capture solar energy to produce ATP and NADPH; uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar -use products manufactured in the dark reactions; creates products used in the light reactions -can occur only in the light; can occur only in the dark -require the presence of ATP; makes ATP -can only function if the stomata are open; can only occur if the stomata are closed
capture solar energy to produce ATP and NADPH; uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugar
RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) is able to bind with both -carbon dioxide and oxygen. -carbon dioxide and water. -carbon dioxide and NADPH. -NADPH and ATP. -oxygen and water.
carbon dioxide and oxygen
Which steps of photosynthesis does C4 photosynthesis partition in space? -carbon fixation and light reactions -carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions -1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) formation and glucose phosphate formation -glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) formation and glucose phosphate formation -light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions
carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions
The final acceptor for electrons in aerobic cellular respiration is ________. -glucose -carbon dioxide -pyruvate -CoA -oxygen
oxygen
During meiosis II, -chromosomes line up separately, with sister chromatids facing the same spindle pole. -homologous chromosomes line up separately, with sister chromatids facing opposite spindle poles. -homologous chromosomes line up separately, with sister chromatids facing the same spindle pole. -homologous chromosomes line up together, with sister chromatids facing opposite spindle poles. -chromosomes line up separately, with sister chromatids facing opposite spindle poles.
chromosomes line up separately, with sister chromatids facing opposite spindle poles.
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, the energy released is used immediately to ________. -concentrate H+ in the intermembrane space -concentrate H+ in the cytoplasm of the cell -move phosphate groups to ATP synthase -release CO2 to the matrix -form ATP
concentrate H+ in the intermembrane space
In an experiment, cells grown in a petri dish divided until they formed a thin single layer. When cells were removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space began dividing until they had filled the empty space. This type of regulation is called -apoptosis. -necrosis. -kinase-dependent regulation. -contact inhibition. -cyclin-dependent regulation.
contact inhibition
All of the following results from nondisjunction except -Down syndrome. -polyploidy. -diploidy -trisomy. -monosomy.
diploidy
Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a carrier protein in -pinocytosis. -simple diffusion. -phagocytosis. -active transport. -facilitated diffusion.
facilitated diffusion.
In a redox reaction, reduction means ________, and oxidation means ________ -gain of protons; loss of protons -gain of water; loss of water -loss of water; gain of water -loss of electrons; gain of electrons -gain of electrons; loss of electrons
gain of electrons; loss of electrons
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration? -citric acid cycle → glycolysis → electron transport chain → preparatory reaction -citric acid cycle → electron transport → glycolysis → preparatory reaction -glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain -glycolysis → electron transport chain → preparatory reaction -glycolysis → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Jarrod wants to make a salad but realizes that the celery he purchased a few days ago is very wilted. What type of solution could Jarrod use to help firm up the celery in order to make it crunchy again? -osmotic -saturated -isotonic -hypertonic -hypotonic
hypotonic
The changing of an enzyme's shape as the substrate binds to the active site is called the -induced fit model -energy of activation model. -enzyme binding theory. -lock and key theory. -metabolic pathway hypothesis.
induced fit model
Cells that do not receive the correct signals to move from G1 into S phase will enter G0 and therefore will -immediately move into the mitotic phase. -not undergo mitotic division unless it later receives the go-ahead signal. -never be able to undergo mitosis. -stay in an undifferentiated state and become stem cells. -be able to produce gametes through meiosis.
not undergo mitotic division unless it later receives the go-ahead signal
Which of the following is a function only of mitosis? -reducing the chromosome number in gametes -creating genetic variability -organismal growth -keeping the chromosome number constant from one generation to the next -producing gametes
organismal growth
Crossing-over between sister chromatids does not result in recombination of genetic material, while crossing-over between nonsister chromatids does because -sister chromatids have identical alleles, while nonsister chromatids have different ones. -nonsister chromatids have identical alleles, while sister chromatids have different ones. -nonsister chromatids have identical genes, while sister chromatids have different ones. -sister chromatids have identical genes, while nonsister chromatids have different ones. -sister chromatids have identical alleles but different genes, while nonsister chromatids have different alleles but the same genes.
sister chromatids have identical alleles, while nonsister chromatids have different ones.
Which lifestyle choice is responsible for 90% of the cases of lung cancer among men? -excessive alcohol consumption -drug use -smoking -using tanning beds -using smokeless tobacco
smoking
If blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, the cells will -be unaffected since they have a cell membrane to separate them from the solution. -shrink due to water loss by the cell. -shrink due to the loss of solutes from the blood cell. -swell due to osmosis. -burst due to active transport.
swell due to osmosis.
Cytokinesis in plants occurs as ________ and in animals as ________. -the centrosome produces membrane-bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall; the Golgi apparatus produces actin fibers to pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch -actin fibers interact to make the cell wall; the cleavage furrow pulls the membrane inward until the two sides touch -actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch; the Golgi apparatus produces membrane-bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall -the Golgi apparatus produces a cleavage furrow; actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch -the Golgi apparatus produces membrane-bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall; actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch
the Golgi apparatus produces membrane-bound vesicles filled with materials to make the cell wall; actin fibers pull the membrane inward until the two sides touch
A positive genetic test for telomerase in an adult somatic body cell, such as a fibroblast, may indicate that -the cell is cancerous. -proto-oncogenes have not yet mutated. -RB is inactive. -the cell is undergoing apoptosis. -tumor suppressor genes are active.
the cell is cancerous.
What is oxidation? -the production of ATP -the removal of electrons and H+ ions to form new molecules -the addition of ATP to a molecule -the addition of electrons and H+ ions to form molecules -the breakdown of O2 into two separate oxygen atoms
the removal of electrons and H+ ions to form new molecules
The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________. -stroma; thylakoid space -thylakoid space; stroma -thylakoid space; thylakoid membrane -thylakoid membrane; stroma -stroma; thylakoid membran
thylakoid membrane; stroma
The production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle requires six molecules each of ATP and NADPH. Another three molecules of ATP are then used in the cycle. What is the purpose of these three additional ATP molecules? -to fix carbon dioxide to RuBP -to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP -to join acetyl CoA into pyruvate, preparing it to enter the citric acid cycle -to attract the next CO2 molecule to enter the Calvin cycle -to reduce the molecules of G3P to form glucose
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
The term tetrad refers to -one duplicated chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids. -two homologous chromosomes each comprised of two nonsister chromatids. -two homologous chromosomes consisting of a single DNA strand each. -two homologous chromosomes each comprised of two sister chromatids. -one duplicated chromosome consisting of two nonsister chromatids.
two homologous chromosomes each comprised of two sister chromatids.
