BIO102 HW 1

You have macrophage white blood cells that can respond to injury and infection by moving to the site of the wound. They can ingest infectious bacteria or virus, and digest the organic molecules of what they take in. The digestion organelle they have is the

Lysosome

The electrons that are transferred during cellular respiration are carried in the electron carrier molecules

NADH and FADH2

The electrons flowing through the electron transport chains in photosynthesis come from ____ and end up being carried by _____.

NADPH; water

Much medical advice towards heart health indicates that you should eat less sodium (table salt). Notable higher risks of high sodium may include high blood pressure and damage to arteries or organs in your body. If you eat a single meal with large amounts of salt to suit your taste, which of these may result within minutes, as the sodium enters your bloodstream?

Your blood will become hypertonic, and water in your body tissues will flow into your arteries, inflating them

The bond that builds amino acid monomers into protein polymers is

a covalent bond also known as a peptide bond

The correct functions of your lungs contribute to the normal pH level of between 7.35 and 7.45. If your lungs do not exchange and remove carbon dioxide from your blood, the blood pH will change. A pH 6.4 reading of your blood indicates

a health problem due to the pH value being 10X higher H+ concentrations than normal in your body

A phospholipid molecule has

a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water

The three major components in a nucleotide are

a nitrogen base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

The region of an enzyme that catalyzes reactions is called a(n)

active site

The four nitrogen bases found in RNA are

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

An enzyme is

an organic molecule that catalyzes a cellular reaction

in an ionic bond,

atoms, having gained or lost electrons, attract one another with opposite charges

The four major groups of organic compounds are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Examples of accessory pigments for photosynthesis are

chlorophyll B and carotenoids

The primary pigment molecule needed for photosynthesis is

chlorophyll a.

The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants is the

chloroplast

Simple diffusion

does not require energy

Phagocytosis of an infective bacterium by a white blood cell is a subset type of

endocytosis

If the environment surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solute than the cell, the

environment is hypotonic to the cell

Examples of monosaccharides are

glucose, galactose, fructose

Identify which of these places the steps of cellular aerobic respiration in the correct sequence.

glycolysis - formation of Acetyl CoA - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain - ADP phosphorylation

The three main biochemical pathways of cellular respiration are

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport.

If a cell has a 95% concentration of water in its cytoplasm and the environment surrounding the cell has a 90% concentration of water, water will flow

into the cell by osmosis

The Calvin cycle

is a cyclic reactive pathway that produces three-carbon molecules from CO2

Which of the following organelles are cellular digestion centers?

lysosomes

During fermentation, ___ ATP can be produced per glucose, compared with ____ by aerobic respiration.

2; 36

The reactions of photosynthesis may be summarized as:

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cyanide and carbon monoxide block the final step in the electron transport chain. What effect would this have on ATP production in the mitochondria?

ATP production would decrease, because electrons would not move through the electron transport chain and reduce oxygen.

Molecules called uncouplers allow protons to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane. What effect would this have on ATP production in the mitochondria?

ATP production would decrease, because the proton gradient, for powering ATP synthase, would dissipate.

The enzyme that forms a transport channel in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and phosphorylates ADP is

ATP synthase

Identify the incorrect pairing of photosynthetic carbon pathways and the type of habitat in which they live

C3 pathway plants are found in most habitat areas

Which plants keep their stomata open only at night?

CAM

The comparison listed below that is not true in distinguishing DNA from RNA is that

DNA is a molecule that stores and regulates our genetics, while RNA is used for cellular energy storage and release for biological functions

In order for a milk protein to be secreted in mammals, these events must happen in the correct organelle function sequence.

DNA transcription in the nucleus-passage of mRNA out of nucleus; translation of mRNA by the ribosome; initial modifications of proteins by the endoplasmic reticulum

Blood pH is closely maintained at a pH of 7.4. A patient whose blood pH drops below 7.35 is suffering from metabolic acidosis and can go into a coma. What happens to the concentration of H+ ions in a patient with a blood pH of 6.4?

H+ concentration is increased 10-fold

Competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs

when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme

A wild duck needs a steady supply of energy to be able to fly for hours. Domesticated chickens rarely fly. As a result you would expect to find _____ in the breast muscles of wild ducks than domesticated chickens.

more mitochondria

Active transport is different from simple diffusion in that active transport

moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration in solutes

Liver cells help clean your blood with a wide range of digestive enzymes that hydrolyze toxic molecules. The liver cells would have ____, which are organelles specialized to do this?

peroxisomes

The primary structural molecule composing a cell membrane is a(n)

phospholipid molecule

You are working on a forensics team and collect some cells from a crime scene. The cells are angular, rigid, and have a cell wall made up of cellulose. This sample most likely came from a(n)

plant

Plant growth and flowering are strongly controlled by root and stem signal chemicals. Which of the following cell connection transports these molecules between adjacent cells?

plasmodesmata

Glycolysis of a glucose molecule

produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP

The atomic number of an element is the number of

protons in the nucleus

Tiny openings in the leaf epidermis that allow air exchange in and out of the leaf are

stomata

Reduction means

the gain of electrons by a molecule

In plant cells, a membrane studded with photosynthetic pigments in plant cells is the

thylakoid

In a human, the intestines need to form a barrier to prevent bacteria and other microbes from moving into the bloodstream from the gut. Which of the following would prevent bacteria from moving between intestinal cells?

tight junctions

In glycolysis the net number of NADH produced is

two

During glycolysis, ________ molecules of ____________ are required to "activate" glucose

two; ATP