Bio107L Practical (Tissue Samples)

connective tissue

1) binding and supporting, 2) protecting, 3) insulating, 4) storing reserve fuel, and 5) transporting substances within the body. Connective tissues can have various levels of vascularity. Cartilage is avascular, while dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized.

xylem

Allows for the transportation of mostly water.

interstitial lamellae

Fill the gap between osteons; weight bearing and transferring: remnant of remodeled osteon

Hyaline Cartilage

Function: supports and reinforces, serves as a resilient cushion, resists compressive stress Location: Embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones in joint cavities, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilages of nose, larynx and trachea

epidermis (Helianthus Stem)

Identify the epithelial layer. protection from diseases

cytoplasm of neuron

It composes the bulk of cellular material, and provides a suspension medium for organelles and free-floating molecules.

nucleus of neuron

It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell. The nucleolus of the nucleus produces ribosomes.

lymphocyte

Main Function: Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies produce B Cells (identify targets of immune system) Produce T Cells (fights the targets identified by the B Cell)

neutrophil

Main Function: Phagocytize bacteria anti-microbial release cytokines amplify inflammatory reactions

eosinophil

Main Function: kill parasitic worms complex role in allergy and asthma anti-bacterial response destroy parasites amplify inflammatory reactions

basophil

Main Function: release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin an anticoagulant anti-parasitic prevent blood clots mediate allergic response

intestinal crypt

Produce secretory cells that produce intestinal juice

villi

Small projections on the surface the small intestine. They serve in absorbing nutriments.

Artery and Vein Cell

Systemic arteries provide blood rich in oxygen to the body's tissues. The blood returned to the heart through systemic veins has less oxygen, since much of the oxygen carried by the arteries has been delivered to the cells.

platelet

The principal function of platelets is to prevent bleeding. Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cell, about 5,000,000 per microliter.

epithelium cell

They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands.

smooth muscle

They work automatically without you being aware of them. Smooth muscles are involved in many 'housekeeping' functions of the body. The muscular walls of your intestines contract to push food through your body.

Adipose Tissue

White/yellow (most prevalent) and brown The major function of adipose tissue is energy storage. It also provides insulation and protection for organs. Adipose tissue is primary made of adipocytes. Storage of lipids, temperature insulation, protection of underlying structures

artery lumen

a hollow passageway through which blood flows.

vein lumen

a hollow passageway through which blood flows. (veins)

young leaf (b)

absorb light for photosynthesis

phloem (tilia 3 year)

absorb nutrients

xylem (tilia 3 year)

absorbs water/minerals

sieve plate of phloem (cucurbit stem)

allow phloem materials to be passed down effectively to the tissue to the next

Helianthus Stem

apparently function mainly to strengthen the stem

intercellular space

are important for gas exchange and water transport, some movements (i.e., sensitive plants - water moves into/out of theses spaces; nyctinasty movements - sleep movements) and freezing protection (i.e., water moves out of cells into the spaces to minimize cellular damage on freezing

Haversian system

are microscopic tubes or tunnels in cortical bone that house nerve fibers and a few capillaries. This allows bone to get oxygen and nutrition without being highly vascular. These canals also communicate with bone cells using special connections, or canaliculi.

smooth muscle cell

are quite heterogeneous, depending on the organ system in which they serve their function. Their major role is to control the diameter, wall movement, and wall stiffness of hollow organs like the vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal or urogenital system as well as the uterus.

vascular cambium (tilia 3 year)

between xylem and phloem. source of secondary xylem growth

xylem (zea mays)

big holes

neuron

brain spinal cord, and nerves. transmits impulses long processes.

mucosa

contains specialized cells and glands that produce hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes to help digest food. The _____________ in the cardiac and pyloric regions of the stomach release mucus that helps protect the lining of the stomach from the acid produced for digestion.

Zea mays root

dicot no monkey face structure

cilia

fine hair-like structure that collects/eliminates dust and dirt -found in respiratory system

Nerve Cell

function to process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

adipose tissue

functions as a key energy reservoir for other organs, whereas the brown adipose tissue accumulates lipids for cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis.

phloem ray (tilia 3 year)

has a blue color. new phloem cells formed after cell division. radiate outward

helical elements of tracheid cells in xylem

help hold tracheid cells together. tracheid cells aid transport of mineral salts and water.

pith (Helianthus Stem)

help plant participate in photosynthesis

companion cell (cucurbit stem)

help regulate flow of nutrients of sieve plate and tube of phloem.

areolar tissue

holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues. It also serves as a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues. Almost all cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into areolar connective tissue.

monocytes

immune response phagocytosis release cytokines

Tendon Tissue

is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.

adventitia

is a relatively thin layer comprised of collagen and elastic fibers. It primarily functions to restrain the vessel from excessive extension and recoil

Cardiac Muscle

is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in the heart and is responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood.

nucleolus of neuron

is essential for the growth of developing neurons, including neurite morphogenesis and long-term maintenance of mature neurons. contributes to neuronal stress responses, including the regulation of apoptosis. (the dot)

axon hillock

is located at the end of the soma and controls the firing of the neuron. If the total strength of the signal exceeds the threshold limit of the axon hillock, the structure will fire a signal (known as an action potential) down the axon.

muscularis externa

is responsible for segmental contractions and peristaltic movement in the GI tract. These muscles cause food to move and churn together with digestive enzymes down the GI tract. The ___________ consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer.

perikaryon/soma

is the metabolic center of the cell consisting of energy producing systems and where macromolecules are synthesized to keep the cell alive, maintain its structure and allow it to function appropriately.

nissl bodies (neurons)

is thought to be the same as that of the rest of the ER and the Golgi apparatus: the manufacture and release of proteins and amino acids.

blood cell

is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs.

microglia

it is known that these cells mediate immune responses in the central nervous system by acting as macrophages, clearing cellular debris and dead neurons from nervous tissue through the process of phagocytosis (cell eating).

skeletal muscle cell

maintain posture, stabilize bones and joints, control internal movement, and generate heat. Skeletal muscle fibers are long, multinucleated cells. The membrane of the cell is the sarcolemma; the cytoplasm of the cell is the sarcoplasm.

vascular bundle (Zea Mays)

monocot (monkey faces)

serosa

outermost layer of GI tract, visceral peritoneum in abdominal region they secrete a lubricating fluid to reduce friction from muscle movements.

sieve tube member of phloem (cucurbit stem)

passage of materials efficiently.

leaf bud primordium/axillary bud (C)

produced by apical meristem. will become leaves

submuscosa

provides nutrients to the wall of the stomach. Nervous tissue in the submucosa monitors the contents of the stomach and controls smooth muscle contraction and secretion of digestive substances.

stratified squamous epithelium

provides protection against mechanical stress, chemical abrasions, and even radiation.

cartilage hyaline

provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body.

Allium root

root cap secrete mucus for roots to move through the soil to communicate with microbe soils.

Goblet cell

secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.

cortex (Helianthus Stem)

store important carbohydrates, sugar, essential oils.

bundle cap (Helianthus Stem)

structure of plant

Striated Muscle

that convert chemical energy to physical work. is to generate force and contract in order to support respiration, locomotion, and posture (skeletal muscle) and to pump blood throughout the body (cardiac muscle).

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages ARE GIVEN to other neurons or to muscles or glands that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

ileum cell

the final portion of the small intestine, measuring around 3 meters, and ends at the cecum. It absorbs any final nutrients, with major absorptive products being vitamin B12 and bile acids

dendrites

the part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons and send them toward the cell body

growth rings (tilia 3 year) (secondary xylem)

thickness of rings show amount of water absorbed.

media

to control caliber of the arteries, a key step in maintaining blood pressure.

astrocyte

transfer mitochondria to neurons, and supply the building blocks of neurotransmitters, which fuel neuronal metabolism

phloem

transporting nutrients like sugars, carbohydrates, proteins.

Coleus Stem tip (dicot)

trichomes apical meristems leaf bud primordium/axillary bud young leaf

periderm (tilia 3 year)

under epidermis. second protection

apical meristem (a)

vertical growth of plants. auxin is produced for plant to grow.

trichomes

water and nutrient absorption for plants

parenchyma cells (cucurbit stem)

weird circle shapes. participate in photosynthesis

cardiac muscle cell

works to keep your heart pumping through involuntary movements.