Bio141 Final

Which of the following phyla is a member of the Radiata? a. Nemertea b. Porifera c. Rotifera d. Ctenophora e. Echinodermata

d. Ctenophora

Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are members of this phylum. a. Hepatophyta b. Pterophyta c. Bryophyta d. Lycophyta e. Anthocerophyta

d. Lycophyta

In most eumetazoans the innermost tissue layer during development is the a. mesoderm. b. epiderm. c. mesoglea. d. endoderm. e. ectoderm.

d. endoderm.

The major structural component of bacterial cell walls is a. cellulose. b. chitin. c. proteoglycan. d. peptidoglycan. e. arabinogalactan.

d. peptidoglycan.

Mammals are thought to be living descendants of which of the following lineages? a. anapsids b. archosaurs c. lepidosaurs d. synapsids e. diapsids

d. synapsids

Members of the phylum ____ all have at some point during development a hollow dorsal nerve cord, a perforated pharynx, a notochord, and segmented muscles in both the body wall and postanal tail. a. Hemichordata b. Echinodermata c. Cnidaria d. Arthropoda e. Chordata

e. Chordata

For which of the following is there fossil evidence of 100 extinct species from five continents, with only one extant species? a. humans b. birds c. marine mammals d. insects e. horses

e. horses

Which connective tissue contains fibroblasts? a. loose connective tissue b. fibrous connective tissue c. cartilage d. bone e. loose connective tissue and fibrous connective tissue

e. loose connective tissue and fibrous connective tissue

Discovery is linked to whom: Gradualism

James Hutton

Discovery is linked to whom: Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Which fungal phylum contains Rhizopus stolonifer?

Zygomycota

Which fungal phylum is associated with aseptate hyphae?

Zygomycota

Which fungal phylum is associated with microsporidia?

Zygomycota

The majority of amoebas are found in the Amoebozoa. The rest are found in the a. Rhizaria. b. Opisthokonts. c. Heterokonts. d. Alveolata. e. Archaeplastida.

a. Rhizaria.

The changing size ratio between an animal's head and the rest of its body during development is an example of a. allometric growth. b. punctuated equilibrium. c. anagenesis. d. preadaptation. e. paedomorphosis.

a. allometric growth.

White, narrow-tubular, highly fragrant flowers are most likely pollinated by a. moths. b. butterflies. c. hummingbirds. d. bees. e. flies.

a. moths.

Living members of the lineage ____ include the sharks, skates, and rays. They all have skeletons made entirely of cartilage. a. Petromyzontoidea b. Chondrichthyes c. Actinopterygii d. Myxinoidea e. Sarcopterygii

b. Chondrichthyes

On a cladogram, branches represent a. common ancestors. b. groups of organisms that share a common ancestor. c. distinguishing characters. d. common characters. e. extinct species.

b. groups of organisms that share a common ancestor.

Maintenance of the body's internal environment at relatively constant levels is called a. feedback. b. homeostasis. c. physiology. d. natural selection. e. feedforward.

b. homeostasis.

Extinction is an example of a ____. a. microevolutionary change b. macroevolutionary change c. natural selection d. Mendelian genetics e. "hopeful monster"

b. macroevolutionary change

The source of new alleles in a population is a. natural selection. b. mutation. c. microevolution. d. adaptation. e. genetic drift.

b. mutation.

Rhodophyta are ____algae. a. brown b. red c. golden d. green e. blue-green

b. red

Members of which fungal phylum are the only ones to produce motile spores? a. Glomeromycota b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota e. Ascomycota

c. Chytridiomycota

The only protists that have 2 types of nuclei in each cell are a. Archaeplastida. b. Dinoflagellates. c. Ciliates. d. Excavates. e. Amoebozoans.

c. Ciliates.

Members of the phylum ____ exhibit radial symmetry, with their body parts arranged regularly around a central axis. a. Porifera b. Mollusca c. Cnidaria d. Platyhelminthes e. Chordata

c. Cnidaria

Australia, Antarctica, and South America represent fragments of a. Australasia. b. Laurasia. c. Gondwanaland. d. Eurasia. e. Amerasia.

c. Gondwanaland.

Some animals, like humans, have two eyes on the front of the head that perceive a mostly overlapping visual field. In contrast, some herbivores (rabbits, for example) have eyes on the sides of their head and visual fields that may not overlap at all. How does this impact perception of the environment? a. Humans have better depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits. b. Humans have poorer depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits. c. Humans have better depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits. d. Humans have poorer depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits. e. Due to integration by the brain, there is really no difference in depth perception or visual field size when comparing humans to rabbits.

c. Humans have better depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits.

You find a protist that has a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. You correctly conclude that this organism is a. a cellular slime mold. b. a plasmodial slime mold. c. a choanoflagellate. d. not an opisthokont. e. not motile.

c. a choanoflagellate.

Members of the lineage ____ are called lancelets. As adults they live mostly buried in the sand in warm, shallow marine habitats, but they do have well-developed segmented muscles and can move. a. Petromyzontoidea b. Placodermi c. Cephalochordata d. Urochordata e. Myxinoidea

c. Cephalochordata

Based on the phylogeny of fungi that is currently the most widely accepted, organisms of the phylum ____ belong to the fungal group that diverged the earliest from the rest of the fungi. a. Glomeromycota b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota e. Ascomycota

c. Chytridiomycota

A formal 2-part name, or binomial, combines the names of a. a family plus a genus. b. a class plus a specific epithet. c. a genus plus a specific epithet. d. a family plus a class. e. a family plus a specific epithet.

c. a genus plus a specific epithet.

The Hardy-Weinberg formula is valuable for the calculation of changes in a. population size. b. speciation. c. allele frequencies. d. mutation. e. dimorphism.

c. allele frequencies.

Microbes that are found in hot springs or other extreme environments are most specifically likely to be a. Gram-negative. b. Gram-positive. c. archaeans. d. cyanobacteria. e. proteobacteria.

c. archaeans.

The part of a neuron that conducts an electrical signal towards other neurons is/are the a. dendrites. b. cell body. c. axon. d. dendrites and axon. e. dendrites, cell body and axon.

c. axon.

In humans, where is the tympanic membrane? a. in the outer ear, adjacent to the pinna b. deep within the middle ear c. between the outer ear and the middle ear's cavity d. adjacent to the stapes e. between the middle ear and inner ear

c. between the outer ear and the middle ear's cavity

Most golden algae are a. unicellular and autotrophic. b. unicellular and heterotrophic. c. colonial and autotrophic. d. colonial and heterotrophic. e. multicellular and heterotrophic.

c. colonial and autotrophic.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an epithelial function? a. allow diffusion b. secrete products c. contract when stimulated d. protect the body from invasion by bacteria e. form linings of organs

c. contract when stimulated

Which type of bacteria grows in the presence or absence of oxygen? a. obligate aerobes b. obligate anaerobes c. facultative anaerobes d. obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes e. obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

c. facultative anaerobes

The structure that gets smaller and smaller as one progresses from bryophytes to vascular plants, then seed plants, is the a. sporangium. b. sporophyte. c. gametophyte. d. sperm cells. e. eggs.

c. gametophyte.

What mechanism seemed to separate the "birds of paradise" in New Guinea? a. chromosomal differences b. different mating rituals c. geographic isolation d. interference from humans e. mechanical differences between species

c. geographic isolation

The most direct ancestors of modern plants were a. sponges. b. Brown algae. c. green algae. d. cyanobacteria. e. fungi.

c. green algae.

Which of the following does the macronucleus control? a. asexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction c. growth and metabolism d. osmosis e. digestion of prey

c. growth and metabolism

A mule is an example of a. hybrid breakdown. b. hybrid inviability. c. hybrid sterility. d. mechanical isolation. e. temporal isolation.

c. hybrid sterility.

A key trait that distinguishes gnathostomes from other chordate lineages is the presence of a. bony scales. b. claspers. c. jaws. d. the operculum. e. keratin.

c. jaws.

The study of fungi is called ____. a. ecology b. botany c. mycology d. microbiology e. parasitology

c. mycology

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are technically a. seedless vascular plants. b. seed plants. c. non-vascular plants. d. charophytes. e. green algae.

c. non-vascular plants.

The simplest eye structure, which is able to perceive light but not form an image, is called a a. compound eye. b. single-lens eye. c. ocellus. d. ommatidia. e. photoreceptor.

c. ocellus.

You would expect the bones of a growing child to have extremely active a. osteoclasts. b. fibroblasts. c. osteoblasts. d. adipocytes. e. chondrocytes.

c. osteoblasts.

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals is called a. competition. b. genetic drift. c. relative fitness. d. gene flow. e. mutation.

c. relative fitness.

Fossils are found only in a. metamorphic rocks. b. igneous rocks. c. sedimentary rocks. d. crystalline rocks. e. radioactive rocks.

c. sedimentary rocks.

Which of the following is found most often for protostomes? a. spiral, indeterminate cleavage b. radial, indeterminate cleavage c. spiral, determinate cleavage d. radial, determinate cleavage e. radial cleavage in juveniles, determinant cleavage in adults

c. spiral, determinate cleavage

All fungi can reproduce via ____. a. asci b. fruiting bodies c. spores d. conidia e. basidia

c. spores

Some protists have a pellicle, which is used for a. defensive purposes. b. sexual reproduction. c. structural support. d. water absorption. e. food storage.

c. structural support.

Homologous structures were "discovered" by findings that indicated that ____. a. species on different continents were not similar in form b. different geological layers held different kinds of fossils c. structures of similar form and position occurred in animals of markedly different size, shape, and lifestyle d. some structures found in animals are apparently useless e. some kinds of animals had apparently gone extinct

c. structures of similar form and position occurred in animals of markedly different size, shape, and lifestyle

When under attack, ciliates can eject dart-like protein threads from surface organelles called a. vacuoles. b. gullets. c. trichocysts. d. phagosomes. e. alveoli.

c. trichocysts.

Among the following lineages, which has the largest number of Hox genes when all Hox gene clusters are taken into account? a. cnidarians b. cephalochordates c. vertebrates d. arthropods e. eurochordates

c. vertebrates

This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants has about 550 known living species, the most among gymnosperms. Many of them have needlelike leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata, and are thus adapted to dry conditions. a. Cycadophyta b. Anthophyta c. Gnetophyta d. Coniferophyta e. Ginkgophyta

d. Coniferophyta

Members of the lineage ____ include slugs and snails. Most have a shell, but some have no shell. Most undergo torsion during development, a twisting of their visceral mass that leads to placement of their anus practically over their heads. a. Cephalopoda b. Polyplacophora c. Bivalvia d. Gastropoda e. Scaphopoda

d. Gastropoda

Why is the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O2) so important to the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis? a. Oxygen is corrosive and thus would have degraded many of the metallic compounds on the surface, releasing toxic gasses into the new atmosphere. b. Oxygen is more reduced than hydrogen gas, methane, or ammonia. c. Oxygen would have supported microorganisms that help chemical decay proceed. d. Oxygen is able to reverse reactions by removing electrons and hydrogen from organic molecules, thus destroying the first organic compounds as quickly as they developed. e. Oxygen would have caused multiple explosions, converting chemical energy into heat energy and rendering that energy unavailable for driving the synthesis of organic molecules.

d. Oxygen is able to reverse reactions by removing electrons and hydrogen from organic molecules, thus destroying the first organic compounds as quickly as they developed.

Asymmetry, choanocytes, filter feeding, osculum, and spicules are all terms associated with which phylum? a. Nematoda b. Ctenophora c. Nemertea d. Porifera e. Cnidaria

d. Porifera

What happens when phospholipids are placed in an aqueous solution? a. They disperse throughout the solution and form polar bonds with other organic molecules present in the solution. b. They move to the water's surface and form a single-layered membrane between the water and the atmosphere. c. They repel one another. d. They spontaneously form bilayers. e. The hydrophobic tales force the phospholipids to form "beads" at the surface, much like you see when vegetable oil is added to an aqueous solution.

d. They spontaneously form bilayers.

Members of one major class of the lineage ____ are called tunicates or sea squirts. They have tadpolelike larvae, but their sessile adult form is usually encased in a leathery "tunic." a. Petromyzontoidea b. Placodermi c. Cephalochordata d. Urochordata e. Myxinoidea

d. Urochordata

How do water molds differ from true fungi? a. Water molds have cell walls made up of chitin; fungi have cell walls made up of cellulose. b. Water molds form hyphae; fungi form mycelia. c. Water molds are haploid; fungi are diploid. d. Water molds have a flagellated stage in their life cycle; fungi do not. e. Water molds do not cause plant diseases; fungi do.

d. Water molds have a flagellated stage in their life cycle; fungi do not.

Having aseptate hyphae, members of this phylum are described as coenocytic since they have numerous nuclei in a common cytoplasm. a. Glomeromycota b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota e. Ascomycota

d. Zygomycota

The black bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer and dung-infesting fungi of the genus Pilobolus are members of which fungal phylum? a. Glomeromycota b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota e. Ascomycota

d. Zygomycota

Members of the phyla Ectoprocta, Brachipoda, and Phoronida all possess a lophophore, which is a. a cluster of pores along the aboral surface, used for expelling wastes from the digestive tract. b. a hard shell made of calcium carbonate. c. an outpocket of the digestive tract, where metabolic wastes are processed before emptying into the digestive tract for expulsion. d. a circular fold with one or two rows of hollow, ciliated tentacles. e. an extra body cavity surrounding the digestive tract filled with muscles used for locomotion.

d. a circular fold with one or two rows of hollow, ciliated tentacles.

Algin is a substance used to thicken products as diverse as ice cream, cosmetics, and floor polish. It is extracted from the cell walls of ____ algae. a. green b. golden c. blue-green d. brown e. red

d. brown

Fossils of plants found in deeper geologic layers do not show vascular tissues, while fossils in shallower geologic layers include some specimens with and some without vascular tissues. Thus, vascular tissue in plants is considered a ____ character. a. ancestral b. mosaic c. primitive d. derived e. physiologically essential

d. derived

A mutualistic symbiosis where fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells is called a(n) ____. a. ectomycorrhiza b. lichen c. arbuscule d. endomycorrhiza e. haustorium

d. endomycorrhiza

The presence of cilia is a common feature of some a. nervous tissues. b. muscle tissues. c. connective tissues. d. epithelial tissues. e. epithelial tissues and connective tissues.

d. epithelial tissues.

Sometimes the most abundant color form of an animal is preyed upon more extensively than less common forms. This illustrates the phenomenon of a. stabilizing selection. b. directional selection. c. disruptive selection. d. frequency dependent selection. e. genetic drift.

d. frequency dependent selection.

In the taxonomic hierarchy, a family consists of a group of similar a. orders. b. classes. c. species. d. genera. e. domains.

d. genera.

A sudden reduction in population size generally results in a. extinction. b. mutation. c. speciation. d. genetic drift. e. natural selection.

d. genetic drift.

When male moose engage in their annual battles, butting heads with their oversized antlers, they are participating in a process that will lead to a. stabilizing selection. b. disruptive selection. c. directional selection. d. intrasexual selection. e. intersexual selection.

d. intrasexual selection.

Which of the following combinations represent prezygotic mechanisms of isolation? a. hybrid breakdown and temporal isolation b. hybrid breakdown and gametic isolation c. hybrid sterility and temporal isolation d. mechanical and temporal isolation e. mechanical and hybrid breakdown

d. mechanical and temporal isolation

Many algal species have life cycles consisting of alternating haploid and diploid generations. The most common life cycle in brown algae consists of organisms that are a. unicellular in the haploid stage and multicellular in the diploid stage. b. multicellular in the haploid stage and unicellular in the diploid stage. c. unicellular in both the haploid and diploid stages. d. multicellular in both the haploid and diploid stages. e. colonial in both the haploid and diploid stages.

d. multicellular in both the haploid and diploid stages.

The word gymnosperm means ____. a. covered seed b. active sperm c. naked egg d. naked seed e. covered sperm

d. naked seed

Gene flow between organisms of ring species occurs a. between any of the organisms if they are placed in the same environment. b. freely. c. never. d. only between intermediary populations. e. only under laboratory conditions.

d. only between intermediary populations.

Which of the following includes the purple nonsulfur bacteria? a. chemoautotroph b. chemoheterotroph c. photoautotroph d. photoheterotroph e. chemoautotroph and photoheterotroph

d. photoheterotroph

Mating types in fungi are generally termed a. sperm and eggs. b. and. c. male and female. d. plus and minus. e. Fungi do not have specific mating types.

d. plus and minus.

The evolutionary mode in which species evolve rapidly at first and then remain stable for very long periods of time is called a. catastrophism. b. uniformitarianism. c. disruptive selection. d. punctuated equilibrium. e. anagenesis.

d. punctuated equilibrium.

DNA in prokaryotes is found in a. the nucleoid. b. the nucleolus. c. plasmids. d. the nucleoid and plasmids. e. the nucleolus and plasmids.

d. the nucleoid and plasmids.

An example of mechanical isolation would be a. flowers that bloom months apart. b. two organisms that are pollinated by different insects. c. two organisms that have different habitats. d. two organisms that have incompatible gametes. e. two organisms that have different mating rituals.

d. two organisms that have incompatible gametes.

The reason Darwin sailed aboard the H.M.S. Beagle was because he ____. a. wanted to develop his theory of evolution b. was invited to be the ship's naturalist c. was invited to be the ship's geologist d. was invited to be the captain's dining companion e. was invited to be the captain's personal physician

d. was invited to be the captain's dining companion

The members of this lineage of Cnidarians exist only as polyps as adults. Many build calcium carbonate exoskeletons and have a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic protists. a. Hydrozoa b. Scyphozoa c. Trematoda d. Cubozoa e. Anthozoa

e. Anthozoa

The three domains of life are a. eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. b. animals, plants, and microorganisms. c. Prokaryota, Eukaryota, and Protoctista. d. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota. e. Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

e. Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Members of which fungal phylum are also called sac fungi? a. Glomeromycota b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota e. Ascomycota

e. Ascomycota

This lineage of Echinoderms are sea stars, each with a central disk surrounded by 5 to 20 "arms." a. Echinoidea b. Ophiuroidea c. Crinoidea d. Holothuroidea e. Asteroidea

e. Asteroidea

Where did Earth's atmosphere originate? a. Earth's gravity trapped gasses from passing comets. b. Gases were released from the Earth itself as it cooled. c. The atmosphere was derived from dust particles from the original gas cloud around the planet. d. Earth's gravity trapped gasses from passing comets, gases were released from the Earth itself as it cooled, and the atmosphere was derived from dust particles from the original gas cloud around the planet. e. Gases were released from the Earth itself as it cooled and the atmosphere was derived from dust particles from the original gas cloud around the planet.

e. Gases were released from the Earth itself as it cooled and the atmosphere was derived from dust particles from the original gas cloud around the planet.

This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants is limited to one living species. That species is a deciduous tree with fan-shaped leaves. It has separate male and female plants, and the males are often planted in cities because of their resistance to pollution, insects, and disease. a. Cycadophyta b. Anthophyta c. Gnetophyta d. Coniferophyta e. Ginkgophyta

e. Ginkgophyta

Members of this Ecdysozoan phylum are so plentiful in soil and other places that they may be the most abundant animals on Earth. Commonly called roundworms, it is estimated that more than half a million living species of them exist, although only about 80,000 have been described. a. Arthropoda b. Onychophora c. Nemertea d. Annelida e. Nematoda

e. Nematoda

Which of the following observations did not influence Darwin's later thoughts about evolution? a. The discovery of fossils that resembled extant organisms in the same region. b. The observation that animals from similar habitats in South America and Europe were very different. c. A great variety of species exist across the globe. d. Species on islands differed from species on the mainland closest to the island. e. North American and South American species were more similar to each other than European and African species.

e. North American and South American species were more similar to each other than European and African species.

Because of continental drift, dinosaurs during the Jurassic Period were able to migrate freely from a. Africa to Europe. b. Antarctica to Asia. c. Australia to Asia. d. South America to North America. e. South America to Africa.

e. South America to Africa.

Which of the following statements about euglenoids is false? a. They are much more common in fresh water than marine environments. b. Most are photosynthetic. c. Their cell body is surrounded by a pellicle. d. Some absorb nutrients from their environment in a heterotrophic manner. e. They move by pseudopodia.

e. They move by pseudopodia.

Because of fluctuations in the environment, such as depletion of food supply or an outbreak of disease, a population may periodically experience a rapid and marked decrease in number of individuals, leading to a form of genetic drift called a. a founders effect. b. migration. c. gene flow. d. natural selection. e. a genetic bottleneck.

e. a genetic bottleneck.

Which tissue has little extracellular matrix, acts as an insulator, and is used to store chemical energy? a. loose connective tissue b. blood c. cartilage d. fibrous connective tissue e. adipose tissue.

e. adipose tissue.

Which of the following is a typical source of nutrients and water for developing amniote embryos? a. squalene b. bone c. keratin d. collagen e. albumin

e. albumin

The protists are a diverse group of organisms that have traditionally been grouped together because they all a. have the same type of nutrition. b. live in the same environments. c. have very similar DNA sequences. d. have very similar shapes. e. are not prokaryotes, fungi, plants, or animals.

e. are not prokaryotes, fungi, plants, or animals.

Electroreceptors ____. a. are only used by fishes for navigational purposes b. can be used for communication between primates c. are only able to receive, not produce, electrical signals d. can be used to generate electrical fields in some invertebrates having special electric organs e. are usually used in communication, navigation, and hunting in the organisms that possess them

e. are usually used in communication, navigation, and hunting in the organisms that possess them

If you see a yellow flower with "nectar guide" stripes best seen in ultraviolet light and with a strong, sweet odor, it is likely pollinated by ____. a. flies b. birds c. bats or moths d. butterflies e. bees

e. bees

The ____ is the initial opening between the developing gut and the outside environment for most animal embryos. a. schizocoelom b. mesoglea c. archenteron d. enterocoelom e. blastopore

e. blastopore

Which of these groups is most closely related to humans? a. gorillas b. new world monkeys c. orangutans d. old world monkeys e. chimpanzees

e. chimpanzees

The substance that typically provides rigidity to fungal cell walls, and is found in some animals, is ____. a. lignin b. cellulose c. starch d. collagen e. chitin

e. chitin

Most biologists agree that the most recent common ancestor of all animals was probably a ____, an idea first proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1874. a. jellyfish b. ciliated protozoan c. sessile sponge d. chytrid e. colonial, flagellated protist

e. colonial, flagellated protist

Which of the following surrounds and protects the brain in all vertebrates? a. pharynx b. neural crest c. oral hood d. notochord e. cranium

e. cranium

Flowers that smell like rotten meat, dung or decaying matter are most likely pollinated by a. moths. b. butterflies. c. hummingbirds. d. bees. e. flies.

e. flies.

If individuals move from one population to another, it may cause a shift in allele frequencies due to a. genetic drift. b. directional selection. c. natural selection. d. mutation. e. gene flow.

e. gene flow.

The movement of genetic material from one clade to another is called a. gene substitution. b. polyphyly. c. hybridization. d. cloning. e. horizontal gene transfer.

e. horizontal gene transfer.

How is cyanobacterial photosynthesis similar to plant photosynthesis? a. in type of chlorophyll b. in splitting of water c. in production of oxygen d. in type of chlorophyll and in splitting water e. in type of chlorophyll, in splitting water, and in the production of oxygen

e. in type of chlorophyll, in splitting water, and in the production of oxygen

According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, a. most of the genes from the endocytosized bacteria moved to the nucleus. b. the host anaerobe became dependent on the endocytosized bacteria. c. the endocytosized bacteria became dependent on the host cell. d. the endocytosized bacteria were all photosynthetic. e. most of the genes from the endocytosized bacteria moved to the nucleus, the host anaerobe became dependent on the endocytosized bacteria, and the endocytosized bacteria became dependent on the host cell.

e. most of the genes from the endocytosized bacteria moved to the nucleus, the host anaerobe became dependent on the endocytosized bacteria, and the endocytosized bacteria became dependent on the host cell.

The Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium tells us what to expect when a sexually reproducing population is a. decreasing with each generation. b. increasing with each generation. c. migrating. d. evolving. e. not evolving.

e. not evolving.

The concept for examining speciation by reconstructing the evolutionary tree is the a. biological species concept. b. examination of ring species. c. examination of clinal variation. d. morphological species concept. e. phylogenetic species concept.

e. phylogenetic species concept.

The specialized male gametophyte of seed plants, such as gymnosperms, is called a(n) ____. a. sporopollenin b. ovule c. seed d. strobilus e. pollen grain

e. pollen grain

The biological species concept relies primarily on the ability of individuals within the species to a. adapt to the environment. b. have greater longevity. c. intermingle with other species. d. live in a variety of habitats. e. produce fertile offspring when mating with one another.

e. produce fertile offspring when mating with one another.

Agar is a substance used as a culture medium in the laboratory. It is extracted from the cell walls of ____ algae. a. green b. golden c. blue-green d. brown e. red

e. red

In a lichen, the photobiont usually receives a. nutrients. b. protection from herbivory. c. aid in sexual reproduction. d. enhanced dispersal of offspring. e. shelter from radiation and desiccation.

e. shelter from radiation and desiccation.

You would describe an epithelial tissue with a single layer of flattened cells as a. simple columnar epithelium. b. stratified cuboidal epithelium. c. stratified columnar epithelium. d. stratified squamous epithelium. e. simple squamous epithelium.

e. simple squamous epithelium.

"Prebiotic soup" refers to a. the interior contents of protocells. b. the cytoplasm of early prokaryotic cells. c. the mix of gases in the atmosphere that gave rise to the first organic molecules. d. the polymerized slime coating ancient clay particles. e. the accumulation of organic molecules that formed in the oceans before there was life on earth.

e. the accumulation of organic molecules that formed in the oceans before there was life on earth.

An earthworm detects sound a. through specialized tympanic membranes located near the head. b. through a thinned region of the exoskeleton. c. through general mechanoreceptors on its skin. d. by using a specialized organ that measures the frequency of vibration of the surrounding dirt particles. e. through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line.

e. through a series of mechanoreceptors arranged in a lateral line.

Which of the following are members of the Oomycota? a. water molds b. white rusts c. mildews d. water molds and white rusts e. water molds, white rusts and mildews

e. water molds, white rusts and mildews

Which fungal phylum contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

Ascomycota

Which fungal phylum is associated with an ascocar?

Ascomycota

Which fungal phylum is associated with a basidiocarp?

Basidiomycota

Which fungal phylum is associated with ectomycorrhizae?

Basidiomycota

Discovery is linked to whom: Evolution by natural selection

Charles Darwin AND Alfred Russel Wallace

Discovery is linked to whom: Uniformitarianism

Charles Lyell

Discovery is linked to whom: Vestigial structures

George-Louis de Buffon

Which fungal phylum is associated with endomycorrhizae?

Glomeromycota

Discovery is linked to whom: Inheritance of discrete genetic units

Gregor Mendel

A paleontologist estimates that when a particular rock formed, it contained 12 mg of the radioactive isotope potassium-40, which has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. The rock now contains 3 mg of the isotope. About how old is the rock? a. 2.6 billion years b. 5.2 billion years c. 1.3 billion years d. 0.3 billion years e. 0.4 billion years

a. 2.6 billion years

Members of this Ecdysozoan phylum have a segmented body encased in a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin plus other materials. Their phylum name means "jointed feet." a. Arthropoda b. Onychophora c. Nemertea d. Annelida e. Nematoda

a. Arthropoda

Diatoms belong to the group a. Bacillariophyta. b. Phaeophyta. c. Chrysophyta. d. Rhodophyta. e. Chlorophyta.

a. Bacillariophyta.

Which of the following is a correct statement? a. Cones respond to particular wavelengths (colors), rods perceive light at low intensity without color perception. b. Rods respond to particular wavelengths (colors), cones perceive light at low intensities without color perception. c. Cones are more sensitive to single photons of light than are rods. d. Nocturnal animals have a high concentration of cones in their eyes and relatively few rods. e. Humans have approximately equal numbers of rods and cones, but the cones are primarily localized in the fovea.

a. Cones respond to particular wavelengths (colors), rods perceive light at low intensity

This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants has about 185 known living species. Many of them look like palm trees, and some produce massive strobili. Their male and female strobili are found on separate plants. a. Cycadophyta b. Anthophyta c. Gnetophyta d. Coniferophyta e. Ginkgophyta

a. Cycadophyta

If RNA was the first information storage molecule, what macromolecule would have been the "next" molecule produced in the progression toward living cells? a. DNA b. lipids c. carbohydrates d. sugars e. proteins

a. DNA

Which of the following best describes the phylogenetic relationship between protists, fungi, plants, and animals? a. Fungi and animals share a common protist lineage, while plants arose from a different protist ancestor. b. Fungi and plants share a common protist lineage, while animals arose from a different protist ancestor. c. Animals and plants share a common protist lineage, while fungi arose from a different protist ancestor. d. Plants, animals, and fungi each arose from a different protist lineage. e. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists each arose from the same prokaryotic ancestor.

a. Fungi and animals share a common protist lineage, while plants arose from a different protist ancestor.

Members of the phylum ____ are called acorn worms. They use their mucus-coated proboscis to construct U- shaped burrows to trap food particles, and also trap food from water passed through gill slits in their pharynx. a. Hemichordata b. Echinodermata c. Cnidaria d. Arthropoda e. Chordata

a. Hemichordata

This phylum of nonvascular plants has about 6000 known living species. It includes the genus Marchantia, whose members can reproduce asexually via cups called gemmae. a. Hepatophyta b. Pterophyta c. Bryophyta d. Lycophyta e. Anthocerophyta

a. Hepatophyta

What is the function of pain? a. It causes an organism to move away from or otherwise decrease exposure to a damaging stimulus. b. It elicits a reflex response. c. It protects an organism from encountering harmful conditions. d. It works faster than conscious thought. e. It causes an organsim's heart rate to increase to deliver more blood.

a. It causes an organism to move away from or otherwise decrease exposure to a damaging stimulus.

Found mostly in freshwater, members of this Lophotrochozoan phylum have a wheel-like, ciliated food- gathering organ around their head called a corona. Some members of this phylum make extensive use of parthenogenesis for reproduction. a. Rotifera b. Mollusca c. Platyhelminthes d. Annelida e. Nemertea

a. Rotifera

Which of the following best explains why modern seedless vascular plants are confined largely to wet or humid environments? a. They require external water for reproduction. b. They do not have true roots. c. They lack stomata. d. They have a dominant sporophyte generation. e. They do not have flowers or fruits.

a. They require external water for reproduction.

Evolution can be said to have taken place when a. a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies. b. a mutation occurs in a population. c. several mutations occur in a population. d. a feature of an individual animal changes through use or disuse. e. a population has different forms of the same gene.

a. a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies.

Microevolution can be said to have taken place when a. a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies. b. a mutation occurs in a population. c. several mutations occur in a population. d. a feature of an individual animal changes through use or disuse. e. when a population has different forms of the same gene.

a. a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies.

A pollen grain is best described as a. a spore with a male gametophyte inside. b. a spore with a female gametophyte inside. c. a gametophyte containing an egg. d. a male sporophyte. e. a female sporophyte.

a. a spore with a male gametophyte inside.

Based on modern molecular phylogeny, which of the following is a derived condition within Lophotrochozoa? a. acoelomate species b. bilateral symmetry c. tissues d. multicellularity e. schizocoelom

a. acoelomate species

Natural selection results in a. adaptation. b. a mutation. c. a new species. d. genetic drift. e. stabilizing selection.

a. adaptation.

A single seed lands on one of a group of isolated islands. Several million years later, its descendants have evolved into a number of new species on the different islands, representing a variety of trees, shrubs, and vines. At that point in time, we have an example of a. adaptive radiation. b. punctuated equilibrium. c. genetic drift. d. microevolution. e. mutation.

a. adaptive radiation.

Polyploidy refers to ____ and occurs most often in ____. a. an individual getting one or more additional sets of chromosomes; plants b. an individual getting one or more additional sets of chromosomes; animals c. an individual lacking one or more sets of chromosomes; plants d. an individual lacking one or more sets of chromosomes; animals e. an individual lacking one or more sets of chromosomes and receiving additional sets of other chromosomes; animals

a. an individual getting one or more additional sets of chromosomes; plants

Turtles are thought to be living representatives of which of the following lineages? a. anapsids b. archosaurs c. lepidosaurs d. synapsids e. diapsids

a. anapsids

The least mobile protists are the a. apicomplexans. b. dinoflagellates. c. diatoms. d. heterokonts. e. euglenoids.

a. apicomplexans.

The habitats of "birds of paradise" in New Guinea are on mountains separated by a. areas of unsuitable land. b. fierce predators. c. man-made borders. d. the ocean. e. rivers and lakes.

a. areas of unsuitable land.

By definition, a monophyletic lineage is a a. clade. b. taxon. c. genus. d. family. e. phylogenetic tree.

a. clade.

What is the function of the iris? a. control the amount of light entering the eye b. focus the image on the retina c. respond to particular colors d. keep the lens under tension to allow for image focusing e. prevent light scattering upon entry to the eye

a. control the amount of light entering the eye

One of the two main angiosperm clades, this group has about 200,000 species. Members of the group all have pollen grains with three grooves, and most have two cotyledons. Most also have net-veined leaves. a. eudicots b. the star anise group c. monocots d. water lilies e. magnoliids

a. eudicots

During allopatric speciation, the first event is usually a. geographic separation of two populations. b. a hybridization event. c. competitive exclusion. d. disruptive selection. e. a prezygotic reproductive barrier.

a. geographic separation of two populations.

Characters that provide evidence for evolutionary relationship are a. homologous. b. analogous. c. taxonomic. d. convergent. e. morphological.

a. homologous.

The most parsimonious inference about the evolution of parental care behavior in crocodilians and birds is a. it evolved once in the common ancestor of the two groups. b. the derived character state is an apomorphy. c. it evolved numerous times within each lineage. d. it is a learned behavior. e. parental care arose due to coevolution.

a. it evolved once in the common ancestor of the two groups.

Of the following choices, the best outgroup to use to resolve a phylogeny for great apes would be a. lemurs. b. butterflies. c. angiosperms. d. slime molds. e. Archaea.

a. lemurs.

In a lichen, the mycobiont receives a. nutrients. b. protection from herbivory. c. aid in sexual reproduction. d. enhanced dispersal of offspring. e. shelter from radiation and desiccation.

a. nutrients.

Modern cells are thought to have arisen from a. protocells. b. pre-cells. c. gas and dust clouds. d. prokaryotic cells that predated protocells. e. prokaryotic cells that predated pre-cells.

a. protocells.

Yeast are a. single-celled fungi. b. multicellular plants. c. single-celled plants. d. single-celled protists. e. multicellular fungi.

a. single-celled fungi.

Which tissue is striated and can rapidly contract, producing voluntary movements? a. skeletal muscle b. smooth muscle c. bone tissue d. cardiac muscle e. adipose tissue

a. skeletal muscle

A sorus is a cluster of ____. a. sporangia b. fronds c. strobili d. gametangia e. rhizomes

a. sporangia

Which stage of the Plasmodium life cycle does label A represent? a. sporozoite b. gametocyte c. cyst d. zygote e. merozoite

a. sporozoite

Abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals is likely to lead to a. sympatric speciation. b. allopatric speciation. c. extinction. d. mutation. e. anagenesis.

a. sympatric speciation.

In frequency-dependent selection, highest mortality can be expected in a. the most abundant genotype. b. the least abundant genotype. c. the least well-adapted genotype. d. heterozygous genotypes. e. homozygous recessive genotypes.

a. the most abundant genotype.

Zoologists have described nearly ____ living species of animals. a. 20,000 b. 2 million c. 47,000 d. 100,000 e. 1 million

b. 2 million

Fossils of Cooksonia represent the oldest known fossils of vascular plants. Such fossils date to about a. 1.5 billion years ago. b. 425 million years ago. c. 250 million years ago. d. 125 million years ago. e. 17 million years ago.

b. 425 million years ago.

Based on molecular evidence, fungi were present on land at least a. 1 billion years ago. b. 500 million years ago. c. 250 million years ago. d. 125 million years ago. e. 10 million years ago.

b. 500 million years ago.

This phylum of vascular, seed-bearing plants has over 260,000 known living species, and is the dominant group of land plants today. a. Cycadophyta b. Anthophyta c. Gnetophyta d. Coniferophyta e. Ginkgophyta

b. Anthophyta

Organisms traditionally called mushrooms, as well as shelf fungi, coral fungi, bird's nest fungi, stinkhorns, and puffballs, are all members of which fungal phylum? a. Glomeromycota b. Basidiomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota e. Ascomycota

b. Basidiomycota

How might absorption of organic compounds into clays assist in their aggregation and organization into membrane-bound protocells? a. Clays contain many minerals in extremely thin layers and readily repel ions, forcing multiple chemical interactions. b. Clays are highly structured, contain water, and store potential energy that could drive the chemical reactions forward. c. Clays lack water, forcing the concentration of the organic molecules and thus driving multiple interactions. d. Clays are extremely resistant to temperature changes and thus would insulate the organic compounds from temperature changes in the atmosphere. e. None of the above statements accurately explain clays' possible roles in the formation of protocells.

b. Clays are highly structured, contain water, and store potential energy that could drive the chemical reactions forward.

Members of this phylum have radial symmetry and nematocysts; they may have polyp or medusa forms (or both) as adults. a. Nematoda b. Cnidaria c. Porifera d. Rotifera e. Ctenophora

b. Cnidaria

Thomas Malthus' influence on Darwin can best be characterized by which of the following? a. Darwin was convinced artificial selection could work in nature. b. Darwin realized species typically produce many more offspring than are needed to replace the parent generation. c. Darwin was convinced the fate of humanity was dependent on artificial selection. d. Darwin was convinced the fate of humanity was dependent on natural selection. e. Darwin was convinced to publish his ideas about natural selection

b. Darwin realized species typically produce many more offspring than are needed to replace the parent generation.

Which animal taxon is named for the cuticle or external skeleton that its members secrete and periodically molt? a. Deuterostomia b. Ecdysozoa c. Reptilia d. Lophotrochozoa e. Protostomia

b. Ecdysozoa

Members of the phylum ____ have bilaterally symmetrical larvae but exhibit secondary radial symmetry as adults, usually organized around five rays, or "arms." a. Hemichordata b. Echinodermata c. Cnidaria d. Arthropoda e. Chordata

b. Echinodermata

Which of the following phyla has a unique water vascular system that usually includes tube feet that can be used for movement? a. Hemichordata b. Echinodermata c. Cnidaria d. Arthropoda e. Chordata

b. Echinodermata

____ are dormant structures formed by certain bacteria in response to unfavorable environmental conditions. a. Capsids b. Endospores c. Endotoxins d. Exotoxins e. Heterocysts

b. Endospores

Where are the methanogens classified? a. Crenarchaeota b. Euryarchaeota c. Korarchaeota d. Nanoarchaeota e. both Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota

b. Euryarchaeota

A number of major disease-causing protists are found in the a. Euglenoids. b. Excavates. c. Archaeplastida. d. Diatoms. e. Brown algae.

b. Excavates.

Which of the following best describes fertilization in the moss life cycle? a. Pollen is blown by the wind to a female cone, where it forms a pollen tube that grows toward where the egg will form. b. Flagellated sperm swim in a film of water on the surface of the plant to reach an egg. c. Flagellated sperm are blown by the wind to a location near an egg, and then swim through plant fluids to reach the egg. d. Flagellated sperm swim through plant fluids to reach an egg. e. Flagellated sperm attach to the moist skin of certain animals and are transferred to the surface of the plant to reach an egg.

b. Flagellated sperm swim in a film of water on the surface of the plant to reach an egg.

Species in this Lophotrochozoan phylum have a body divided into three regions: visceral mass, head-foot, and mantle. a. Rotifera b. Mollusca c. Platyhelminthes d. Annelida e. Nemertea

b. Mollusca

Which of the following branches of biology examines the form and variety of organisms in their natural environment? a. Taxonomy b. Natural history c. Comparative morphology d. Biogeography e. Geology

b. Natural history

Which of the following phyla is a member of the Parazoa? a. Nemertea b. Porifera c. Rotifera d. Ctenophora e. Echinodermata

b. Porifera

Which of the following was probably the first information storage molecule? a. DNA b. RNA c. protein d. carbohydrates e. lipids

b. RNA

Adult members of this lineage of Cnidarians are predominately medusae. They are the true jellyfishes, and are not active swimmers. a. Hydrozoa b. Scyphozoa c. Trematoda d. Cubozoa e. Anthozoa

b. Scyphozoa

Each cone responds primarily to a single color. What kinds of cones do normal humans have? a. Three cones that perceive red, blue, and yellow light. b. Three cones that perceive red, blue, and green light. c. Three cones that perceive orange, green, and purple light. d. Four cones that perceive red, blue, yellow, and green light. e. All cones respond equally to all colors of the visible light spectrum.

b. Three cones that perceive red, blue, and green light.

What percentage of the species that have ever existed on earth are probably now extinct? a. less than 10% b. about 99.9% c. about half d. 25% e. 75%

b. about 99.9%

The radioactive decay of carbon-14 can be used to determine a. relative dating. b. absolute dating. c. mutation rates. d. plate tectonics. e. extinction rates.

b. absolute dating.

The majority of protists are a. anaerobic. b. aerobic. c. autotrophic. d. parasitic. e. photosynthetic.

b. aerobic.

All biological research is undertaken with the explicit or implicit recognition that ____. a. Charles Darwin's view of evolution put forth in The Origin is without error b. all forms of life are related and have evolved from ancestral forms c. all species share the same common ancestor d. the products of evolution are easily predicted e. the theory of evolution can be ignored unless the research is explicitly examining evolutionary process

b. all forms of life are related and have evolved from ancestral forms

What is the combined function of the malleus, incus, and stapes? a. convert the mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane into a pressure wave in the cochlear duct b. amplify the vibrations of the ear drum c. equalize the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane d. convert the oval window's vibrations into vibrations of the tympanic membrane e. dampen the vibrations of the tympanic membrane

b. amplify the vibrations of the ear drum

Birds are living representatives of which of the following lineages? a. anapsids b. archosaurs c. lepidosaurs d. synapsids e. crocodilia

b. archosaurs

Hybridization and polyploidy led to the evolution of a. mallard ducks. b. common bread wheat. c. apple maggots. d. bent grass. e. the great apes.

b. common bread wheat.

Which major tissue category often has more extracellular matrix material than cellular material? a. epithelial tissue b. connective tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue e. adipose tissue

b. connective tissue

If we were to discover beings on a distant planet that looked very much like us, it would probably be cited as an example of a. coincidence. b. convergent evolution. c. homology. d. adaptive radiation. e. genetic drift.

b. convergent evolution.

Red tide and extensive fish kills are caused by population blooms of a. euglenoids. b. dinoflagellates. c. diatoms. d. ciliates. e. brown algae.

b. dinoflagellates.

You discover an organism that has a nucleus but no mitochondria. This organism could be a a. euglenoid. b. diplomonad. c. kinetoplastid. d. ciliate. e. dinoflagellate.

b. diplomonad.

One advantage that angiosperms have is a unique triploid ____, a nutritive tissue produced during fertilization. a. seed coat b. endosperm c. ovule d. pollen sac e. ovary

b. endosperm

According to the biological species concept, members of the same species look alike primarily because they a. live in the same environment b. experience gene flow, which mixes their genetic material c. have a common ancestor d. have stopped evolving e. are adapted to the same life style

b. experience gene flow, which mixes their genetic material

You are a botanist surveying a previously unstudied island. You discover a plant that has a small free-living gametophyte that requires external water for fertilization. After fertilization, a large sporophyte with xylem and phloem develops. The gametophyte dies, and the free-living sporophyte eventually releases spores from sporangia on the margins of its leaves. Into which group should you classify this plant? a. bryophytes b. ferns c. gymnosperms d. angiosperms e. algae

b. ferns

Label B illustrates Plasmodium infection of the a. kidney. b. liver. c. gall bladder. d. stomach. e. lung.

b. liver.

An example of the morphological species concept would be achieved by a. doing a genetic analysis on the two organisms. b. looking at the appearance of two organisms. c. mating the two organisms to see if viable offspring result. d. observing the mating rituals of the two organisms. e. tracing the common ancestry of the two organisms.

b. looking at the appearance of two organisms.

Many algal species have life cycles consisting of alternating haploid and diploid generations. The most common life cycle in green algae consists of organisms that are a. unicellular in the haploid stage and multicellular in the diploid stage. b. multicellular in the haploid stage and unicellular in the diploid stage. c. unicellular in both the haploid and diploid stages. d. multicellular in both the haploid and diploid stages. e. colonial in both the haploid and diploid stages.

b. multicellular in the haploid stage and unicellular in the diploid stage.

Fishes' lateral line is comprised of multiple ____ that allow fish to detect vibrations and water currents. a. statoliths b. neuromasts c. statocysts d. stereocilia e. cupulas

b. neuromasts

Inbreeding is due primarily to a. migration. b. non-random mating. c. mutation. d. natural selection. e. adaptive radiation.

b. non-random mating.

In pine trees the megaspores develop within a(n) ____. a. sporopollenin b. ovule c. seed d. strobilus e. pollen grain

b. ovule

Directional selection favors a. intermediate phenotypes. b. phenotypes at one end of the distribution. c. phenotypic extremes at both ends. d. heterozygotes. e. homozygotes.

b. phenotypes at one end of the distribution.

What do some scientists believe led to the increase in the level of oxygen in the atmosphere? a. the first photosynthetic reactions b. photosynthetic cells that used water and not H2S as a source of electrons c. The development of cellular respiration pathways in cells d. the use of glycolysis in cells e. photosynthetic pathways that stripped oxygen off of carbon dioxide and retained only the carbon in subsequent steps

b. photosynthetic cells that used water and not H2S as a source of electrons

A diagram that hypothesizes a set of organisms' evolutionary relationships to one another is a a. comparison tree. b. phylogenetic tree. c. classification tree. d. taxonomic tree. e. species tree

b. phylogenetic tree.

Small photosynthetic protists found in aquatic habitats are collectively called a. zooplankton. b. phytoplankton. c. phagoplankton. d. bryophytes. e. chrysophytes.

b. phytoplankton.

Biological evolution occurs in ____ when specific processes cause genomes of organisms to differ from their ancestors a. individuals b. populations c. communities d. phenotypes e. sub-species

b. populations

A Gram-positive bacterium is characterized by the a. presence of a thin cell wall. b. presence of a thick cell wall. c. absence of a cell wall. d. presence of an outer membrane. e. absence of ribosomes.

b. presence of a thick cell wall.

Much of the world's coal reserves were formed from the buried remains of the dominant plants of the Carboniferous period, which were ____. a. bryophytes b. seedless vascular plants c. gymnosperms d. angiosperms e. gymnosperms and angiosperms

b. seedless vascular plants

Ringlike patterns on an earthworm and "six-pack abs" in humans are evidence of ____ in an animal's body plan. a. cephalization b. segmentation c. radial symmetry d. mesenteries e. cleavage

b. segmentation

Which tissue is composed of spindle-shaped contractile cells that are commonly found in the walls of tubular organs such as blood vessels? a. squamous epithelium b. smooth muscle c. skeletal muscle d. cardiac muscle e. adipose tissue

b. smooth muscle

They famous Urey-Miller experiments provided crucial support for which hypothesis? a. the Endosymbiosis hypothesis b. the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis c. the RNA World hypothesis d. the Dickerson oxidizing atmosphere hypothesis e. the Hydrothermal vent hypothesis

b. the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis

Structures in an organism that are reduced in size, complexity or strength compared to related organisms and have no current function are called a. homologous b. vestigial c. mutualistic d. fossil e. convergent

b. vestigial

Discovery is linked to whom: Population grows faster than agricultural capacity

Thomas Malthus

There are, currently, approximately how many named extant species of plants? a. 12,000 b. 120,000 c. 260,000 d. 1,200,000 e. 2,600,000

c. 260,000

In an isolated population of fruit flies, 4 percent of the individuals have "pink eyes", a homozygous recessive condition, and 96 percent have the dominant black eye phenotype. What percentage of the population are heterozygotes? (Assume the population is in genetic equilibrium) a. 32 percent b. 16 percent c. 48 percent d. 88 percent e. 4 percent

c. 48 percent

Living members of the lineage ____ are the ray-finned fishes, with fins supported by thin and flexible bony rays. This lineage includes over 95 percent of the living species of fishes. a. Petromyzontoidea b. Chondrichthyes c. Actinopterygii d. Myxinoidea e. Sarcopterygii

c. Actinopterygii

This phylum of nonvascular plants has about 10,000 known living species, including those in the genus Sphagnum, a peat moss used by humans for its absorbent property and also as a fuel. a. Hepatophyta b. Pterophyta c. Bryophyta d. Lycophyta e. Anthocerophyta

c. Bryophyta

The dominant land plants during the Mesozoic era, from about 250 million years ago to 65 million years ago, were ____. a. lycophytes b. ferns c. gymnosperms d. bryophytes e. angiosperms

c. gymnosperms

What was the major stumbling block for the acceptance of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution when proposed by Darwin? a. strong evidence for inheritance of acquired traits b. lack of a fossil record c. lack of a plausible theory of heredity d. lack of evidence for artificial selection e. lack of observational and experimental data

c. lack of a plausible theory of heredity

Lizards and snakes are living representatives of which of the following lineages? a. anapsids b. archosaurs c. lepidosaurs d. synapsids e. dinosaurs

c. lepidosaurs

If we are analyzing the origin of new families, orders, etc. over time, we are studying a. microevolution b. mutation c. macroevolution d. natural selection e. anagenesis

c. macroevolution

One of the two main angiosperm clades, this group has about 60,000 species that are characterized by having a single cotyledon and by pollen grains with one groove. Most have parallel-veined leaves. a. eudicots b. the star anise group c. monocots d. water lilies e. magnoliids

c. monocots

Deuterostomia is a ____ lineage of animals that dates to the ____. a. polyphyletic; Mesozoic b. paraphyletic; Cenozoic c. monophyletic; Paleozoic d. paraphyletic; Paleozoic e. polyphyletic; Cenozoic

c. monophyletic; Paleozoic

The Class Reptilia is a group of species that share a common ancestor, but does not include all of that ancestor's descendants. It is therefore considered to be a. monophyletic. b. polyphyletic. c. paraphyletic. d. an outgroup. e. a mosaic.

c. paraphyletic.

Which of the following includes the cyanobacteria? a. chemoautotroph b. chemoheterotroph c. photoautotroph d. photoheterotroph e. chemoautotroph and photoheterotroph

c. photoautotroph

New genetic variations sometimes become more common within populations because ____. a. most parts of the genome are non-coding and are available for selection b. proteins can be "recruited" for advantageous function c. proteins for which they code are advantageous and selected d. adaptation occurs rapidly in the few species that have survived through time d. mutations are able to select against genetic variations that had disadvantageous function

c. proteins for which they code are advantageous and selected

Prokaryotes were split into two domains based on differences in a. staining characteristics. b. metabolic capabilities. c. rRNA sequences. d. cell membrane properties. e. cell wall composition.

c. rRNA sequences.

Morphological characteristics are widely used for taxonomic classifications because a. they are the most likely indicators of evolutionary relationships. b. they are the most likely to represent reproductive isolation among groups. c. they are easy to assess in living, preserved, or fossilized specimens. d. they are always the exact phenotypic expression of genotypes. e. they indicate genetic relatedness.

c. they are easy to assess in living, preserved, or fossilized specimens.

Members of this Lophotrochozoan phylum include earthworms, bristle worms, and leeches. a. Rotifera b. Mollusca c. Platyhelminthes d. Annelida e. Nemetera

d. Annelida