bio2211 final

Which of the following will help cool the body?

Evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

Which two processes function in the repair of injured tissue?

Regeneration and replacement

A __________ is a type of joint that is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

Which type of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?

Dense regular collagenous tissue

The epidermal layer found only in thick skin is __________.

stratum lucidum

Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have __________.

desmosomes

Adipose tissue

functions as an insulator and a site of energy storage.

Structures that function in intercellular communication include __________.

gap junctions

The electrical properties of cells are the result of

ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane.

The ___ function of the nervous system includes stimulating glands to secrete and muscles to contract.

motor

A depolarization of the membrane makes the membrane potential less ___________.

negative

Bone cells called ___________ have processes that lie in canaliculi.

osteocytes

The opposite of supination is __________.

pronation

Important functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs.

mportant functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs.

A myofilament is the

protein strand composed of actin or myosin.

rotation

A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis.

circumduction

A movement in which one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

inversion

A movement that tips the soles medially.

supination

A movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward.

pronation

A movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward.

eversion

A movement that turns the soles laterally.

In which of the following situations does a resting membrane potential exist?

A relaxed muscle fiber

Heather is watching a movie. Which type of chemical pathway does her muscles depend on at this time?

Aerobic respiration

Randy is participating in a strong man competition and is required to pull a yacht as far as he can. Which type of chemical process will his skeletal muscles rely on during this competition?

Anaerobic respiration

Which type of tissue attaches to the underlying muscles and supports the framework for body organs?

Areolar tissue

What is the examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease?

Autopsy

Which of the following joints is most movable?

Ball and socket

A place where two or more bones come together is a/an __________.

Both "joint" and "articulation" are correct.

Which of the following will respond to a threshold stimulus with an all-or-none contraction?

Both a single muscle fiber and a single motor unit are correct

role of calcium in muscle contraction

Calcium binds to troponin and tropomyosin located on actin and shifts them so binding sites are exposed

We easily recognize bones as central to the skeletal system, but we have another component that is associated with bone and provides cushioning, structural support, and aids in bone repair. What is this component being described?

Cartilage

Which of the following statements concerning connective tissue is true?

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue.

Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?

Compact bone

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

Epiphyseal plate

True or False? The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a median partition called the sternum.

FALSE

true or false? positive feedback mechanisms are always damaging the body?

FALSE

What is the name of the connective tissue that is found between the bellies of adjacent muscles?

Fascia

Which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint?

Fontanelles

Which of the following statements provides an accurate description of cellular physiology involving structures of the digestive system?

Hepatocytes (liver cells) produce bile to aid in the breakdown of ingested lipids.

A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following likely caused his condition?

Hypersecretion of testosterone

What effects can be attributed to increased pressure on a bone?

Increased osteoblast activity

Which of the following is not characteristic of aging at the tissue level?

Injuries heal rapidly and more completely in older people.

How does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis?

It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.

Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?

Langerhans cells

Which type of bone cell possesses extensive ER and ribosomes?

Osteoblast

Which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue?

Osteoblasts

Which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix?

Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.

Which type of bone cell has a ruffled border and secretes acids?

Osteoclast

Which of the following are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?

Osteocytes

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?

Periosteum is formed.

Which type of muscle is attached to bones?

Skeletal muscle

synaptic vesicles function

Responsible for storing and releasing neurotransmitters

Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. What type of burn did Barney experience?

Second degree

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

what impairment occurs with improper function of dense regular connective tissue

Tearing of the biceps brachii tendon during contraction

Myastensia gravis results from the destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, but treatment involves medications that reduce acetylcholinesterase activity. Which statement best explains the effectiveness of these medications?

The antibodies destroy some but not all of the acetylcholine receptors, so reducing acetylcholinesterase activity increases the likelihood that acetylcholine will bind to the remaining receptors.

Which of the following structures is most like the receptor of a homeostatic control mechanism?

The mechanism that detects a decrease in tire pressure on an automobile

Which of the following does not contribute to a person's tolerance to prolonged exercise?

The speed with which acetylcholinesterase catalyzes reactions

Which of the following is composed of myosin molecules?

Thick myofilaments

Which of the following statements concerning hair structure is true?

Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.Correct

rickets is

a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.

An isotonic contraction is described as

a muscle produces constant tension during contraction

An eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing

A chain reaction of one action potential after another is what we know as __________.

a nerve signal

what is the cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm

abdominal

Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi, is an example of __________ of the shoulder.

abduction

The neurotransmitter that is excitatory for skeletal muscles is called

acetylcholine.

The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the

actin myofilaments

Tetanus of muscles is described as

action potential frequency is high enough that no relaxation of muscle fibers occurs.

Light-skinned individuals have

approximately the same number of melanocytes as individuals with darker skins.Correct

A biaxial joint has movement

around two axes at right angles to one another.

Bone remodeling may occur

as bones grow, adjust to stress, as fractures heal, constantly during a persons lifetime

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of __________.

bone matrix

Ligaments attach __________.

bone to bone

acetylcholinesterase function

breaks down acetylcholine

the sternal region is commonly known as the

breastbone

Treppe

can contribute to improved muscle efficiency, may be due to increase in level of Ca2+ around myofoibril, example of graded respomse, acheived during warm up exercises

Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

cardiovascular

Which of the following would indicate dysfunction of the respiratory system?

change in blood pH

Intervertebral discs exhibit a great deal of strength because of the presence of thick bundles of __________.

collagen

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.

Muscle myofibrils

contain myosin and actin myofilaments

The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as

contractility.

During resting conditions, _________ is synthesized to store energy.

creatine phosphate

Rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross-bridges form but can't release

The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called __________.

cyanosis

Synovial fluid

decreases friction between bones.

Opening of sodium gates typically leads to ___________.

depolarization of the plasma membrane

On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from

dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks.

An accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces is called __________.

edema

The epiphyses of the clavicles are formed by ___________.

endochondral ossification

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

endoderm-bone

The superficial layer of epithelium of the skin is called the __________.

epidermis

When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints __________ to lift your body weight.

extend

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called

fascicles.

The flat bones of the skull develop from __________.

fibrous connective tissue

Bowing the head is an example of __________.

flexion

Intramembranous ossification

forms the bones of the roof of the skull

The plane that cuts the body lengthwise and separates the body into anterior and posterior portions is called

frontal

The joint between a tooth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a __________.

gomphosis

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________.

growth; differentiation

Betsy took a fall and broke her arm, which required that she wear a cast for a prolonged period of time. When she took the cast off, she was alarmed to see that her muscles

had undergone atrophy

Troponin

has a calcium-binding site

The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is __________.

hyaline cartilage

While standing, looking up at the stars requires __________.

hyperextension of the neck

In reference to the body temperature in living organisms, the set point can be defined as the

ideal normal value

Recruiting more and larger motor units for contraction will ___________ the strength of muscle contraction.

increase

The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to

increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber.

hydroxyapatite

inorganic material

provides weight bearing strength

inorganic material

A fascicle

is surrounded by perimysium.

Cartilage heals slowly after an injury because

it has few, if any, blood vessels.

As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called __________.

keratinization

what is the anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body?

lateral

Which structure is located inferior and lateral to the heart?

liver

Bones that are longer than they are wide and generally have enlarged ends for articulations are classified as ______ bones.

long

Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count and thus increase their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in

longer aerobic respiration.

The length of the resting sarcomere is

longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere.

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to

manufacture blood cells.

Melanin is produced only by __________.

melanocytes

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

melanoma

A thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a __________.

membrane

acetylcholine function

muscle action, learning, memory

Of the four primary classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is __________.

muscle tissue

ATPase is found in

myosin heads

The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

neuromuscular junctions

In appositional growth of cartilage,

new chondrocytes and new matrix are added onto the outside of the tissue.

Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone tissue

on the surface of the bone.

collagen

organic material

proteoglycans

organic material

provides flexiblity

organic material

The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

Here is a figure showing major body cavities and other structures. What does "E" represent?

pelvic cavity

The sarcolemma is the

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

positive feedback

The outside of the resting plasma membrane is __________ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane.

positively charged

Skeletal muscle fibers

possess striations.

The opposite of retraction is __________.

protraction

The function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must

recruit more muscle fibers.

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.

replacement

Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

responds to stimulation by the nervous system

At rest, the difference in charge on the outside of a plasma membrane versus the inside is called the cell's ______________.

resting membrane potential

A pivot joint

restricts movement to rotation

All of the following are functions of muscles except

secretion.

The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by __________.

sex hormones

the anatomical arm refers to the part of the upper limb from the

shoulder to the elbow

The glenoid labrum is part of the __________ joint, while the acetabular labrum is part of the __________ joint.

shoulder; hip

Which type of epithelial tissue are found in the kidney tubules?

simple cuboidal epithelium

which organ system is the location of blood cell production?

skeletal

The model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the

sliding filament model.

Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

sodium ions

Which type of cell has the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?

stem cells

The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the __________.

stratum basale

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

strength of the bone.

A sarcomere is the

structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle fiber.

Connective tissue is separated into subgroups based on the

structure of the extracellular matrix.

Joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint.

Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called __________.

supination

Epimysium

surrounds individual muscles

Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are __________ joints.

synovial

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a/an __________.

tendon

At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called __________ hairs.

terminal

The type of muscle fatigue known as "psychological fatigue" is the result of

the emotional state of an individual

An example of a long bone would be __________.

the tibia

A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the __________ level.

threshold

Epithelial tissue is characterized by

tightly packed cells

Interconnecting rods of bone are ___________.

trabeculae

Which of the following activities would increase a muscle's resistance to fatigue?

training for a marathon

Which type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?

transitional epithelium

The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is

troponin.

Cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

which system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

urinary

Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically one would expect him to have highly developed

white muscle.

Aerobic respiration

yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized.

One somatic motor neuron is stimulated by how many muscle fibers?

zero