BIO416 SBA Chapter 19 - Regulation of Metabolism
Consider carbohydrate metabolism. Compare the actions of thyroxine, epinephrine, and growth hormone with the action of insulin.
Their effects on carbohydrate metabolism are opposite those of insulin.
Blood levels of glucose and amino acids are elevated during the ______ state.
absorptive
During the ___ state, cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids occurs, with increases in glycogenesis, protein synthesis, and lipogenesis.
absorptive
Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are stored during the _____ state and released during the _____ state.
absorptive; postabsorptive
Synthesis reactions are also called _____ reactions.
anabolic
The metabolic rate of an awake, rested, comfortable individual 12-14 hours after eating is called the ___ metabolic rate.
basal
The parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating the ______.
blood Ca2+ levels
Blood clotting is critically affected by the levels of ______ in the blood.
calcium
Parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin are involved in the regulation of:
calcium balance
Basal metabolic rate, adaptive thermogenesis, and physical activity are components of:
caloric expenditure of the body
The adrenal medulla secretes a category of hormones known as the ______.
catecholamines
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) mediate the effects of
growth hormone
Damage to the hypothalamus can result in a loss of appetite termed ____. Multiple choice question.
hypophagia
The brain region called the ___ contains areas involved in hunger and eating behavior.
hypothalamus
At cell membranes, an abnormally low blood calcium level leads to:
increased sodium permeability and hyperexcitability of neurons and muscle cells
IGFs are ___ like growth factors that interact with the growth hormone itself.
insulin
Plasma glucose is maintained in large part due to the secretion from the _____. Multiple choice question.
liver
The action of the bone-forming cells known as _____ enhances bone density and calcium deposition.
osteoblasts
RANK is a type of receptor found on precursors to _____ cells. RANKL is a ligand that binds to RANK and is made by _____ cells.
osteoclast; osteoblast
Secretion of HCl is used by ___ cells to dissolve inorganic bone matrix.
osteoclasts
Bone resorption occurs by the action of cells called ___ Bone deposition occurs by the action of ___
osteoclasts; osteoblasts
Blood levels of glucose and amino acids are low during the ______ state.
postabsorptive
Fasting, when the concentrations of the blood glucose and amino acid fall, is also known as the ___ state
postabsorptive
The liver secretes glucose into the blood during the ____ state
postabsorptive
The role of insulin during digestion is to ______.
promote the uptake of glucose and anabolism
The energy-providing dietary molecules include ______, as well as carbohydrates and fats.
proteins
What is the function of white adipose tissue?
Energy storage
Glucagon causes _______.
glycogenolysis
List the hormones involved in calcium regulation.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 parathyroid hormone calcitonin
Caloric expenditure includes ______.
1. basal metabolic rate 2. physical activity 3. adaptive thermogenesis
Match the term describing formation of circulating energy substrates with the correct definition. 1. glycogenolysis 2. lipolysis 3. gluconeogenesis 4. ketogenesis
1. formation of glucose from glycogen formation of glucose from glycogen 2. formation of fatty acids from triglycerides formation of fatty acids from triglycerides 3. production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources 4. Choice, formation of ketone bodies formation of ketone bodies
From the list, indicate events occurring during the absorptive state.
1. glycogenesis; lipogenesis 2. amino acids and glucose move from blood into cells
List some functions of calcium.
1. needed for blood clotting 2. acts as second messenger 3. needed for maintenance of membrane permeability 4. role in muscle contraction
List hormones that antagonize the action of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism.
1. thyroxine 2. cortisol 3. growth hormone
Basal metabolic rate is measured:
12-14 hours after eating
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by what endocrine structure?
Adrenal medulla
Intestinal bacteria can produce the ___ vitamins
B (or) K
_____ causes glycogenesis and ______ causes glycogenolysis.
Insulin; glucagon
Define the term free radical.
Molecule containing an unpaired electron
Describe the mechanism by which osteoclasts resorb the inorganic component of the bone matrix
Osteoclasts secrete HCl
Osteoclast development occurs as a ligand called _____ binds to the receptor _____ on osteoclast precursor cells.
RANKL; RANK
Which of these thyroid gland hormones is physiologically more active?
T3 (triiodothyronine)
At target cells, ____ is converted to _____ before it can have an effect on the cells.
T4; T3
Carbohydrates, fat, and protein provide ___ needed for body functions while vitamins and minerals do not.
energy
Vitamins are:
essential nutrients
A molecule that has an unpaired electron and is therefore highly reactive is called a(n) _____.
free radical
The formation of glycogen is ______.
glycogenesis
Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are _____ during the absorptive state and ______ during the postabsorptive state.
stored; released
The term anabolism refers to:
synthesis reactions
The main source of glucose during the postabsorptive state is: Multiple choice question.
the liver
The major site of energy storage in the body is _____ adipose tissue
white
