Biochem test 3
All of the following act in feedback inhibition of glutamine synthetase (GS) in prokaryotes EXCEPT: a. AMP. b. glucosamine-6-phosphate. c. histidine. d. proline. e. CTP.
D
Transamination of pyruvate with glutamate as amino donor gives: a. alanine . b. serine. c. cysteine. d. aspartate. e. valine.
A
What reaction does glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyze? a. The reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate to yield glutamate. b. Phosphorylation of carbamate to yield carbamoyl-phosphate. c. The amidation of the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate to form glutamine. d. The deadenylation of glutamine synthetase. e. The adenylation of glutamine synthetase.
A
All of the following are characteristic features of ATP:GS:adenylyl transferase (AT) EXCEPT: a. It catalyzes the adenylation of glutamine synthetase. b. It exists in two forms, PIIA and PIID. PIIA causes the deadenylation of glutamine synthetase and its activity increases with an increase in glutamine. c. AT:PIIA is inhibited by α-ketoglutarate. d. AT:PIIA needs ATP to complete the reaction. e. It is an enzyme that causes the adenylation/deadenylation of a specific tyrosine residue.
B
Denitrifying bacteria are capable of all EXCEPT: a. reducing NO3- to N2. b. using NO3- as an electron acceptor in their energy-producing pathways. c. oxidizing NH4+to NO3-. d. reducing the combined-nitrogen levels. e. being utilized in water treatment plants to reduce nitrogen entering lakes and streams.
C
All of the following are true of the urea cycle EXCEPT: a. It helps in the excretion of excess nitrogen. b. It is mainly confined to the liver. c. It is linked to the citric acid cycle through fumarate. d. Stimulation of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I) decreases the activity of the urea cycle. e. It is completed by the regeneration of ornithine from arginine.
D
All are convergent metabolic intermediates of α-amino acid carbon skeletons EXCEPT: a. Citrate. b. α-ketoglutarate. c. Oxaloacetate. d. succinyl-CoA. e. Fumarate.
A
All of the following are true statements regarding the 3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PG) family EXCEPT: a. 3-PG is diverted from glycolysis by phosphoglycerate mutase. b. Glycine can be derived from serine. c. Serine, glycine and cysteine are all nonessential amino acids. d. Production of glycine also produces N5, N10-methylene-THF which is important in the biosynthesis of purines. e. Serine production is regulated by a direct feedback mechanism.
A
Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) catalyzes the reaction __________ + _________ + ___________ → 2 glutamate + NADP+ a. α-ketoglutarate; NADPH; glutamine b. glutamate; α-ketoglutarate; NADH c. glutamyl-phosphate; glutamine; NADPH d. N-acetylglutamate; α-ketoglutarate; NADH e. none are true
A
In the process of amino acid biosynthesis, how are glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, and arginine all related? a. They are all derived from α-KG. b. They are all derivatives of acetyl CoA. c. They are all derivatives of pyruvate. d. They are all derived from aspartate. e. They are all derivatives of 3-phosphoglycerate.
A
The correct sequence for electron-transport in nitrate reductase is: A. NADH B. -SH C. FAD D. Cyt b557 E. MoCo F. NO3- a. A, B, C, D, E, F b. B, C, A, D, F, E c. D, A, B, C, E, F d. A, C, B, D, F, E e. C, A, B, D, E, F
A
All of the following are characteristics of phenylketonuria EXCEPT: a. excretion of phenylpyruvate. b. air oxidation causes urine to turn dark on standing. c. treated by putting patient on a diet low in phenylalanine. d. untreated patients suffer severe mental retardation. e. deficiency or defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase.
B
Degradation of valine, isoleucine and methionine leads to succinyl-CoA via the sequence of: A. carboxylation using biotin and ATP B. mutase C. methylmalonyl-CoA D. epimerase E. Propionyl-CoA a. E, B, A, C, D, C b. E, A, C, D, C, B c. A, C, D, C, E, B d. C, A, D, B, C, E e. D, A, C, B, C, E
B
Homoserine and homocysteine are related to serine and cysteine by having: a. an extra amino group. b. an additional methylene group. c. an additional carboxyl group. d. an aldehyde group. e. a phosphoryl group.
B
In plants and microorganisms, amino acid biosynthesis is a matter of synthesizing the appropriate __________ followed by transamination with __________. a. acetyl-CoA derivatives; glutamine b. α-ketoacid; glutamate c. phospho-carbon skeleton; alanine d. nitrogenous base; glutamate e. none are true
B
Nitrogen fixation involves the enzyme __________ catalyzing the reaction N2 + 10 ____ + ___ e- → 2 NH4+ + H2 a. nitrate reductase; H2O; 6 b. nitrogenase; H+; 8 c. nitrogenase; H+; 2 d. nitrogen reductase; H2O; 6 e. none are true
B
Ornithine serves three metabolically important roles, but is not found in proteins. What is one of the important roles of ornithine? a. precursor in the synthesis of aspartate b. an intermediate in the urea cycle c. formation of ornithine from serine d. it condenses with aspartate to form argininosuccinate e. it is derived from glutamate-5-phosphate
B
The reaction, 2 NH4+ + α-ketoglutarate + NADPH + ATP → glutamine + NADP+ + ADP + Pi + H2O, is the combined result of what two enzymes? a. nitrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase b. glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase c. glutamine synthetase and nitrogenase d. glutamate dehydrogenase and nitrogenase e. all are correct
B
The term ketogenic amino acids refers to amino acids: a. that are precursors for glucose synthesis. b. degraded to yield acetyl CoA or acetoacetate . c. that can not be converted to fatty acids or ketone bodies. d. degraded to yield succinyl-CoA, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, fumarate and oxaloacetate. e. none of the above.
B
What is nitrogen fixation? a. The reduction of NO3- to NH4+. b. The formation of NH4+ from N2 gas. c. The oxidation of NH4+ to N2. d. The oxidation of NH4+ to NO3-. e. The formation of NO2- from NO3-.
B
Which of the following directly serves as one of the nitrogen atoms of a urea molecule? a. the amide N of Asn b. the N of Asp c. the R-group N of Lys d. the N of glucosamine e. none of the above
B
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used transamination pair? a. Phe / phenylpyruvate b. Asp / oxaloacetate c. Glu / α-ketoglutarate d. Ala / pyruvate e. all are correct
B
Which of the following is an essential amino acid? a. proline b. valine c. glutamine d. aspartate e. glycine
B
All of the following are characteristics of alkaptonuria EXCEPT: a. excretion of homogentisate b. air oxidation causes urine to turn dark on standing c. results in mental retardation due to accumulation of Phe metabolites d. homogentisate accumulation in joints may cause arthritis e. all are true
C
All of the following are true of transamination EXCEPT: a. It is characterized by the transfer of an α-amino group from an amino acid to the α-keto position of an α-keto acid. b. The amino donor becomes an α-keto acid. c. The coenzyme needed is thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). d. Humans are capable of synthesizing the α-keto acid analog of nonessential amino acids and using transamination to form the amino acids, but are not able to construct carbon skeletons of the essential amino acids. e. The α-keto acid acceptor becomes an α-amino acid.
C
Aspartate is formed from transamination of: a. asparagine. b. aspartame. c. oxaloacetate. d. citrate. e. α-ketoglutarate.
C
Bacterial glutamine synthetase (GS) monomers are inactive because they must be: a. phosphorylated for activity. b. activated by binding glutamine. c. stacked for interface active site development. d. combined for allosteric regulation. e. none are true.
C
Chorismate biosynthesis occurs via the shikimate pathway and is an important precursor in the synthesis of all of the following EXCEPT: a. vitamin K. b. folic acid. c. threonine. d. tyrosine. e. tryptophan.
C
Control over nitrogenase activity is accomplished by which of the following? a. ATP serves as an allosteric activator b. AMP serves as an allosteric inhibitor c. NH4+ prevents expression of the genes that encode nitrogenase d. phosphorylation prevents activity e. none of the above
C
Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood is related to all EXCEPT: a. homocysteinuria at very high levels. b. folic acid deficiency. c. folic acid-dependent conversion of homocysteine to methionine. d. higher risk of heart attack and stroke. e. all of the above are correct.
C
N-acetylglutamate functions in ammonium incorporation into metabolic intermediates as: a. a coenzyme for glutamine synthetase (GS). b. a competitive inhibitor for glutamine synthetase (GS). c. an allosteric activator for carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (CPS-I). d. the energy source needed for the reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to yield glutamate. e. the substrate for the amination of the γ-glutamylphosphate.
C
The involvement of ATP in the nitrogenase complex is because ATP is needed to: a. provide electrons. b. phosphorylate the enzyme. c. break the N2 triple bond. d. transfer electrons from ferredoxin. e. all are true.
C
What would be a result of a high [Gln]/[α-KG] ratio? a. Increase in deadenylation of glutamine synthetase. b. An increase in activity of glutamine synthetase. c. An increase in the degree of adenylation of glutamine synthetase. d. Inhibition of AT:PIIA and stimulation of AT:PIID. e. A need for ammonium fixation by glutamine synthetase.
C
____________ is an intermediate in biosynthesis of ornithine and a regulator of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase-I a. γ-Glutamyl-phosphate b. α-Ketoglutarate c. N-Acetylglutamate d. Glutamine e. Glutamine-5-phosphate
C
All of the carbons and nitrogens of ornithine come biosynthetically from: a. proline. b. valine. c. alanine . d. glutamate. e. glycine.
D
Animals are totally dependent on plants and microorganisms for nitrogen fixation and nitrate assimilation because animals: a. do not have the reducing power (NADPH) to fix nitrogen. b. lack the enzyme aminotransferase. c. lack the enzymes to reduce N2 and NO3- to NH4+. d. lack carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I. e. lack glutamate dehydrogenase.
D
Herbicides (e.g., "Roundup") that inhibit biosynthesis of "essential" amino acids should be relatively safe for animal exposure because animals do not have enzymes of: a. photosynthesis. b. glyoxylate cycle. c. glutamine synthesis pathway. d. Phe, Val, Leu, Ile and His biosynthetic pathways. e. none are correct.
D
Nitrate assimilation occurs in two steps: reduction of nitrate to _________ and further reduction to __________. a. ammonia; nitrogen b. nitrogen; ammonia c. nitrite; nitrogen d. nitrite; ammonia e. none are correct
D
Nitrifying bacteria obtain their chemical energy from: a. the reduction of NO3- to NH4+. b. the formation of NH4+ from N2 gas. c. the oxidation of NH4+ to N2. d. the oxidation of NH4+ to NO3-. e. the formation of NO2- from NO3-.
D
All N2-fixing systems are nearly identical and have all of the requirements EXCEPT: a. ATP. b. O2-free conditions. c. the enzyme nitrogenase. d. strong reductant such as ferredoxin. e. all are true.
E
All are characteristics of Maple Syrup Urine Disease EXCEPT: a. hereditary enzyme defect b. elevated levels of val, leu, and ile and their corresponding α-keto acids in blood and urine. c. restrictive intake of proteins with val, leu and ile is required. d. fatal without detection and treatment. e. elevated blood levels of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate.
E
Amino acids biosynthesized from aspartate include all EXCEPT: a. asparagine. b. threonine. c. methionine. d. lysine. e. glutamate.
E
Glutamine synthetase (GS) belongs to what class of enzymes? a. isomerases b. oxidoreductase c. ligase d. lyase e. transferase
E
Nitrite reductase requires _____ electrons to reduce NO2- to NH4+ and the electrons are provided in higher plants through photosynthesis as reduced ______. a. 2; plastoquinone b. 3; plastoquinone c. 4; heme d. 5; heme e. 6; ferredoxin
E
The carbon skeletons of all of the amino acids below converge to pyruvate EXCEPT: a. alanine. b. serine. c. cysteine. d. glycine. e. glutamate.
E
The reaction, glutamate + NAD(P)+ + H2O → NH4+ + α-ketoglutarate + NAD(P)H + H+, is catalyzed by: a. Nitrogenase. b. carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPS-I). c. glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). d. glutamine synthetase (GS). e. none are true.
E