BIOL 1102 - Final Exam Review

List the order in which the food chain goes.

(bottom to top) - Producers - Primary consumers - Secondary consumers - Tertiary consumers - Quaternary consumers - Scavengers (Infinity War) - Detrivores

"Richest countries" make up _______% of the global population but use _______% of natural resources. All others make up __________% of the pop. but only use _______% of natural resources.

- 20%, 86% - 80%, 14%

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

- Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment; i.e. sunlight, temperature, water, salinity, winds, fires, etc. - Biotic factors are living component of an ecosystem; for example organisms, such as plants and animals.

What is the difference between endoderms and ectoderms?

- Endoderms = constant body temp. (i.e. Humans) - Ectoderms = varying body temp. (i.e. Snakes)

What are some things that have caused an increase in our humanly carrying capacity?

- Medicine - Advances in agriculture - Technology

What is the difference between source water and downstream water?

- Source water = cold, clear, nutrient poor - Downstream water = warm, murky, nutrient rich

What is the difference between species richness and relative abundance?

- Species richness is the # of different species - Relative abundance is the relative amount of each species

How are terrestrial biomes categorized? How about aquatic ones?

- Terrestrial categorized by specific vegetation type - Aquatic categorized by physical environment

Freshwater bodies make up what percentage of the earth's surface?

1%

How have prey populations evolved to escape predation?

1. Cryptic coloration = camo 2. Warning coloration = bright, warns predators 3. Mimicry = model + mimic 4. Disguises = prey look like something else

Name 4 ways in which environments affect populations.

1. Density 2. Structure 3. Size 4. Growth

Which biome is known for its hot & dry weather? How about wet & hot? Cold & dry?

1. Desert 2. Tropical Rainforest 3. Tundra

What are the two ways in which growth models can come?

1. Exponential (J-shaped curve, ideal unlimited resources) 2. Logistic (s-shaped curve, as size increases = intraspecific competition, carrying capacity reached/limiting factors)

Name a reason why dams are built.

1. For irrigation of crops 2. To generate reservoirs for drinking

There are two types of aquatic biomes, they are...

1. Freshwater 2. Saltwater/Marine

What are the two types of life history?

1. Opportunistic (no parental care, early age of reprod., lots of offspring) 2. Equalibrial (lots of parental care, mature slowly, few offspring, reprod. later in life)

What are the 3 parts of a standing freshwater body of water?

1. Photic - top part which receives light 2. Aphotic - Below photic, little to no light, no photosynthesis 3. Benthic Realm - Bottom/floor, inorganic nutrients

Name the 3 types of responses to the environment:

1. Physiological 2. Anatomical 3. Behavioral

There are two types of freshwater bodies. What are they? (Provide examples)

1. Standing (i.e. Lakes & Ponds) 2. Flowing (i.e. Rivers & Streams)

Name the 9 types of biomes.

1. Tropical Rainforests 2. Savanna 3. Desert 4. Chaparral 5. Temperate Grassland 6. Temperate Broadleaf Forest 7. Coniferous Forest 8. Tundra 9. Arctic Ice

List 4 life history traits.

1. age at first reproductive episode 2. how often reproduction takes place 3. how many offspring produced per episode 4. how much parental care is given

What are the 3 types of life tables?

1. survival thru. early + mid-life years, dying old 2. survival & death is equal thru. life 3. survival very low at young ages

How does the production pyramid work?

10% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next; other 90% is lost.

Aquatic biomes cover what percentage of the earth's surface?

75%

Why is eating plants more energy efficient than eating animals?

Because when we eat plants directly, we recieve 1/10th of their energy, compared to 1/100th if we were eating animals that eat the plants.

True or False: Producers cannot make their own food and need to eat other organisms to get its energy.

False, their names are literally "producers." They can make their own food using sunlight, they're autotrophs.

In flowing freshwater bodies, water flows from where to where?

From a source to the downstream/sink

What is the Competitive Exclusion Principle?

If 2 species are competing for the same niche, one of them will be better than the other, will survive + reproduce more than the other, & over time will exclude the other.

Where do coral reefs typically grow?

In warm, tropical areas

What are density-dependent factors?

Limiting factors related to population density, competition for natural resources, can limit growth in natural populations (i.e. food, water, space, light, etc.)

Where is another place with high primary productivity due to its huge size?

Oceans

Define Acclimation

Physiological adjustment to an environmental change

Name some animals/organisms that reside in and have adapted to the intertidal zone.

Seastars, mussels, barnacles, etc.

Life history traits affect...

Survival + Reproduction

Define primary succession.

Takes place after an ecosystem is completely destroyed; requires lots of time to rebound

What is the intertidal zone?

The area between high and low tides; exposed to air & submerged in water

Define Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment

Which biome is the most biodiverse?

Tropical Rainforest

Where does the highest primary productivity on land per unit area take place?

Tropical rainforests

What are wetlands? Name some examples.

Wetlands are found between saltwater & freshwater bodies. i.e. Swamps, bogs, marshes.

What is an arought?

a decrease in the number of births

Define population.

a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area

What is a climograph?

a plot of annual precipitation vs. annual temperature

What are keystone species?

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. Predators that regulate prey populations to prevent competitive exclusion principle & decrease of biodiversity

Natural selection favors...

adaptive traits

Define a niche.

all environmental resources an individual uses

Define community.

all species (all living organisms) living together in a geographic area

Define secondary production.

amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next.

Define "footprint."

amount of land to sustain one individual

What happens within a mutualistic relationship?

both species benefit & coexist (i.e. coral + algae, angiosperms + pollinators, sharks + little teeth-cleaning fish)

Define INTERspecific competition.

competition between different species

Define INTRAspecific competition.

competition between members of the same species

The carrying capacity is based on...

density-dependent factors

What are density-independent factors?

factors not affected by population size (i.e. storms, fires, floods, seasonal changes)

Define ecology.

how environments affect populations

Define clutch size.

number of offspring per reproductive episode

What happens within a predatory relationship?

one species benefits, one does not

What happens within an herbivory relationship?

plants are eaten by animals. some plants have adapted traits to avoid being eaten (i.e. distasteful, spikes, thorns, poisonous)

Define biomagnification.

process in which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level (i.e. PCBs)

What is the pelagic realm?

the all open ocean

Define primary production.

the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs

Define density.

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

Define structure.

the number of individuals within each age group

What happens within a parasitic + pathogenic relationship?

the parasite benefits, the host does not. (i.e. tapeworms, ticks/mosquito, fungus, etc)

Define secondary succession.

the response after a minor disturbance; still life present (or following primary succession)

What do life tables track?

the survivorship/chance of individual surviving at each age group

Energy flow is...

unidirectional