Biol 1107 final exam review

An example of a null hypothesis is

-Drug B will have no effect on tumor growth compared to a placebo -Males and females will score the same on navigational tests.

which of the following is/ are examples of an exergonic reaction

-buring wood in a fireplace -cellular respiration that breaks down sugars to make ATP to do cellular work

NADH is produced during___

-glycolysis -citric acid cycle -pyruvate oxidation -ALL OF THE ABOVE

In a species of plant, the gene that controls plant height and the gene the controls flower color are located on the same chromosome 0.4 cM apart. What is the chance that these genes will be recombined by crossing over?

0.4%

Which recombination frequency makes it impossible to determine if the alleles are far apart or on different chromsomes?

0.50

If a molecule is a carbohydrate, it should be composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _.

1-2-1 ratio

If a muscle cell of an organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism

16

how many electrons does an atom of Potassium have given the atomic number of 19 and mass of 39

19

If DNA of a particular species was analyzed and it was found that it contains 27 percent A, what would be the percentage of C?

23%

What is the probability that the recessive trait will appear in the phenotype (homozygous recessive) of the F2 generation of true breeding plants (including a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive parent)?

25%

If the sequence of the 5'-3' strand is AATGCTAC, then the complementary sequence has the following sequence:

3'- TTACGATG-5'

There would be____ nucleotides in 12 mRNA codons.

36

In which direction does DNA replication take place?

5'-3'

What is the probability of expressing a recessive gene in the F1 generation, when the parents are true breeding (one parent is homozygous recessive and the other parent is homozygous dominant) for that trait?

50%

Which pre-mRNA processing step is important for initiating translation?

7-methylguanosine cap

Alternative splicing is believed to occur in approximately _ of eukaryotes

70%

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. How are they similar? How are they different?

A prokaryotic cell is a simple, mainly single celled organism. They lack a nucleus, and other membrane bound organelles. Their DNA is in the cell's central part, that is called the nucleoid. Prokaryotes have a peptidoglycan cell wall or can have a polysaccharide capsule. Where eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles, with a nucleus. Their DNA is found in the nucleus, and their call wall is made up of cellulose. Eukaryotic cells also have several rod shaped chromosomes.

A single nucleotide change could potentially have devastating consequences on protein function or alternatively, no consequences at all. Explain how it is possible that single nucleotide substitution could have such wide ranging effects.

A single nucleotide change could potentiallly have devastating consequesnces on protein functions or alternatively, no consequences at all, due to the reading of the frame. Since nucleotides are read in triplets inserting just one or two can completely change the reading frame, which then alters the order of amino acids. This can result in no change or a huge change, though since codons are degeneracy it is beleieved to help the negative impact of random mutations.

A caterpillar and a blue whale, on average, have cells that are the same size. The blue whale just has many more of them than the caterpillar does. Explain why small cell size is an advantage.

A small cell size is an advantage because it is able to maintain itself better. Meaning that it is simplier for the cell to exchange materials, take in food, nutrienets, gases, and other things they must carry out to meet their needs. The smaller cell size helps the cell stay on top of moving material and eliminating waste.

During the second half of glycolysis what occurs?

ATP is made and NAD+ gets reduced

Which of the following are produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP, NADPH, O2

During the first half of glycolysis, what occurs?

ATp is used up

The initiator tRNA that binds during the initiation step of translation corresponds to......

AUG methionine

An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following?

Binds to an enxyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate

If a codon of mRNA has the sequence GGU, the corresponding anticodon on the tRNA will have the sequence

CCA

Which of the following is the best way to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions?

Compare their reaction sites

You are growing a houseplant in soil that lacks phosphates and notice that it does not seem healthy. The lack of phosphates would make it difficult for the plant to manufacture which of the following?

DNA

During proofreading, which of the following enzymes reads the DNA?

DNA pol

The initial mechanism for repairing nucleotide errors in DNA is ____.

DNA polymerase proofreading

Which of the following statements about endergonic and exergonic reactions is false?

Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly

In which domain do you find organisms such as Protists?

Eukarya

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria results in the production of ATP by a substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP.

False

Which of the following statements is false?

GRadual speciation is most likely to occur in species that live in a stable climate

Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype. Give an example using the terminology described above (homozygous, heterozygous, etc. )

Genotype is the organisms actual genetic compostition that resides in the nucleus of the cell. Where phenotype is the physical expression of those genes, what we see. Genes are dominant and some are recessive, those that are dominant are expressed over recessive ones. Genotype can also be homozygous, which means both alleles are the same(WW, ww). Where heterozygous means they are different(Ww).

Which organelle is responsible for processing, repackaging, and distributing lipids and proteins?

Golgi apparatus

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII) are replace by electrons from

H2O

You are looking at muscle cells under a microscope from the thigh of a long distance runner. What organelle(s) would you expect to be very abundant in these cells? Explain your answer

I would expect mitochondria to be abundant in the muscle cells. I say this because they are the powerhouse of the cell. Where they are in charge of making ATP , and. is also the cell's main energy-carrying molecule. These muscle cells are in a high need of energy, due to the muscles belonging to a long disance runner, this is when cells have many more mitchochondria.

The genotype XXY corresponds to

Klinefelter syndrome

Why is life on earth so diverse?

Life on earth is diverse in part due to the molecule DNA, which allows for mutations that can benefit an organism's survival and be passed down to offspring.

Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. How are they similar? How are they different

Mitosis and Meiosis are similar in the way they create new cells and follow the same steps. Their differences include mitosis occurs in all organisms except viruses, creates body cells, one cell division, produces two diploid daughter cells, and the daugther cells are identical. Where meiosis occurs in animals, plants, and fungi. It creates sex cells, there are two cell divisons, it produces four haploid daughter cells, and the daughter cells are genetically different.

Your friend says that "animals have mitochondria and plants have chloroplasts." Is your friend correct or incorrect in saying this? Justify your answer.

My friend is incorrect. Although they are only half way incorrect, they are still wrong, becuase they are missing that plants have a chloroplasts as well as a mitochondria. This is becuase the plant still has to make ATP to perform their cellular work, just like the animal cells do with the help deom the mitochondria.

Describe the mechanism that Charles Darwin proposed to explain how life on earth evolved.

Natural Selection

A potato is a type of plant organ known as a tuber and contains large amounts of starch. Based on what learned in this chapter, explain why potatoes contain large amounts of starch and why this is important to the plant.

Potatos contain large amounts of starch becuase they are storing energy. This is important to the plant because it's energy is being stored in the plant as excess glucose molecules. This being done gives the plant a way to have access of sugar when photosynthesis is not able to occur.

Summarize how transcription and translation are different in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes simultaneously preform RNA transcription and translation. This is because they lack a nucleus and the DNa is found in the cytoplasm. Gene expression is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level. Where in eukaryotes gene expression is regulated throughout many levels. RNA transcription occurs prior to protein formation, as it takes place in the nucleus. Followed by translation which occurs in the cytoplasm. It doesn't happen simultaneously for eukaryotic organisms because there is a nuclear compartment and nuclear membranes.

What are emergent properties?

Properties that come about as structures become more complex, or as hierachy increases

Which enzyme is responsible for transcribing the majority of mRNA in eukaryotes?

RNA polymerase II

Which of the following does the enzyme primase synthesize?

RNA primer

What is the concept that describes the approach of observing the smaller parts of a structure to understand the properties of the structure?

Reductionism

What phase of mitotic interphase does not occur during interkinesis of meiosis?

S phase

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?

Squid and humans have eyes similar in structure. Worms and snakes both move without legs. Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly

What two main products result from photosynthesis?

Sugars/ carbohydrates and oxygen

Which feature of promoters can be found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

TATA box

In this scenario, what is the dependent variable? -the water given to the plant -the sunlight given to the plant -the life of the plant -the origin of the plant

The life of the plant

Describe two different processes that occur during meiosis that contribute to genetic variation.

The processes that occur during meiosis that contributes to genetic variation is recombination and independent assortment.

How does the scientific meaning of "theory" differ from the common vernacular meaning?

The scientific menaing of "theory" differs from common vernacular, by scientifically understanding that a theory is a thoroughly tested and verified set of explanations for a body of observations of nature. Where in common vernacular it means a guess or speculation about something , where the knowledge is implied by the theort say is very weak.

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection

The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner.

What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water

Their bodies tend to take in too much water

Which of the following is not true of enzymes?

They increase the free energy of reactions

Protein synthesis involves amino acid monomers being joined together through dehydration reactions to produce a polypeptide. The polypeptide then assumes its 3D shape due to hydrogen bonding and interactions between side chains. Which of the following accurately describes this process?

This is an anabolic reaction

Which of the following statements is not true?

Water is the most abundant molecule in Earth's atmosphere

Cells that possess extra X chromosomes will condense the extra copies into Barr bodies during a process called.....

X inactiviation

Does physical exercise involve anabolic and/or catabolic processes? Give evidence for your answer.

Yes physical exercise involves both anabolic and catabolic processes. This is because within the body cells help break down sugars which provides ATP, ATP provides the energy nessecary to do the work or exercise, which is a catabolic reaction. Anabolic processes include helping repair the tissue that was used in the exercise, this building larger molecules.

The enzyme invertase splits sucrose into glucose and fructose. Invertase would be an example of...

a catabolic enzyme

Which description is an example of a phenotype?

a certain duck has a blue beak most cheetahs live solitary lives

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

a flood causes the formation of a new lake

In what scenario would you describe an individual as heterozygous?

a individual who has blonde haired parent, but has brown hair.

Which of the following correctly summarizes unified cell theory?

all life is composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

Different versions of the same gene are called ___.

alleles

Which of the following are true of epigenetic changes?

allow DNa to be transcribed, move histones to make the DNa accessible or inaccessible, and are temporary

Which type of life cycle has both a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stage?

alternation of generations

the monomers of proteins are

amino acids

At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other?

anaphase II

A molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution is called a(n)

base

How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged?

by expelling more cations than are taken in

Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of excessive light energy by

carotenoids

Plant cell walls are composed of

cellulose

enantiomers are formed by

central carbon molecules bonded to four different atoms

By definition, a pericentric inversion includes the ____.

centromere

The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure?

centrosome

At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures?

chiasmata

This organelle synthesizes glucose using light energy from the sun in a process known as photosynthesis.

chloroplast

Examine the Punett square that results from breeding true breed Roan cattle (Image Q12.3.1). The phenotype displayed by each offspring suggests which type of dominance for the white or 'W' allele relative to the brown or 'B' allele?

co-dominance

The principal force driving movement in diffusion is the __________.

concentration gradient

FtsZ proteins form a ____ that will divide the cell similar to how a ring of microtubules is used in eukaryotes.

contractile ring

Which protein is a positive regulator that phosphorylates other proteins when activated?

cyclin-depenedent kinase(Cdk)

When acids are added to a solution, the pH should

decrease

The AUC and AUA codons in mRNA both specify isoleucine. What feature of the genetic code explains this?

degeneracy

Active transport must function continuously because __________.

diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions

Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane?

double bonds in the fatty acid tail

Binding of an RNA binding protein will ________ the stability of the RNA molecule.

either increase or decrease

What is the combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient called?

electrochemical gradient

electronegativity describes an atom's ability to attract

electrons

Which of the following is/are sometimes used, but not essential for eukaryotic transcription?

enhancers and silencers

Which type of regulation is related to the coiling and uncoiling of the DNA molecule?

epigenetic

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

epigenetic, transcrptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels

Meiosis produces ____ daughter cells.

four haploid

water moves via osmosis_____

from an area with a high concentration of water to oneof lower concentration

An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited _.

genes

In a molecule of starch or cellulose, the monomers are____ molecueles

glucose

During what stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP synthesized?

glycolysis

Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called

grana

Fungi typically display which type of life cycle?

haploid- dominant

Nucleosomes consist of DNA wrapped around____ proteins.

histone

In eukaryotes, what is the DNA wrapped around?

histones

Which of the following is true in regard to crossover?

homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are

hydrogen bonds

The phospholipids that compose cell membranes are described as amphipathic because they have________ heads and _________ fatty acid tails

hydrophilic // hydrophobic

What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?

identification of the cell

Where in the atom is the neutron found and what is this particles charge?

in the nucleus and has a charge of zero

A hydrogen bond is a type of

intermolecular bond

____are the noncoding portions of the gene that are removed during splicing.

introns

Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members?

it does not exchange genetic information with other species

What role does Oxygen play in aerobic respiration?

it is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC

Which of the following fermentation methods canoccur in animal skeletal muscles?

lactic acid fermentation

Which of the following components is not involved during the formation of the replication fork?

ligase

Which of the following separates sister chromatids during meiosis?

meiosis II

If the M checkpoint is not cleared, cell division will be paused during which step?

metaphase

In what phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the nucleus?

metaphase

which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred wallace independently discover?

natural selection

Termination of translation occurs when a __ is encountered by the ribosome.

nonsense codon

The RNA components of ribosomes are transcribed in the ___.

nucleus

Which of the following would you NOT find in bacteria or archaea cells?

nucleus

Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium?

ongoing gene flow among all individuals

A mutated gene that codes for an altered version of Cdk that is active in the absence of cyclin is a(n) _.

onogene

A repressor protein can bind to the __ sequence

operator

oxygen is more electronegative than aluminum. This will cause...

oxygen to have more protons than aluminum

Which macromolecule is the principle component of a plant cell's plasma membrane?

phospolipids

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are

photoautotrophs

Which of the following are characters? Choose one- there are multiple correct answers.

plant height flower color pea texture

Energy stored in chemical bonds of a fat molecule would be an example of ...

potentail energy

Transcription factors initiate translation when they bind to _.

promoters

Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?

protein

A gene that codes for a positive cell-cycle regulator is called a(n) _.

proto-oncogene

The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP?

provides energy coupled reactions

The experiments by Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA was the hereditary material on the basis of the finding that:

radioactive phosphorus was found in the cell

Post-translational control refers to:

regulation of gene expression after translation

If glucose AND lactose are absent, the lac operon will be__

repressed

geometric isomers are formed by

rigid double covalent carbon bonds

DNA replicates by which mode?

semi-conserivative

Which of the following is an evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

sexual reproduction results in variation in the offspring

TO produce one glucose molecule, how many times does the calvin cycle need to run?

six

Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon?

sodium

The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes?

splitting of the water molecules

A diploid, multicellular life-cycle stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called a ________.

sporophyte

Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy?

sucrose

Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis? Tetracycline would directly affect:

tRNA binding to the ribosome

The ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by

telomerase

What are epigenetic modifications?

the addition of reversible changes to histone proteins and DNA

structural isomers are formed by

the same number of atoms forming different structures

What do waxes, steroids, and fats all have in common?

they are all hydrophobic compounds

The light-dependent reactions occur in the ​[blank], while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ​[blank].

thylakoid membranes; stroma

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are:

transcribed and translated almost simultaneously

You want to study the internal structure of mitochondria. Which type of microscope would be the best choice for your research?

transmission electron microscope

What type of protein are microtubules composed of?

tubulin

Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation?

turning on a light switch

A diploid cell has _ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.

twice

Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier?

two species of insects produce infertile offspring

You observe that a container of olive oil is liquid at room temperature. Based on this observation, you conclude that olive oil must be made of ......

unsaturated fats

Saturated fats...

usually come from animal sources

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?

when members of closely related species reproduce

If purple flower color is dominant and white flower color is recessive, what color flower does the homozygous recessive plant have?

white