Biol 113 chapter 24-25

The origin of a new plant species by hybridizing two existing species, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of ________.`

Symmpatric speciation and allopolyploidy

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be __________.

28

All of the following events can trigger an adaptive radiation EXCEPT _____.

an unusual even splitting a habitat, such as a severe hurricane

We know the streamlined bodies shown in the figure above are examples of homoplasy. If the following groups also had streamlined bodies, which of the groupings would give the most support to this body type being homologous?

lizards, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, birds, synapsids, monotremes, marsupials, rodents, and primates

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

mineralized hard parts

Phylogenetic trees constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in _____.

mutations to homologous genetic loci

Which of the following statements is TRUE about a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree?I. Descendant groups (branches) from the same node do not share any derived characters. II. A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features.III. The ancestral group always displays all the synapomorphies of the descendant species. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III E) none; not I, II, or III

none; not I, II, or III

The approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept? A) morphological species concept B) biological species concept C) phylogenetic species concept D) subspecies concept

phylogenetic species concept

Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves ________. a) share a very recent common ancestor b) have very similar morphologies c) belong to the same order d) are both members of the order Carnivora

share a very recent common ancestor

When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification?

shared derived characters

Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros? 1. Improved gene flow 2. Bottleneck effect 3. Sexual selection 4. Founder eec 5. Natural selection

3 and 5

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? A) 3.5 million years B) 5.0 million years C) 3.5 billion years D) 5.0 billion years

3.5 billion years

Ichthyosaurs, now extinct, were aquatic reptiles with dorsal fins and tails, similar to those of fish. Their most recent ancestors were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are .......

Adaptations to a common environment and examples of convergent evolution.

For many years, scientists believed that almost all animal lineages burst into being during the Cambrian era (just after the end of the Precambrian super eon). However, there have been many recent findings of animal-like fossils and "trace fossils" (fossils of an animal-like organism's movement) from the late Precambrian. Which of the following best explains why it took so long to realize there was animal-like life in the Precambrian? A) There were no animals in the Precambrian. B) Animals from the late Precambrian had soft bodies. C) There were many hard-shelled animals in the Cambrian. D) The global climate was such that there was poor fossilization in the Precambrian.

Animals from the late Precambrian had soft bodies.

Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy?

Animals self-fertilize less often than plants, so diploid gametes are less likely to fuse

You are the lucky student of a wacky professor who develops a time machine. He asks if you will test it with him. You get in and there is an immediate glitch-the date readout fails so that when you land you are not sure what era you are in. As your time machine lands, you see an unusual landscape before you. As you open the door, you realize you cannot breathe. You quickly shut the door, realizing you are in the ________. A) Archaean eon B) Anthropocene epoch C) Cenozoic era D) Mesozoic era

Archaean eon

The question refers to the following description.On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences.What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond, and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond?A. Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds.B. Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond.C. Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond.D. Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators.

Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators.

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry versus zones of allopatry?

Call would be more different in areas of sympatry

A researcher notices that in a certain moth species, some females prefer to feed and lay eggs on domesticated solanaceous plants like potatoes and tomatoes. Other females prefer to feed and lay eggs on wild solanaceous plants like Datura. Both male and female moths primarily use scent to find these plants from afar. Females tend to mate where they feed, and the researcher finds a genetic basis for scent preference in these moths. Based on the above information, what might be occurring in this moth species?

Divergence in symaptry

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees.What keeps the two populations separate?

Habitat isolation

The Earth's organisms are now experiencing the sixth mass extinction, with extinction rates higher than those experienced during the end-Cretaceous extinction 66 million years ago. Which of the following is thought to be responsible for this sixth mass extinction?

Human impacts including habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change

Reinforcement is most likely to occur when _______________

Hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological speciesconcept, is (are) correct?I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation.II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful reproductionis possible. A) I only B) II only C) I and III D) II and III E) I, II, and III

I and III

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related but separate species of tree frogs in South America. What outcomes could possibly occur where the ranges of two species overlap? I) The species will interbreed, eventually fusing over time. II) A stable hybrid zone will form if hybrids are better adapted to the area of overlap than either parent species is. III) Species will continue to diverge and be isolated by behavioral or genetic mechanisms.

I, II, and III

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial? a. It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor. b. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. c. It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor. d. It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor.

It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

How do mass extinctions differ from background extinctions?a. Mass extinctions typically result from Hox gene mutations, and background extinctions typically result from changes in weather patterns.b. Mass extinctions, but not background extinctions, are generally caused by competition.c. Mass extinctions occur over a longer period of time than background extinctions.d. Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions.

Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions.

The largest extinction, measured as a percentage of species that disappeared, occurred at the end of which geological period?

Permian

Two species of tree frogs that live sympatrically in the northeastern United States differ in ploidy: Hyla chrysoscelis is diploid, and Hyla versicolor is tetraploid. The frogs are identical in appearance, but their mating calls, which females use to find mates, differ. Which difference most likely evolved first?

Polyploidy

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of maximum parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees?

Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution.

Which of the following could be a vicariance event for species in that habitat?

The level of water in a lake recedes, creating two lakes where there used to be one

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?

The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction.

A small number of birds arrive on an island from a neighboring larger island. This small population begins to adapt to the new food plants available on the island, and their beaks begin to change. About twice a year, one or two more birds from the neighboring island arrive. What effect do these new arrivals have?

Their arrival tends to slow adaptation to the new food plants.

There is an island in the middle of a large river that houses a large population of ants. Damming of the river causes the island to flood and only the highest points of the island are now above water. The ants cannot swim, so are now in multiple isolated populations. Which of the following best describes this event?There is an island in the middle of a large river that houses a large population of ants. Damming of the river causes the island to flood and only the highest points of the island are now above water. The ants cannot swim, so are now in multiple isolated populations. Which of the following best describes this event?--This situation represents isolation by dispersal.--Only a rare development of polyploidy could lead to speciation in this case.--This situation represents a form of sympatric speciation.--Speciation will not occur in this case because of gene flow.--This situation represents isolation by vicariance.

This situation represents isolation by vicariance.

Given that phylogenies are based on shared derived characteristics, which of the following traits is useful in generating a phylogeny of species W, X, Y, and Z?Species W Species X Species Y Species Z a) Trait 1 A A A A b) Trait 2 A A B B c) Trait 3 A B C D

Trait 2

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

What is still lacking in the hypothesis of an asteroid impact as the cause of the end- Cretaceous mass extinction? A) evidence for what caused such high species loss after the impact B) evidence that an asteroid hit Earth at the time of the extinction (65 million years ago) C) a convincing explanation of why mammals radiated after the event D) a complete explanation of why some lineages survived while others vanished

a complete explanation of why some lineages survived while others vanished

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of?

adaptive radiation

House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and the two populations have recently come in contact. If the two forms were unable to interbreed when their expanding ranges met, it would be an example of _____. A-reinforcement B-sympatric speciation C-allopatric speciation D-prezygotic isolation

allopatric speciation

The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and A) their chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis. B) a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. C) the hybrid zone is inhospitable to hybrid survival. D) an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. E) a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.

an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.

Which process led to the formation of the species pairs of Pacific and Caribbean snapping shrimp? a. Sympatric speciation by dispersal b. Allopatric speciation by vicariance c. sympatric speciation by vicariance d. allopatric speciation by dispersal

b. allopatric speciation by vicariance

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? - habitat isolation - temporal isolation - behavioral isolation - gametic isolation

behavioral isolation

Which value(s) would be required to calculate how long ago the most recent ancestor of ungulates lived? I) the number of base pairs that differ among species in a certain genetic sequence II) the total number of base pairs in the genetic sequence examined III) the age of a fossil ancestor for calibration a. I b. II c. III d. I, II, and III

d. I, II, and III

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees.The two populations are _____. a. different species, under the phylogenetic species concept b. different species, under the biological species concept. c. different subspecies, under the morphological species concept

different subspecies, under the morphological species concept

In hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring, we should see a decline in _____. A) gene flow between distinct gene pools B) speciation C) the genetic distinctness of two gene pools D) mutation rates

gene flow between distinct gene pools

The term homoplasy is most applicable to which of the following features? A) the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards B) the five-digit condition of human hands and bat wings C) the β hemoglobin genes of mice and of humans D) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles E) the bones of bat forelimbs and the bones of bird forelimbs

the legless condition found in various lineages of extant lizards

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

hard parts

If, someday, an archaean cell is discovered whose rRNA sequence is more similar to that of humans than the sequence of mouse rRNA is to that of humans, the best explanation for this apparent discrepancy would be

homoplasy

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? A) increased incidence of worm burrows in the fossil record B) increased incidence of larger animals in the fossil record C) increased incidence of organic material in the fossil record D) increased incidence of fern galls in the fossil record E) increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily?

to serve as an outgroup