BIOL 1543 Chapter 35 Smartbook

biogeochemical

A circulating pathway for elements that includes exchange pools, storage areas, and biotic communities is called a(n) ___________ cycle.

herbivore

A consumer that feeds directly on plants and algae is called a(n) ________________.

grazing

A detrital food web could be connected to a(n) _____________ food web if the aboveground carnivores feed on the detritivores.

food web

A diagram called a(n) _______________ shows interconnected paths of energy flow.

trophic

A feeding level within a food web is also called a(n) ___________ level.

a path of energy flow

A food chain shows which of the following for an ecosystem? a) a path of energy flow b) a path to energy creation c) a path of chemical cycling

consumer

A fox is a carnivore and as such is considered to be a a) producer b) consumer c) decomposer

decomposer

A heterotroph that breaks down organic matter into inorganic nutrients that are recycled in the environment is called a(n) ______________.

omnivore

A heterotroph that feeds on both plant and animal matter is called a(n) _________________.

consumer

A heterotrophic organism that eats other living organisms is called a a) decomposer b) consumer c) producer

herbivore

A primary consumer in a food chain (a plant eater), like a rabbit, is called a(n) ______________.

producers

A reservoir is a source of chemical elements normally unavailable to ______________.

exchange pool

A source from which organisms generally take chemicals, such as the soil or atmosphere is called a(n) a) exchange pool b) biogeochemical cycle c) reservoir d) biotic community

reservoir

A source of chemical elements normally unavailable to producers is referred to as a(n) ____________.

level, chain

A trophic _________ is composed of all of the organisms that feed at a particular link in a food ___________.

exchange

A(n) _____________ pool is a source, such as the soil or atmosphere, from which organisms generally take chemicals.

detrital

A(n) ______________ food web involves organisms such as earthworms and beetles feeding on waste.

created, heat

According to the laws of thermodynamics, energy cannot be _____________ or destroyed and in every transformation, some energy is lost as __________.

heterotroph

Also called a consumer, an organism that cannot produce its own organic nutrients is called a(n) ________________.

carnivore

An animal that feeds exclusively on other animals is called a(n) _______________.

aquifer

An area between rock layers that stores water is called a(n) ____________.

biotic, abiotic

An ecosystem possesses both _________ and _________ components.

decomposer

An organism that breaks down dead materials in the environment is called a(n) a) decomposer b) herbivore c) omnivore d) carnivore

herbivore

An organism that eats only plants is called a(n) a) omnivore b) carnivore c) herbivore

omnivore

An organism that feeds on plants and animals is called a(n) a) omnivore b) carnivore c) herbivore

carnivore

An organism that feeds solely on other animals is called a(n) a) omnivore b) herbivore c) carnivore

energy

An outside ___________ source and inorganic nutrients are required by autotrophs.

hydraulic

Another name for the water cycle is the ___________ cycle.

producers

Autotrophic organisms that make their own food are called a) producers b) heterotrophs c) decomposers

algae

Autotrophs found in aquatic environments are commonly referred to as ____________.

nitrogen

Besides phosphorus, which other element is considered a limiting element of plants? a) nitrogen b) oxygen c) carbon d) hydrogen

number, weight

Biomass can be calculated by multiplying the ___________ of organisms by their ____________.

the various populations of species that form the community

Biotic components of an ecosystem are a) only referring to the decomposers that break down organic materials b) the various populations of species that form the community c) nonliving components such as water availability and sunlight

dioxide, heat

Carbon ____________ and other gases allow the sun's rays to pass through the atmosphere, but they absorb and radiate the _______ back to Earth resulting in the greenhouse effect.

fossil

Coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the remains of dead organisms and are therefore considered __________ fuels.

nitrification

Conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrates and conversion of ammonium ions to nitrites are the two ways that _______________ can occur.

eutrophication

Cultural ___________ is caused by excessive amounts of phosphates being added to lakes and rivers through human activities.

algae, fish

Cultural eutrophication in aquatic systems can lead to ___________ blooms that eventually die and decomposers use up the available oxygen in the water causing ___________ kills.

400

Currently, atmospheric CO2 levels are around _____ ppm. a) 280 b) 45 c) 560 d) 400

gas

Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates back to nitrogen ___________.

water

Detritus is partially decomposed matter in the _________ or soil.

chains

Diagrams that show a single path of energy flow are called food ___________.

pyramids

Ecological __________ are sometimes used to depict the large energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels.

energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels

Ecological pyramids are one way to demonstrate a) energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels b) food webs and the interactions that occur within a food web c) losses of trophic level biomass within a food chain

shells of marine organisms, dead organisms, limestone, living organisms

From the list below select reservoirs of carbon other than fossil fuels. a) seabird guano b) shells of marine organisms c) dead organisms d) limestone e) living organisms

carbon dioxide

Global warming is being caused by an increase of _____________ and other gases in the atmosphere of the Earth.

carnivores

Hawks and snakes are ___________, while a rabbit is an herbivore.

decomposers

Heterotrophic bacteria, molds, and mushrooms are some examples of _______________ in an ecosystem.

Without wolves, herbivore populations increased. This increase lead to a depletion of plant life

How were plant populations impacted by the extinction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park? a) Without wolves, herbivore populations increased. This increase lead to a depletion of plant life b) The loss of wolves lead to a loss of herbivores and an increase in plant populations c) There was no change in plant populations with the extinction of wolves

50 kg

If a herbivore consumes 500 kg of plant material, how much gets converted into the herbivore's body mass (generally speaking, according to the text)? a) 5 kg b) 10 kg c) 500 kg d) 50 kg e) 100 kg

ecological pyramid

If a herbivore population consumes 1000 kg of plant material, only about 100 kg is converted into herbivore tissue, this concept of the "ten percent" rule can be represented by a(n) a) inverted food pyramid b) ecological pyramid c) ecological succession d) food web

source, exchange pool, reservoir

In a biogeochemical cycle, organisms obtain chemicals from a(n) _____. a) source b) storage pool c) exchange pool d) reservoir

herbivores

In a grazing food web, caterpillars would be classified as a) herbivores b) carnivores c) omnivores

pyramid

In aquatic ecosystem where algae are the main producers, the herbivores may have a greater biomass than the producers, which causes the ecological _______________ to be inverted.

more, less

In terrestrial ecosystems producers have _________ biomass than the herbivores whereas in aquatic ecosystems producers have _________ biomass than herbivores.

nutrients, energy

In the fundamental phenomena of ecosystems, ___________ cycle within an ecosystem, whereas ____________ flows through it.

herbivores have more biomass than the producers

Inverted ecological pyramids occur in aquatic systems because a) producers have more biomass than the herbivores b) there are more producers than herbivores c) there are more carnivores than producers d) herbivores have more biomass than the producers

carbon

Limestone shells of marine organisms are components of the inorganic __________ reservoir.

nitrates

Nitrification is the production of ___________ in the nitrogen cycle.

gas, ammonium

Nitrogen fixation occurs when nitrogen _________ is converted into ____________ ions.

78

Nitrogen makes up what percent of the atmospheric gases? a) 78 b) 1 c) 21

abiotic

Nonliving aspects of an ecosystem such as average temperature and inorganic nutrients are called __________ components.

autotrophs

Organisms that produce food for themselves and others of the community are called ____________.

detritus

Partially decomposed matter in soil and water that is eaten by earthworms, beetles, and other detrivores, is called ____________.

plants

Phosphorus is a limiting inorganic nutrient for ___________ since their growth is limited by the amount of available phosphorus.

smog

Photochemical __________, a type of air pollution, is a mixture of smoke and fog.

autotrophs

Photosynthetic organisms such as algae and plants are producers which are also called ______________.

burning of fossil fuels, destruction of forests

Pick the two reasons for the current increase in atmospheric CO2 levels. a) burning of fossil fuels b) acidification of the ocean c) destruction of forests d) increasing sea temperature

phosphorus

Plant growth is limited by which of the following elements? a) ATP b) phospholipids c) phosphorus d) water

smog

Respiratory distress, eye irritations, and headaches are some of the health conditions experienced by humans who are exposed to photochemical ___________.

ocean

Seabirds feed on fish from the ocean and deposit their guano on land which enables the phosphorus obtained by the fish to be transferred from the _________ to the land.

mushrooms, molds, heterotrophic bacteria

Select all of the decomposers. a) mushrooms b) molds c) heterotrophic bacteria d) chipmunks

maggots, earthworms, termites

Select all of the soil detritivores in an ecosystem. a) rabbits b) maggots c) earthworms d) termites

transpiration, evaporation

Select all of the ways water enters the atmosphere. a) transpiration b) evaporation c) precipitation

fog, snow, sleet, hail, rain

Select examples of precipitation from the list below. a) fog b) snow c) dew d) sleet e) hail f) rain

headaches, respiratory distress, eye irritations, certain types of cancer

Select health conditions that can be experienced by humans caused by exposure to chemicals that combine to produce photochemical smog. a) headaches b) respiratory distress c) eye irritations d) increase in appetite e) certain types of cancer

soil type, inorganic nutrients, sunlight, water availability, average temperature

Select the abiotic components from the list below. a) soil type b) chemoautotrophs c) inorganic nutrients d) sunlight e) water availability f) average temperature

snakes, hawks

Select the carnivores from the selections below. a) snakes b) mushrooms c) hawks d) rabbits

exchange pools, reservoirs, biotic communities

Select the components of a biogeochemical cycle from the list below. a) exchange pools b) ecological pyramids c) reservoirs d) biotic communities e) food chains

nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

Select the elements that fertilizers usually contain from the list below. a) nitrogen b) sodium c) potassium d) calcium e) phosphorus

some free living soil bacteria, some bacteria live in nodules on legume roots, some cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems

Select the organisms that are involved in nitrogen fixation from the list below. a) some free living soil bacteria b) some bacteria live in nodules on legume roots c) some cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems d) certain beetles and termites e) earthworms

aquatic, terrestrial

Select the two ecosystems in which the carbon cycle is involved in. a) sedimentary b) aquatic c) terrestrial d) extraterrestrial

ammonium ions in the soil converted to nitrates in two step process by bacteria, nitrogen gas converted into nitrate in the atmosphere when lightning passes through

Select the two ways nitrification can occur. a) ammonium ions in the soil converted to nitrates in two step process by bacteria b) nitrogen gas converted into ammonium ions by cyanobacteria c) nitrogen gas converted into nitrate in the atmosphere when lightning passes through

bones, shells, teeth

Select ways in which animals incorporate phosphate into their bodies. a) bones b) shells c) feces d) teeth

chemoautotrophs

Some bacteria that support communities at hydrothermal vents along deep-sea oceanic ridges are known as ___________ because they reduce carbon dioxide using inorganic compounds.

detritivores

Some beetles, earthworms, maggots, and termites are examples of soil _____________ in an ecosystem.

fixation

Some organisms can convert nitrogen gas into ammonium ions, this is called nitrogen ______________.

phosphorus

Teeth, bones, and shells are some of the ways in which animals incorporate the element _________ into their bodies

ten

The _____ percent rule explains why a food web can only support a few carnivores.

carbon

The ___________ cycle is involved with the plants living in the aquatic and the terrestrial ecosystems since plants and algae use photosynthesis to produce food.

greenhouse

The ______________ effect is caused by carbon dioxide and other gases absorbing and radiating heat back to Earth.

phosphorus

The element ____________ is transfered from the ocean to land in the deposits of guano from seabirds.

wolves

The extinction of __________ from Yellowstone National Park lead to an increase in herbivores, creating pressure on their food sources.

grazing food chain

The following (leaves --> caterpillars--> sparrows --> hawks) represents a a) detrital food chain b) trophic chain c) part of an ecological pyramid d) grazing food chain

nitrogen

The gas that makes up 78% of the atmosphere is ________________.

methane

The greenhouse gas ___________ has 21 times the warming potential as carbon dioxide.

warming

The increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is causing a rise in temperature called global ____________.

food web

The interconnected paths of energy flow can be shown by a diagram called a ______. a) food chain b) food web c) food pyramid

atmosphere

The phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle because the phosphorus does not enter the ___________.

in every energy transformation, some energy is lost as heat

The second law of thermodynamics states that a) energy is not lost during transformations b) in every energy transformation, some energy is lost as heat c) energy can be created but not destroyed

water

The top of the saturation zone in the ground is called the _________ table.

biotic

The various populations that form a community are called the ___________ components of an ecosystem.

phosphorus

This element is trapped in marine sediment before being exposed through geologic upheaval. It is ____________.

false

True or False? Phosphorus in marine sediments is used by algae.

true

True or False? Typically, producers in a terrestrial ecosystem have a greater biomass than the herbivores.

precipitation

Water moves onto land by way of _____________.

groundwater

When humans remove water from aquifiers at a rate that exceeds the possibility of recharge it is called ________________ mining.

aquifers

When melted snow and rainfall percolate into the soil, ___________ are recharged.

phosphorus

Which biogeochemical cycle is sedimentary? a) nitrogen b) phosphorus c) carbon

nitrogen, carbon

Which of the biogeochemical cycles are gaseous? a) nitrogen b) phosphorus c) carbon

certain bacteria

Which of the following are considered to be chemoautotrophs? a) various plants b) certain bacteria c) certain viruses

decomposers, plants, soil, water, animals

Which of the following are involved in the phosphorus cycle? a) decomposers b) plants c) soil d) water e) animals f) atmosphere

ammonium, nitrates

Which of the following can plants use as sources of nitrogen? a) oxides of phosphates b) oxides of hydrogen c) ammonium d) nitrates

ecosystem

Which of the following has both living and nonliving components? a) ecosystem b) species c) population d) community

fertilizer usage, sewage treatment plants, livestock feedlots

Which of the following may contribute to cultural eutrophication? a) burning fossil fuels b) fertilizer usage c) sewage treatment plants d) livestock feedlots

phospholipids, ATP, RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides

Which of the following molecules contain the element phosphorus? a) phospholipids b) ATP c) amino acids d) RNA nucleotides e) DNA nucleotides f) fatty acids

heterotrophs

Which of the following need an outside source of organic nutrients? a) plants b) algae c) heterotrophs d) autotrophs

herbivores

Which of the following organisms are the primary consumers of the producers? a) decomposers b) carnivores c) herbivores

bacteria

Which of the following perform denitrification? a) fungi b) plants c) bacteria d) algae

biomass

___________ is the number of organisms multiplied by their weight.

autotrophs

____________ require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for their own use as food.