BIOL 211 Full Exam 6 Study Questions

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Humans have substantially altered the global nitrogen cycle over the past century. How?

Humans are now responsible for almost doubling the amount of nitrogen available by natural means.

Which of the following is an example of ecosystem studies?

How the energy in sunlight dissipates as it flows through an ecosystem

__________________ can be used to help identify rare, hard to identify, highly mobile, or less visible species and determine diversity

Molecular tools

Which of the following examples would MOST accurately measure the density of the population being studied?

counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations

human actives have more than doubled the earth's supply of

nitrogen available to primary producers

True or false? The growth rate of a certain population increases very quickly for a time and then levels off to zero. The most likely reason that the growth rate leveled off to zero is that the environment reached its carrying capacity.

True

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry?

Two species of unpalatable butterflies that have the same color pattern

introduced species

non-native or exotic species, those that humans move intentionally or accidentally from the species' native locations to new geographic regions

The Yellowstone forest is an example of a ___________________________

nonequilibrium community

The ___________________________ describes communities as constantly changing after disturbance

nonequilibrium model

Many parasites have a __________________ involving multiple hosts

complex life cycle

genetic diversity

comprises not only the individual genetic variation within a population but also the genetic variation between populations; often associated with adaptations to local conditions

as seawater becomes more acidic what happens?

concentration of CO32- (carbonate?) decreases which is more difficult for marine organism to secrete calcium carbonate shells

Which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population?

consumption

humans have added

novel-some toxic-materials to the ecosystem

Determining the ____________ and _____________ of species that are rare, hard to identify, highly mobile, or less visible presents challenges

number and abundance

4 types of environmental change that humans are bringing

nutrient enrichment, toxin accumulation, climate change and ozone depletion

A 3-hectare lake in the American Midwest suddenly has succumbed to an algal bloom. What is the likely cause of this in freshwater ecosystems?

nutrient runoff

A carp has a large number of offspring, but predators eat many of them during the first year of life. Once they survive to maturity, they have few predators. What type of survivorship curve does a carp have and why?

Type III, because carp have a low survivorship initially but a high survivorship once they have matured

Population ecologists are primarily interested in

Understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations.

Several major human impacts on ecosystems are farming, logging, burning, and soil erosion. These processes all result in accelerated nutrient loss by what common mechanism?

Vegetation removal

Which of the following statements is an example of a negative feedback loop?

Warmer conditions lead to increased photosynthetic rates and hence an increase in uptake of CO2, which could decrease the temperature.

Which of the following is responsible for the differences in summer and winter temperature stratification of deep temperate-zone lakes?

Water is densest at 4°C

Which of the following is responsible for the differences in summer and winter temperature stratification of deep temperate-zone lakes?

Water is densest at 4°C.

Which action changes the abiotic components of an organism's environment?

Water sedimentation changes

Which of the following can be said about light in aquatic environments?

Water selectively reflects and absorbs certain wavelengths of light.

Under what condition might r, the per-capita rate of increase, approach rmax, the intrinsic rate of increase?

When resources are abundant

Which of the following statements about competition is true?

When two competitors have slightly different fundamental niches, the poorer competitor can take refuge in areas that are beyond the better competitor's tolerance.

Detritivores ________.

convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers

10) Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 km from where they are born and become 1%-8% of the males and 0.7%-6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant? A) These immigrants make up for the deaths of individuals, keeping the other populations' size stable. B) Young reproductive males tend to stay in their home population and are not driven out by other territorial males. C) These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations. D) Those individuals that emigrate to these new populations are looking for less crowded conditions with more resources. E) Gradually, the populations of ground squirrels will move from a clumped to a uniform population pattern of dispersion.

These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.

Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 km from where they are born and become 1%-8% of the males and 0.7-6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant?

These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.

The biggest difference between the flow of energy and the flow of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem is that _____.

nutrients are recycled, but energy is not

human activity often removes

nutrients from one part o the biosphere and adds them to another

biological magnification

occurs bc the biomass at any given trophic level is produced from a much larger biomass ingested fro the level below

Retreating glaciers provide a valuable field-research opportunity for observing ________________________

primary succession

In general, the biomass in an ecosystem will be greatest at the trophic level comprising _____.

producers

Our current ability to feed the people of the world would improve if people ate a diet that only consisted of _____.

producers

The distribution of biomes is primarily determined by weather/wind cycles due to latitudinal gradients in_________.

temperature

what are major factors affecting distribution of biomes

temperature and precipitation

In an average ecosystem, about how much energy is present in the organisms at a given trophic level compared to the organisms at the next higher trophic level?

ten times as much

Both ____________ and ________________ ecosystems are subject to human disturbance

terrestrial and marine

13) Which of the following is the best example of uniform distribution? A) bees collecting pollen in a wildflower meadow B) snails in an intertidal zone at low tide C) territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season D) mushrooms growing on the floor of an old growth forest E) a cultivated cornfield in the Midwest

territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season

In a food chain consisting of phytoplankton → zooplankton → fish → fishermen, the fishermen are

tertiary consumers.

During the spring, you are studying the mice that live in a field near your home. The population density is high, but you realize that you rarely observe any reproductive female mice. This most likely indicates

that you are observing immigrant mice

Which generalizations apply to most species endangered by human actions?

They have high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity.

Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment?

The removal of Balanus shows that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche.

Why are the spring and fall lake turnovers important for aquatic ecosystems?

The turnovers bring nutrient-rich water from the bottom of the lake up to the top of the lake.

Which is true of human impacts on the global water cycle?

The water table is dropping on every continent.

Isle Royale is famous for its moose and wolf populations and the study of their dynamics. What is the current condition of the wolf population on Isle Royale?

The wolf population is low because of inbreeding depression

What is true of the number of species alive on Earth today?

Though we don't know the exact number of species, we do know what the lower limit (the minimal number) of species is.

Which of the following describes the pattern of tree species richness?

Tree species diversity increases with decreasing latitude.

Food chains are relatively short. Which of the following factors contribute this phenomenon?

Trophic level transfer efficiency is generally low

_____________________ is the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

Trophic structure

What is the primary limiting factor that determines why no female animal can produce a very large number of very large eggs?

There are energy constraints

In any food chain, the top level of consumers is quaternary (fourth). Why are there almost never any fifth-level consumers?

There is not enough available energy to sustain a fifth level.

If a traveler moved from the equator in South America to the North Pole, she would encounter biomes in the following order as she moved north.

Tropical forest, temperate deciduous forest, conifer forest (taiga), arctic tundra

True or false? Factors that determine the intrinsic rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.

True

True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell.

True

Bacteria are especially important in making _____ available to plants.

nitrogen

How does energy enter the terrestrial food chain?

photosynthesis

On Earth, most organic molecules are produced by

photosynthesis.

26) The accompanying figure represents net primary productivity organized by ________. A) biome B) geography C) region D) continent

A) biome

Avian flu is a highly contagious virus of ___________

birds

Which of the following leads to population growth?

births

Examples of symbiotic relationships include: (Choose all that apply) A) commensalism B) cannabalism C) mutualism D) parasitism

A) commensalism C) mutualism D) parasitism

Sphagnum moss may invade in areas of poor drainage, transforming them into _________________________

bog ecosystems

The figure shown here represents the dynamics of ________. A) metapopulations B) extinction C) emigration D) both metapopulations and extinction E) both extinction and emigration

(A) metapopulations

Which of the following choices would most likely promote Random Distribution?

Homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment

Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = A) rN K B) rN C) rN(K+N) D) rN (K-N) K E) rN (N-K) K

Which form of Plasmodium is the immediate cause of anemia in humans?

Merozoites.

Which of the following statements is true about the metapopulation model?

Migration from nearby populations can reestablish populations.

During exponential growth, a population always_________.

grows at its maximum per capita growth rate

Which of the following statements is true of biomagnification?

The concentration of toxin can more than double at each level of the food chain.

H1N1, the virus that causes "swine flu," spread around the world from Veracruz, Mexico, causing more than 18,000 deaths within two years

Example of human activities transporting pathogens

__________________ refers to any +/- interaction in which one species benefits by feeding on the other species

Exploitation

An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with

Exponential growth.

When the birth rate is equal to each woman producing exactly enough offspring to replace herself and her offspring's father, and the birth rate is sustained for a generation, then ________. A) r = 0 and there is zero population growth B) 0 < r < 1 C) r = 1 D) r > 1 E) population size is at carrying capacity

(A) r = 0 and there is zero population growth

One measure for the value of the patch was given by the long-term contribution of a fragment to colonization events in the network. How do the properties of a landscape and the properties of a species affect the value of a patch? The value of the fragment depends ________. A) on the properties of the landscape and the properties of the species B) only on the properties of the landscape and not on the properties of the species C) not on the properties of the landscape but only on the properties of the species D) on neither the properties of the landscape nor on the properties of the species

(A) on the properties of the landscape and the properties of the species

Which of the following statements describes a response of predators to prey?

A species of fish hides in a hole until another fish swims past that it can attack and eat.

what is the single greatest threat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere

human alteration to habitats

Temperate and polar communities have __________________________ following glaciations

"started over" repeatedly

Referring to the figure, which curve best describes survivorship in elephants? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

(A) A

The regular fluctuations in size of animal populations are termed ________. I. population cycles II. population dynamics III. growth factors A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III E) I, II, and III

(A) only I

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.

Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity? A) Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. B) Density-independent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. C) Hormonal changes promote higher death rates in crowded populations. D) Individuals voluntarily stop mating so that overcrowding does not occur. E) The incoming energy decreases in populations experiencing a high rate of increase.

(A) Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.

Using the life table, how would you describe the population dynamics of L. vivipara? A) The population is increasing. B) The population is decreasing. C) The population is stable. D) The figure does not provide this information.

(A) The population is increasing.

Using the life table, determine which age class year would hurt the population growth most if it were wiped out by disease. A) age class year 1 B) age class year 2 C) age class year 3 D) age class year 4 E) age class year 5

(A) age class year 1

It is estimated that a flock of wood buffalo crane should be able to sustain an r of 0.085 for the foreseeable future. If the flock currently contains 350 individuals, how long will it take for that population to double? A) between 7.0 and 9.0 years B) between 9.0 and 11.0 years C) between 11.0 and 13.0 years D) less than 7 years E) more than 13 years

(A) between 7.0 and 9.0 years

Random spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with ________. A) chance B) patterns of high humidity C) the random distribution of seeds D) competitive interaction between individuals of the same population E) the concentration of nutrients within the population's range

(A) chance

In the figure, which of the following survivorship curves most applies to humans living in developed countries? A) curve A B) curve B C) curve C D) curve A or curve B

(A) curve A

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer in one woodlot and 20 per square kilometer in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? A) density B) dispersion C) carrying capacity D) cohorts E) range

(A) density

In the accompanying figure, which of the lines represents the highest per capita rate increase (r)? A) line A B) line B C) line C D) line D

(A) line A

A population's carrying capacity ________. A) may change as environmental conditions change B) can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model C) generally remains constant over time D) increases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases E) can never be exceeded

(A) may change as environmental conditions change

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? A) red squirrels, which actively defend territories B) cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams C) dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest tree D) moths, in a city at night E) lake trout, which seek out cold, deep water high in dissolved oxygen

(A) red squirrels, which actively defend territories

In models of logistic population growth, ________. A) the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K B) new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at the beginning of the population's growth C) new individuals are added to the population as N approaches K D) only density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth E) carrying capacity is never reached

(A) the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K

If 60 snow geese were alive in 1926 and 856 existed in 2001, what is r? A) 0.070 B) 0.035 C) 0.094

(B) 0.035

Using the accompanying life table, calculate the net reproductive rate (R0) for this population. A) 2.00 B) 3.26 C) 1.30 D) 2.31

(B) 3.26

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1000 individuals in one year. A) 120 individuals added B) 40 individuals added C) 20 individuals added D) 400 individuals added E) 20 individuals lost

(B) 40 individuals added

Based on the diagrams in the figure shown and on the large population of baby boomers in the United States, which graph best reflects U.S. population in 20 years? A) A B) B C) C D) D

(B) B

Which of the following scenarios would provide the most relevant data on population density? A) Count the number of nests of a particular species of songbird and multiply this by a factor that extrapolates these data to actual animals. B) Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-meter-square plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent. C) Use the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of the population. D) Calculate the difference between all of the immigrants and emigrants to see if the population is growing or shrinking. E) Add the number of births and subtract the individuals that die to see if the population's density is increasing or decreasing.

(B) Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-meter-square plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent.

Looking at the data in the accompanying figure, what can be said about survival and clutch size? A) Animals with low survival tend to have smaller clutch sizes. B) Large clutch size correlates with low survival. C) Animals with high survival tend to have larger clutch sizes. D) Probability of survivorship does not correlate with clutch size.

(B) Large clutch size correlates with low survival.

(35) As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? A) The growth rate will not change. B) The growth rate will approach zero. C) The population will show an Allee effect. D) The population will increase exponentially. E) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase.

(B) The growth rate will approach zero.

What is the primary limiting factor that determines why no female animal can produce a very large number of very large eggs? A) Time is limited. B) There are energy constraints. C) Temperature constraints will prevent females from carrying too many eggs. D) Male availability is limited. E) There will be an increase in predation pressure if the females carry too many large eggs.

(B) There are energy constraints.

In the accompanying figure, which of the arrows represents the most rapid population growth? A) arrow A B) arrow B C) arrow C

(B) arrow B

In the accompanying figure, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs with the same probability of dying each year of life? A) curve A B) curve B C) curve C

(B) curve B

Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? A) Ebola infections B) earthquakes C) epidemic of measles D) famines

(B) earthquakes

During exponential growth, a population always ________. A) grows by thousands of individuals B) grows at its maximum per capita rate C) quickly reaches its carrying capacity D) cycles through time E) loses some individuals to emigration

(B) grows at its maximum per capita rate

Which of the following terms defines how the individual organism allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures related to survival? A) survivorship B) life history C) energy budget D) demography

(B) life history

The definition of a generation is ________. A) 20 years B) the average time between a mother's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring C) the average time between a father's first offspring and his son's first offspring D) the average time between parents' first offspring and their child's first offspring

(B) the average time between a mother's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring

Carrying capacity is ________. A) seldom reached by marine producers and consumers because of the vast resources of the ocean B) the maximum population size that a particular environment can support C) fixed for most species over most of their range most of the time D) determined by density and dispersion data E) the term used to describe the stress a population undergoes due to limited resources

(B) the maximum population size that a particular environment can support

Suppose researchers marked 800 turtles and later were able to trap a total of 300 individuals in that population, of which 150 were marked. What is the estimate for total population size? A) 200 B) 1050 C) 1600 D) 2100

Based on the accompanying figure, which of the following statements correctly interprets the data? A) As female density increases, clutch size increases. B) As female density increases, survivorship decreases. C) Clutch size decreases as female density increases.

In the accompanying figure, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Half of the six insects shown are harmless

A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. inhabiting the same general area II. belonging to the same species III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion A) I only B) III only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

Which statement is TRUE with regard to human population growth? A) It is at a zero reproduction rate. B) Its rate of increase continues to grow at an exponential rate. C) Its rate of growth is slowing. D) Its rate of growth is increasing. E) There is no scientific prediction that can be made about human population growth.

Assuming that these populations are density dependent, what would be the likely outcome if the system depicted in the previous figure were allowed to continue? A) Population growth would continue to be discontinuous. B) Individual growth would continue to be indeterminate. C) Population growth would likely decrease. D) Populations would go extinct.

You observe two female fish of the same species breeding. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1000 eggs. Which one of the following is LEAST likely given the limits of fitness trade-offs? A) The female laying 100 eggs breeds more often than the female laying 1000 eggs. B) The female laying 100 eggs lives longer than the female laying 1000 eggs. C) The eggs from the female laying 1000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs. D) The female laying 1000 eggs is larger than the female laying 100 eggs.

(C) The eggs from the female laying 1000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs.

Graph (b) in the accompanying figure shows the normal fluctuations of a population of grouse. Assuming graph (a) in the figure is the result of some experimental treatment in the grouse population, what can be concluded? A) The experimental treatment exacerbated the population cycling. B) The experimental treatment did not affect population cycling in this species. C) The experimental treatment has most likely identified the cause of population cycling. D) None of the other responses is true.

In the accompanying figure, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity? A) arrow A B) arrow B C) arrow C D) Carrying capacity cannot be found in the figure because species under density-dependent control never reach carrying capacity.

Conservationists will take snow geese off the endangered species list when the population hits 10,000. If populations are sustaining growth at r = 0.088 and the population in 2001 is 3000 individuals, in what year will snow geese be taken off the endangered species list? A) between 2106 and 2109 B) between 2009 and 2012 C) between 2012 and 2015 D) between 2015 and 2018

The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time is called ________. A) community ecology B) immigration biology C) demography D) logistic growth

Which statements about K are correct? I) K varies among populations. II) K varies in space. III) K varies in time. IV)K is constant for any given species. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and IV

According to the logistic growth equation, = rmaxN , A) the number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero. B) the per capita growth rate (r) increases as N approaches K. C) population growth is zero when N equals K. D) the population grows exponentially when K is small. E) the birth rate (b) approaches zero as N approaches K.

What cannot be determined from examining age pyramids of human populations? A) the future population size B) the age structure of the population C) the success of future generations D) the fecundity of a future population

To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 400 individual trout were netted and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was nettedagain, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the mark-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? A) 160 B) 200 C) 400 D) 1600 E) 80,000

(D) 1600

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, ΔN/Δt = rN , which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population? A) r B) N C) rN D) K E) dt

(D) K

Why can't a female lizard have both high fecundity and high survival? A) In only rare cases, do lizards have both high fecundity and high survival. B) Female lizards are able to produce only one set of offspring. C) Competition for resources prevents this. D) The more energy the female devotes to offspring, the less that can be devoted to her survival. E) The female is already maximizing the number of eggs she lays, and if she attempts to nest later in the season, there will not be enough food for her young.

(D) The more energy the female devotes to offspring, the less that can be devoted to her survival.

What conclusion can you draw from the accompanying figure? A) Hares control lynx population size. B) Lynx control hare population size. C) Lynx and hare populations are independent of each other. D) The relationship between the populations cannot be determined only from this graph.

(D) The relationship between the populations cannot be determined only from this graph.

Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you reintroduce them. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). With no natural predators impacting the population, the graph will likely appear as ________. A) a diagonal line, getting higher with each generation B) an "S" that ends with a vertical line C) an upside-down "U" D) a "J," increasing with each generation

(D) a "J," increasing with each generation

Which of the following best defines a cohort? A) a group of individuals that inhabits a small isolated region within the range for the species B) all of the individuals that are annually added to a population by birth and immigration C) the reproductive males and females within the population D) a group of individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead E) the number of individuals that annually die or emigrate out of a population

(D) a group of individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead

Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the density of the population being studied? A) counting the number of prairie dog burrows per hectare B) counting the number of times a 1-kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall C) counting the number of coyote droppings per hectare D) counting the number of moss plants in 1-square-meter quadrants E) counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations.

(D) counting the number of moss plants in 1-square-meter quadrants

Which of the following statements regarding the future of populations in developing countries are correct? I. The fecundity is predicted to increase. II. Survivorship will increase. III. Overall population size will increase dramatically. IV. The number of offspring each year is predicted to remain high. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III

(D) only II, III, and IV

In the accompanying figure, which of the lines represents exponential growth? A) line A B) line B C) line C D) line D E) All of the lines represent exponential growth.

(E) All of the lines represent exponential growth.

Looking at the data in the accompanying figure from the hare/lynx experiment, what conclusion can you draw? I. Food is a factor in controlling hare population size. II. Excluding lynx is a factor in controlling hare population size. III. The effect of excluding predators and adding food in the same experiment is greater than the sum of excluding lynx alone plus adding food alone. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III E) I, II, and III

(E) I, II, and III

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations? A) All females in the population have the same litter size. B) More individuals emigrate from, as opposed to immigrate into, a population. C) Over 50% of the marked individuals need to be trapped during the recapture phase. D) There is a 50:50 ratio of males to females in the population before and after trapping and recapture. E) Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

(E) Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between ________. A) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live B) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization C) the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide D) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

(E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

Which of the following choices would most likely promote random distribution? A) territorial species B) species that secrete chemicals to attract or inhibit other individuals C) flocking and schooling behaviors D) spacing during the breeding season E) homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment

(E) homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment

In a Finnish lake, blooms of cyanobacteria _________________ occurred when zooplankton ___________________ were eaten by large populations of roach fish ______________________

(primary producers) (primary consumers) (secondary consumers)

The removal of roach fish and addition of pike perch _______________________ controlled roach populations, allowing zooplankton populations to increase and ending cyanobacterial blooms

(tertiary consumers)

Mutualism could be expressed by _____.

+/+

The symbols +, -, and o are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a bee and a flower? +/- +/+ +/o o/o -/-

+/+

+/-

+/o

-/-

Early-arriving species and later-arriving species may be linked in one of three processes

-Early arrivals may facilitate the appearance of later species by making the environment favorable -They may inhibit the establishment of later species -They may have no affect on the establishment of later species, which tolerate conditions created early in succession

Tall-grass prairie once covered most of Iowa. Today, how much tall-grass prairie remains in Iowa?

0.1%

In this figure, which number would designate the biome with the highest variation in annual precipitation?

Which of the following is a source of human-fixed nitrogen? industrially produced fertilizers cultivation of soybeans irrigation of agriculture

1 and 2 only

The three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism are

1) age when reproduction begins, 2) how often reproduction occurs, 3) and how many offspring are produced

67) To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 400 individual trout were netted and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the capture-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? A) 160 B) 200 C) 400 D) 1,600 E) 80,000

1,600

To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 400 individual trout were netted and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the capture-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following?

1,600

Succession on the moraines in Glacier Bay, Alaska, follows a predictable pattern of change in vegetation and soil characteristics

1. The exposed moraine is colonized by pioneering plants, including liverworts, mosses, fireweed, Dryas, and willows 2. Dryas dominates the plant community 3. Alder invades and forms dense thickets 4. Alder are overgrown first by Sitka spruce and later by western hemlock and mountain hemlock

Deforestation has the effect of (Choose that all apply): 1. contributing to global warming 2. increasing atmospheric oxygen, O2 3. increasing soil loss through erosion 4. decreasing biodiversity 5. increasing atmospheric CO2

1. contributing to global warming 3. increasing soil loss through erosion 4. decreasing biodiversity 5. increasing atmospheric CO2

As a population grows, factors that slow or limit the growth of the population include (Choose all that apply): 1. disease and parasitism 2. predation 3. immigration 4. competition for resources

1. disease and parasitism 2. predation 4. competition for resources

Altered how much of our land

1/2, use over 1/2 of fresh water over harvesting fishing and pushing more species to extinction than asteroid at close of cretaceous period

Approximately how many kilograms (kg) of carnivore (secondary consumer) biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material?

In general, __________ of the energy present at one trophic level gets passed on to the next higher level.

10%

Only about _________ of the energy stored in organic matter at each trophic level is converted to organic matter at the next trophic level

10%

Which is a likely composition of a food chain of organisms living on 10,000 kg (3 football fields) of grass?

10,000 kg grass, 1,000 kg hare, 100 kg serval (a predatory cat), 10 kg vulture

deforestation accounts for about

12% of greenhouse gas emissions

how much has carbon dioxide increased in the last 50yrs what does this cause

15%, cases increase in average surface temperature

In an equilibrium population (at its carrying capacity), thousands of eggs and hundreds of tadpoles are produced by a single pair of frogs. On average, about how many offspring per pair will live to reproduce the next year?

Approximately how many kg of carnivore production can be supported by a field plot containing 2000 kg of plant material?

Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria that reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes at the end of a 2-hour time period? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)

2^6 = 64 *exponential growth: describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment; assumes resources are abundant

22) In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately 302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%? A) 2,700,000 B) 5,500,000 C) 303,000,000 D) 304,000,000 E) 2,710,800,000

304,000,000

In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately 302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%?

304,000,000 * 302,000,000*0.0088=2,657,600 302,000,000+2,657,600=304,657,600

18) A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year. A) 120 individuals added B) 40 individuals added C) 20 individuals added D) 400 individuals added E) 20 individuals lost

40 individuals added

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year.

40 individuals added * Per capita (grown rate) = birth rate - death rate 0.06-0.02= 0.04 1,000*0.04=40 Therefore, 40 individuals added

introduced species contribute to how much of the extinctions recorded?

40%

Water (H2O) is densest at what temperature?

4° C

44) According to the Shannon Diversity Index, which block would show the greatest diversity?

In the accompanying figure, which number would designate the arctic tundra biome?

With a few exceptions, most of the food chains studied by ecologists have a maximum of how many links

In an ecosystem where 500,000 kcal of sunlight is available for producers, approximately how much chemical energy will be contained in secondary consumers?

50 kcal

20) Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria that reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes at the end of a 2-hour time period? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.) A) 6 B) 18 C) 128 D) 512 E) 1,024

512

23) In 2008, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,275,000 people. If the birth rate was 14 births for every 1,000 people, approximately how many births occurred in New Zealand in 2008? A) 6,000 B) 42,275 C) 60,000 D) 140,000 E) 600,000

60,000

In 2008, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,275,000 people. If the birth rate was 14 births for every 1,000 people, approximately how many births occurred in New Zealand in 2008?

60,000 * 4,275,000*(14/1000) = 59,850

what percent of tropical dry forests of Central Am and Mex have been cleared

98%

52) Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

54) Which curve best describes survivorship in humans who live in undeveloped nations? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

59) Which of the following is a likely graphic outcome of a population of deer introduced to an island with an adequate herbivory and without natural predators, parasites, or disease?

In temperate lakes, the surface water is replenished with nutrients during turnovers that occur in the _____. A) autumn and spring B) autumn and winter C) spring and summer D) summer and winter E) summer and autumn

A) autumn and spring

A small population of white-footed mice has the same intrinsic rate of increase (r) as a large population. If everything else is equal, A) the large population will add more individuals per unit time. B) the small population will add more individuals per unit time. C) the two populations will add equal numbers of individuals per unit time. D) the J-shaped growth curves will look identical. E) the growth trajectories of the two populations will proceed in opposite directions.

A table listing such items as age, observed number of organisms alive each year, and life expectancy is known as a (an) A) life table. B) mortality table. C) survivorship table. D) rate table. E) insurance table.

An ecological footprint is a construct that is useful A) for a person living in a developed nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources. B) for a person living in a developing country to see how much of the worldʹs resources are left for him/her. C) in converting human foodsʹ meat biomass to plant biomass. D) in making predictions about the global carrying capacity of humans. E) in determining which nations produce the least amount of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.

Demography is the study of A) the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time. B) death and emigration rates of a population at any moment in time. C) the survival patterns of a population. D) life expectancy of individuals within a population. E) reproductive rates of a population during a given year.

In models of sigmoidal (logistic) population growth, A) population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K. B) new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at the beginning of the populationʹs growth. C) only density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth. D) only density-independent factors affect the rate of population growth. E) carrying capacity is never reached.

In the logistic equation dN/dt = rN ((K-N)/k) , r is a measure of the populationʹs intrinsic rate of increase. It is determined by which of the following? A) birth rate and death rates B) dispersion C) density D) carrying capacity E) life history

The Allee effect is used to describe a population that A) has become so small that it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing. B) has become so large it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing. C) approaches carrying capacity. D) exceeds carrying capacity. E) is in crash decline.

The most common kind of dispersion in nature is A) clumped. B) random. C) uniform. D) indeterminate. E) dispersive.

Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the following question. Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity? A B C D E

Which of the following characterizes relatively K-selected populations? A) offspring with good chances of survival B) many offspring per reproductive episode C) small offspring D) a high intrinsic rate of increase E) early parental reproduction

Your friend comes to you with a problem. It seems his shrimp boats arenʹt catching nearly as much shrimp as they used to. He canʹt understand why because originally he caught all the shrimp he could handle. Each year he added a new boat, and for a long time each boat caught tons of shrimp. As he added more boats, there came a time when each boat caught somewhat fewer shrimp, and now, each boat is catching a lot less shrimp. Which of the following topics might help your friend understand the source of his problem? A) density-dependent population regulation and intrinsic characteristics of population growth B) exponential growth curves and unlimited environmental resources C) density-independent population regulation and chance occurrence D) pollution effects of a natural environment and learned shrimp behavior E) a K-selected population switching to an r-selected population

Which event would be considered primary succession?

A landslide causes the removal of the soil and the organisms that live in the area, leaving rock exposed.

Which of the following is an example of a parasite manipulating its host?

A nematode causing infected ants to display their reddened posterior area, increasing the ant's risk of bird predation

Which of the following is an example of a parasite manipulating its host?

A nematode causing infected ants to display their reddened posterior area, raising the possibility of bird predation

Which of these research topics would be considered an example of community ecology?

A researcher found that the reproductive success of bumblebees decreased when the population density of honeybees increased. The decline in the number of bumblebees appeared to be a result of competition for nectar.

Which example supports the hypothesis that predators hold prey populations below carrying capacity?

A wolf control program in Alaska decreased the abundance of wolves between 55% to 80% below pre-control density. During this time period, the moose population tripled.

Which example supports the hypothesis that predators hold populations below carrying capacity?

A wolf control program in Alaska decreased the abundance of wolves to 55% to 80% below pre-control density. During this time period, the moose population tripled.

Which population would be most likely to experience exponential growth?

A young population with few individuals

22) Consider the food chain of grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100 percent) is available to the hawk? A) 0.01 percent B) 0.1 percent C) 1 percent D) 10 percent E) 60 percent

A) 0.01 percent

46) Imagine five forest communities, each with one hundred individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse? A) 25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z B) 40W, 30X, 20Y, 10Z C) 50W, 25X, 15Y, 10Z D) 70W, 10X, 10Y, 10Z E) 100W, 0X, 0Y, 0Z

A) 25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z

54) Using the accompanying figure, what is the predicted change in temperature under a model with continued very high emission of greenhouse gases? A) 7°C B) 1°C C) −4°C D) 3°C E) 0°C

A) 7°C

54) Which island would likely have the lowest extinction rate? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A) A

Use the accompanying diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography principles, to answer the question(s) below. 52) Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

A) A

35) What is the main difference between a disturbance and a disturbance regime? A) A disturbance regime includes defining the predictable frequency and severity of the disturbance. B) A disturbance regime includes defining the length of the disturbance. C) A disturbance regime is a more specific type of disturbance. D) They are essentially the same thing.

A) A disturbance regime includes defining the predictable frequency and severity of the disturbance.

23) Treehoppers (a type of insect) produce honeydew, which ants use for food. Treehoppers have a major predator, the jumping spider. Researchers hypothesized that the ants would protect the treehoppers from the spiders. In an experiment, researchers followed study plots with ants removed from the system and compared them to a control plot. In the figure shown, what can you conclude? A) Ants do somehow protect the treehoppers from spiders. B) Ants eat the honeydew produced by treehoppers. C) Ants reduce the numbers of treehoppers. D) No specific conclusions can be drawn from this figure. E) Treehoppers do not produce honeydew in July and are not protected by the ants.

A) Ants do somehow protect the treehoppers from spiders.

43) In the accompanying figure, what can be stated about species diversity and latitude? A) As latitude increases, diversity decreases. B) As latitude decreases, diversity decreases. C) Species diversity is independent of latitude. D) Species diversity and latitude cannot be compared using this figure.

A) As latitude increases, diversity decreases.

21) Looking at the accompanying figure, what can be said about edge effects? A) Biomass declines along edges of forest fragments. B) Biomass increases along the edges of forest fragments. C) Species diversity decreases along the edges of forest fragments. D) Fragmentation does not affect biomass.

A) Biomass declines along edges of forest fragments.

4) Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. What is the result of the association between birds and ants? A) Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants. B) Birds benefit from the association and harm the ants. C) Birds and ants benefit from the association. D) Birds do not benefit from the association, but the ants do. E) Neither birds nor ants benefit from the association.

A) Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants.

52) In the accompanying figure, which of these countries has the highest total CO2 emissions? A) China B) Canada C) Japan D) Germany E) Australia

A) China

33) Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario? A) Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance. B) Grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert forests to grassland. C) Elephants prevent drought in African grasslands. D) Elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community. E) Elephants help other populations survive by keeping out many of the large African predators.

A) Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance.

8) Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers? A) Energy is lost because most of the total energy consumed is used for cellular respiration rather than growth and reproduction B) Primary producers cannot produce once eaten. C) Digestion takes place so rapidly that very little energy is absorbed. D) Most primary producers contain no usable energy for herbivores.

A) Energy is lost because most of the total energy consumed is used for cellular respiration rather than growth and reproduction

If you are interested in observing a relatively simple community structure in a clear water lake, you would do well to choose diving into _____. A) an oligotrophic lake B) a eutrophic lake C) a relatively shallow lake D) a nutrient-rich lake E) a lake with consistently warm temperatures

A) an oligotrophic lake

42) Which of the following locations is the main reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle? A) atmosphere B) sedimentary bedrock C) fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) D) plant and animal biomass E) soil

A) atmosphere

7) What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations? A) Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions make evolution possible. B) The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion. C) Genetic diversity allows for species stability by preventing speciation. D) Isolated populations become more fit. E) Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations.

A) Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions make evolution possible.

38) Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity? A) Habitats are opened up for less competitive species. B) Competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance. C) The environmental conditions become optimal. D) The resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity. E) Less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species.

A) Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.

Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries is incorrect? A) Life history is r-selected. B) Average family size is relatively small. C) The population has undergone the demographic transition. D) The survivorship curve is Type I. E) Age distribution is relatively uniform.

A) Life history is r-selected.

34) According to bottom-up and top-down control models of community organization, which of the following expressions would imply that an increase in the size of a carnivore (C) population would negatively impact its prey (P) population, but not vice versa? A) P ← C B) P → C C) C ↔ P D) P ← C → P E) C ← P →

A) P ← C

Theoretically, which would be the most effective way to disrupt a Hadley cell? A) Remove all equatorial moisture and convection. B) Extensively water the deserts. C) Heat the poles. D) Shift the Sun to apply direct rays 30 degrees south latitude.

A) Remove all equatorial moisture and convection.

You observe a species of bird that, upon hatching, has contact with its parents only while being fed. You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process. What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird? A) Song learning in this species is most likely innate. B) The period of imprinting is likely later in the bird's life. C) The males will learn song when they congregate with other males of their species during the winter. D) Song learning in this species is most likely learned.

A) Song learning in this species is most likely innate.

16) In looking at the species—area plot in the accompanying figure, what can be concluded? A) The number of bird species increases linearly with island area. B) The number of bird species remains the same on these various islands. C) Diversity is independent from island area. D) The number of bird species increases exponentially with island area.

A) The number of bird species increases linearly with island area.

1) Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? A) They can act as agents of natural selection. B) The outcome of any species interactions is static through time. C) They do little to affect species distributions. D) They cannot affect species abundance.

A) They can act as agents of natural selection.

17) How does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top-level predators? A) Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed. B) Predators have relatively large population sizes. C) Predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels. D) Predators have short life spans and short reproductive periods. E) Top-level predators are more likely to be stricken with parasites.

A) Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed.

24) Which of the following is a consequence of biomagnification? A) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. B) Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. C) The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. D) Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. E) The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases.

A) Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

Which of the following is responsible for the differences in summer and winter temperature stratification of deep temperate zone lakes? A) Water is densest at 4°C. B) Oxygen is most abundant in deeper waters. C) Winter ice sinks in the summer. D) Stratification is caused by a thermocline. E) Stratification always follows the fall and spring turnovers.

A) Water is densest at 4°C.

Which of the following can be said about light in aquatic environments? A) Water selectively reflects and absorbs certain wavelengths of light. B) Photosynthetic organisms that live in deep water probably use red light. C) Longer wavelengths penetrate to greater depths. D) Light penetration seldom limits the distribution of photosynthetic species. E) Most photosynthetic organisms avoid the surface where the light is too intense.

A) Water selectively reflects and absorbs certain wavelengths of light.

18) What conclusion can you draw from the accompanying figure? A) Without direct contact, mussels can sense the presence of crabs. B) Mussels can sense the presence of crabs only visually. C) Mussels are increasing their shell thickness in response to water current. D) Shell thickness is a non-inducible defense. E) Crabs hunt for mussels by focusing on the chemicals they emit into the water.

A) Without direct contact, mussels can sense the presence of crabs.

If a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a lot of dust into the atmosphere and reduced the sunlight reaching Earth's surface by 70 percent for one year, which of the following marine communities most likely would be least affected? A) deep-sea vent B) coral reef C) intertidal D) pelagic E) estuary

A) deep-sea vent

In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with N2 are A) denitrifying bacteria. B) methanogenic protozoans. C) Rhizobium bacteria. D) nitrogen-fixing bacteria. E) nitrifying bacteria.

A) denitrifying bacteria.

13) If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to ________. A) eventually become competitively superior to the other species B) change its fundamental niche C) decline in abundance D) become the target of specialized parasites E) expand its realized niche

A) eventually become competitively superior to the other species

33) In prairies, the presence of plants in the onion family may discourage herbivores within the prairie. This is an example of ________. A) facilitation B) resource use efficiency C) competition D) predation

A) facilitation

28) What type of ecosystem is most harmed by pollution? A) freshwater B) ocean C) tropical rain forest D) temperate forest E) savanna

A) freshwater

As climate changes because of global warming, plant species' ranges in the northern hemisphere may move northward. The trees that are most likely to avoid extinction in such an environment are those that _____. A) have seeds that are easily dispersed by wind or animals B) have thin seed coats C) produce well-provisioned seeds D) have seeds that become viable only after a forest fire E) disperse many seeds in close proximity to the parent tree

A) have seeds that are easily dispersed by wind or animals

38) Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the accompanying figure. How are humans altering this cycle? A) industrial nitrogen fixation B) nitrogen lost to the atmosphere C) reduction of nitrogen available to terrestrial ecosystems D) reduction of nitrogen fixation by bacteria E) permanent burial of nitrogen in coastal environments through runoff

A) industrial nitrogen fixation

11) The competitive exclusion principle states that ________. A) it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region B) it is not possible for two species to compete for the same resources C) two species with different niches will not compete for the same resources D) two species with the same niche will constantly be competing for resources

A) it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region

32) Net primary productivity is important because ________. A) it is the source of chemical energy used by a species throughout a food web B) It is not important because of the inefficiency of energy flow through food webs. C) it leads to lower biodiversity within small areas D) it can lead to the expiration of more CO2 into the atmosphere by plants

A) it is the source of chemical energy used by a species throughout a food web

6) If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular bird species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to keep the species from going extinct? I. genetic diversity II. species diversity III. ecosystem diversity A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III E) I, II, and III

A) only I

The specific abiotic factors defining a biome are _____. I) annual variation in temperature and precipitation II) average annual temperature and moisture levels III) maximum annual temperature and moisture levels IV) maximum annual temperatures, moisture levels, and average annual temperature A) only I and II B) only III and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III

A) only I and II

Which of the following statements regarding altitude and climate are true? I) Species composition on different sides of a mountain range are often different from each other. II) Rain shadows may appear on one side of a mountain range. III) The higher the altitude, the warmer the climate. IV) Both sides of a mountain range generally receive equal amounts of precipitation. A) only I and II B) only III and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III

A) only I and II

3) Which of the following consume other living organisms? I. primary producers II. herbivores III. carnivores IV. decomposers A) only II and III B) only I and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III

A) only II and III

32) Which of the following most often controls the rate of nutrient cycling in ecosystems? A) rate of decomposition of detritus B) primary productivity C) secondary productivity D) both primary and secondary productivity

A) rate of decomposition of detritus

How does phosphorus normally enter ecosystems? A) rock weathering B) photosynthesis C) vulcanism D) cellular respiration E) atmospheric phosphorous gas

A) rock weathering

30) Which one of the following animals would most likely be defined as a keystone species? A) sea otter B) housefly C) fathead minnow D) nauplii (a species of zooplankton)

A) sea otter

37) Which of the following is a regulating service of ecosystems? A) soil formation B) recreation C) nutrient cycling D) providing genetic resources E) education

A) soil formation

56) A community's actual evapotranspiration is a reflection of

A) solar radiation, temperature, and water availability.

Which of the following statements is true of biomagnification?

The concentration of toxins can more than double at each level of the food chain.

12) In the accompanying figure, which species is the stronger competitor? A) species 1 B) species 2 C) Both species compete equally. D) It is not possible to tell from this figure.

A) species 1

34) Community stability refers to ________. A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance D) how many species are in the community

A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance

12) Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?

A) two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

Which abiotic factor would have the most significant physiological effect on migrating salmon? A) water solute content B) competition for resources C) ambient temperature D) human-built structural interferences

A) water solute content

After looking at the accompanying figure, what can be said about productivity in this ecosystem?

About 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.

Which of the following situations would have populations that grow exponentially?

All of these

What is the trade-off between life expectancy and fecundity?

An organism has a finite amount of resources. Investing more resources in reproduction means fewer resources available for survival.

15) What percentage of solar radiation striking a plant is converted into chemical energy? A) 1% B) 10% C) 25% D) 50% E) 100%

Answer: A

2) In ecosystems, why is the term cycling used to describe material transfer, whereas the term flow is used for energy exchange? A) Materials are repeatedly used, but energy flows through and out of ecosystems. B) Both material and energy are recycled and are then transferred to other ecosystems as in a flow. C) Materials are cycled into ecosystems from other ecosystems, but energy constantly flows within the ecosystem. D) Both material and energy flow in a never-ending stream within an ecosystem. E) None of the choices is correct.

Answer: A

25) Aquatic primary productivity is most limited by which of the following? A) light and nutrient availability B) predation by primary consumers C) increased pressure with depth D) pollution E) temperature

Answer: A

3) Which statement most accurately describes how matter and energy are used in ecosystems? A) Matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not. B) Energy is cycled through ecosystems; matter is not. C) Energy can be converted into matter; matter cannot be converted into energy. D) Matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter. E) Matter is used in ecosystems; energy is not.

Answer: A

30) Which of the following lists of organisms is ranked in correct order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency? A) mammals, fish, insects B) insects, fish, mammals C) fish, insects, mammals D) insects, mammals, fish E) mammals, insects, fish

Answer: A

34) How does inefficient transfer of energy among trophic levels result in the typically high endangerment status of many top-level predators? A) Top-level predators are destined to have small populations that are sparsely distributed. B) Predators have relatively large population sizes. C) Predators are more disease-prone than animals at lower trophic levels. D) Predators have short life spans and short reproductive periods. E) Top-level predators are more likely to be stricken with parasites.

Answer: A

Zoonotic pathogens are transferred to ______________ from __________________

humans other animals

43) Consider the food chain grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk. How much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100%) is available to the hawk? A) 0.01% B) 0.1% C) 1% D) 10% E) 60%

Answer: A

46) Which of the following locations is the reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle? A) atmosphere B) sedimentary bedrock C) fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) D) plant and animal biomass E) soil

Answer: A

55) What is the first step in ecosystem restoration? A) to restore the physical structure B) to restore native species that have been extirpated due to disturbance C) to remove competitive invasive species D) to identify the limiting factors of the producers E) to remove toxic pollutants

Answer: A

58) In a typical grassland community, which of the following has the smallest biomass? A) hawk B) snake C) shrew D) grasshopper E) grass

Answer: A

6) A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n) A) primary consumer. B) secondary consumer. C) decomposer. D) autotroph. E) producer.

Answer: A

69) On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents nitrogen-fixing bacteria? A) 5 B) 6 C) 7

Answer: A

8) Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others? A) heterotrophs B) herbivores C) carnivores D) primary consumers E) secondary consumers

Answer: A

80) Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation? A) adding nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to a degraded ecosystem to increase nitrogen availability B) using a bulldozer to regrade a strip mine C) dredging a river bottom to remove contaminated sediments D) reconfiguring the channel of a river E) adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium

Answer: A

Diagram of a food web (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species) 66) If the figure above represents a marine food web, the smallest organism might be A) A. B) F. C) C. D) I. E) E.

Answer: A

Food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species) 61) Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which species is autotrophic? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

Answer: A

13) The major role of detrivores in ecosystems is to A) provide a nutritional resource for heterotrophs. B) recycle chemical nutrients to a form capable of being used by autotrophs. C) prevent the buildup of the organic remains of organisms, feces, and so on. D) return energy lost to the ecosystem by other organisms.

Answer: B

14) Approximately 1% of the solar radiation that strikes a plant is converted into the chemical bond energy of sugars. Why is this amount so low? A) Approximately 99% of the solar radiation is converted to heat energy. B) Only 1% of the wavelengths of visible light are absorbed by photosynthetic pigments. C) Most solar energy strikes water and land surfaces. D) Approximately 99% of the solar radiation is reflected. E) Only the green wavelengths are absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.

Answer: B

21) The total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs present in an ecosystem is known as A) gross primary productivity. B) standing crop. C) net primary productivity. D) secondary productivity. E) trophic efficiency.

Answer: B

26) Aquatic ecosystems are least likely to be limited by which of the following nutrients? A) nitrogen B) carbon C) phosphorus D) iron E) zinc

Answer: B

27) What is the primary limiting factor for aquatic productivity? A) pressure B) lack of nutrients C) light availability D) herbivores E) competition

Answer: B

28) Which of the following ecosystems would likely have a larger net primary productivity/hectare and why? A) open ocean because of the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs B) grassland because of the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores and rapid decomposition C) tropical rain forest because of the massive standing crop biomass and species diversity D) cave due to the lack of photosynthetic autotrophs E) tundra because of the incredibly rapid period of growth during the summer season

Answer: B

35) Trophic efficiency is A) the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production. B) the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. C) a measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next. D) usually greater than production efficiencies. E) about 90% in most ecosystems.

Answer: B

38) For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy are essentially the samethey have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that A) secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers. B) at each step, energy is lost from the system as a result of keeping the organisms alive. C) as matter passes through ecosystems, some of it is lost to the environment. D) biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores. E) top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers.

Answer: B

4) The law of conservation of matter states that matter cannot be created, yet matter is sometimes gained or lost to an ecosystem. What is the reason for this seeming contradiction? A) Chemoautotrophic organisms can convert matter to energy. B) Matter can be moved in/out of an ecosystem from/to another ecosystem. C) Photosynthetic organisms convert solar energy to sugars. D) Detrivores convert matter to energy. E) Heterotrophs convert heat to energy.

Answer: B

41) Secondary consumers that can eat only primary consumers receive what percent of the energy fixed by primary producers in a typical field ecosystem? A) 0.1% B) 1% C) 10% D) 20% E) 80%

Answer: B

51) Which of the following statements is correct about biogeochemical cycling? A) The phosphorus cycle involves the recycling of atmospheric phosphorus. B) The phosphorus cycle involves the weathering of rocks. C) The carbon cycle is a localized cycle that primarily involves the burning of fossil fuels. D) The carbon cycle has maintained a constant atmospheric concentration of CO₂ for the past million years. E) The nitrogen cycle involves movement of diatomic nitrogen between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem.

Answer: B

56) What is the goal of restoration ecology? A) to replace a ruined ecosystem with a more suitable ecosystem for that area B) to speed up the restoration of a degraded ecosystem C) to completely restore a disturbed ecosystem to its former undisturbed state D) to prevent further degradation by protecting an area with park status E) to manage competition between species in human-altered ecosystems

Answer: B

7) To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, A) producers. B) producers and decomposers. C) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers. D) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. E) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers.

Answer: B

70) On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents nitrifying bacteria? A) 5 B) 6 C) 7

Answer: B

73) A porcupine eats 3,000 J of plant material. Of this, 2,100 J is indigestible and is eliminated as feces, 800 J are used in cellular respiration, and 100 J are used for growth and reproduction. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal? A) 0.03% B) 3% C) 10% D) 27% E) 33%

Answer: B

75) Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter? A) a salt marsh B) an open ocean C) a coral reef D) a grassland E) a tropical rain forest

Answer: B

Food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species) 63) Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Species C is toxic to predators. Which species is most likely to benefit from being a mimic of C? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

Answer: B

1) How do the Taylor Glacier bacteria produce their energy? A) photosynthesis B) heterotrophism C) chemoautotrophism D) thermophobism E) chemosynthesis

Answer: C

11) If the sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to Earth, most ecosystems would vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster? A) tropical rain forest B) tundra C) benthic ocean D) grassland E) desert

Answer: C

12) Which of the following is true of detrivores? A) They recycle chemical elements directly back to primary consumers. B) They synthesize organic molecules that are used by primary producers. C) They convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers. D) They secrete enzymes that convert the organic molecules of detritus into CO₂ and H₂O. E) Some species are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic.

Answer: C

16) Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity? A) the energy contained in the standing crop B) the energy used by heterotrophs in respiration C) the energy used by autotrophs in respiration D) the energy fixed by photosynthesis E) all solar energy

Answer: C

22) How is it that the open ocean produces the highest net primary productivity of Earth's ecosystems, yet net primary productivity per square meter is relatively low? A) Oceans contain greater concentrations of nutrients compared to other ecosystems. B) Oceans receive a lesser amount of solar energy per unit area. C) Oceans have the largest area of all the ecosystems on Earth. D) Ocean ecosystems have less species diversity. E) Oceanic producers are generally much smaller than oceanic consumers.

Answer: C

23) Why is net primary production (NPP) a more useful measurement to an ecosystem ecologist than gross primary production (GPP)? A) NPP can be expressed in energy/unit of area/unit of time. B) NPP can be expressed in terms of carbon fixed by photosynthesis for an entire ecosystem. C) NPP represents the stored chemical energy that is available to consumers in the ecosystem. D) NPP is the same as the standing crop. E) NPP shows the rate at which the standing crop is utilized by consumers.

Answer: C

24) How is net ecosystem production (NEP) typically estimated in ecosystems? A) the ratio of producers to consumers B) the amount of heat energy released by the ecosystem C) the net flux of CO₂ or O₂ in or out of an ecosystem D) the rate of decomposition by detrivores E) the annual total of incoming solar radiation per unit of area

Answer: C

31) A 3-hectare lake in the American Midwest suddenly has succumbed to an algal bloom. What is the likely cause of eutrophication in freshwater ecosystems, such as this one? A) increased solar radiation B) introduction of non-native tertiary consumer fish C) nutrient runoff D) accidental introduction of a prolific culture of algae E) iron dust blowing into the lake

Answer: C

33) What is secondary production? A) energy converted by secondary consumers from primary consumers B) solar energy that is converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis C) food that is converted to new biomass by consumers D) energy that is not used by consumers for growth and reproduction E) growth that takes place during the second year of life in consumers

Answer: C

36) Owls eat rats, mice, shrews, and small birds. Assume that, over a period of time, an owl consumes 5,000 J of animal material. The owl loses 2,300 J in feces and owl pellets and uses 2,500 J for cellular respiration. What is the primary efficiency of this owl? A) 0.02% B) 1% C) 4% D) 10% E) 40%

Answer: C

48) In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with N2 are A) Rhizobium bacteria. B) nitrifying bacteria. C) denitrifying bacteria. D) methanogenic protozoans. E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Answer: C

49) How does phosphorus normally enter ecosystems? A) cellular respiration B) photosynthesis C) rock weathering D) vulcanism E) atmospheric phosphorous gas

Answer: C

5) Photosynthetic organisms are unique to most ecosystems because they A) synthesize organic compounds they obtain from decaying heterotrophs. B) synthesize inorganic compounds from organic compounds. C) use light energy to synthesize organic compounds. D) use chemical energy to synthesize organic compounds. E) convert light energy into matter.

Answer: C

54) Why do logged tropical rain forest soils typically have nutrient-poor soils? A) Tropical bedrock contains little phosphorous. B) Logging results in soil temperatures that are lethal to nitrogen-fixing bacteria. C) Most of the nutrients in the ecosystem are removed in the harvested timber. D) The cation exchange capacity of the soil is reversed as a result of logging. E) Nutrients evaporate easily into the atmosphere in the post-logged forest.

Answer: C

57) Which of the following statements is true? A) An ecosystem's trophic structure determines the rate at which energy cycles within the system. B) At any point in time, it is impossible for consumers to outnumber producers in an ecosystem. C) Chemoautotrophic prokaryotes near deep-sea vents are primary producers. D) There has been a well-documented increase in atmospheric nitrogen over the past several decades. E) The reservoir of ecosystem phosphorous is the atmosphere.

Answer: C

67) On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents nitrite (NO₂)? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Answer: C

71) Suppose you are studying the nitrogen cycling in a pond ecosystem over the course of a month. While you are collecting data, a flock of 100 Canada geese lands and spends the night during a fall migration. What could you do to eliminate error in your study as a result of this event? A) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed in plant material by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and add that amount to the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. B) Find out how much nitrogen is eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and subtract that amount from the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. C) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a 12-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem. D) Do nothing. The Canada geese visitation to the lake would have negligible impact on the nitrogen budget of the pond. E) Put a net over the pond so that no more migrating flocks can land on the pond and alter the nitrogen balance of the pond.

Answer: C

72) As big as it is, the ocean is nutrient-limited. If you wanted to investigate this, one reasonable approach would be to A) follow whale migrations in order to determine where most nutrients are located. B) observe Antarctic Ocean productivity from year to year to see if it changes. C) experimentally enrich some areas of the ocean and compare their productivity to that of untreated areas. D) compare nutrient concentrations between the photic zone and the benthic zone in various marine locations. E) contrast nutrient uptake by autotrophs in marine locations that are different temperatures.

Answer: C

74) Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level? A) cyanobacteriumprimary producer B) grasshopperprimary consumer C) zooplanktonprimary producer D) eagletertiary consumer E) fungusdetritivore

Answer: C

78) Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an A) the ecosystem's rate of primary production B) the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers C) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem D) the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem E) the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem

Answer: C

9) Many homeowners mow their lawns during the summer and collect the clippings, which are then hauled to the local landfill. Which of the following actions would most benefit the suburban ecosystem? A) Allow sheep to graze the lawn and then collect the sheep's feces to be delivered to the landfill. B) Collect the lawn clippings and burn them. C) Collect the lawn clippings and add them to a compost pile, don't collect the clippings and let them decompose into the lawn, or apply composted clippings to the lawn. D) Collect the clippings and wash them into the nearest storm sewer that feeds into the local lake. E) Dig up the lawn and cover the yard with asphalt.

Answer: C

17) Which of these ecosystems accounts for the largest amount of Earth's net primary productivity? A) tundra B) savanna C) salt marsh D) open ocean E) tropical rain forest

Answer: D

18) Which of these ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity per square meter? A) savanna B) open ocean C) boreal forest D) tropical rain forest E) temperate forest

Answer: D

19) Which data is most useful to measure primary productivity in a terrestrial ecosystem? A) temperature readings B) potential evapotranspiration C) intensity of solar radiation D) annual precipitation E) amount of carbon fixed

Answer: D

20) Which of the following is a true statement regarding mineral nutrients in soils and their implication for primary productivity? A) Globally, phosphorous availability is most limiting to primary productivity. B) Adding a nonlimiting nutrient will stimulate primary productivity. C) Adding more of a limiting nutrient will increase primary productivity, indefinitely. D) Phosphorous is sometimes unavailable to producers due to leaching. E) Alkaline soils are more productive than acidic soils.

Answer: D

29) How is it that satellites can detect differences in primary productivity on Earth? A) Photosynthetic organisms absorb more visible light in the 350—750 wavelengths. B) Satellite instruments can detect reflectance patterns of the photosynthetic organisms of different ecosystems. C) Sensitive satellite instruments can measure the amount of NADPH produced in the summative light reactions of different ecosystems. D) Satellites detect differences by comparing the wavelengths of light captured and reflected by photoautotrophs to the amount of light reaching different ecosystems. E) Satellites detect differences by measuring the amount of water vapor emitted by transpiring producers.

Answer: D

40) Which trophic level is most vulnerable to extinction? A) producer level B) primary consumer level C) secondary consumer level D) tertiary consumer level E) decomposer level

Answer: D

42) Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is not converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem? A) It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels. B) It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration. C) Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs to thermoregulate. D) It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. E) It is recycled by decomposers to a form that is once again usable by primary producers.

Answer: D

50) Which of the following is an example of a local biogeochemical cycle? A) O₂ released by oak trees in a forest B) CO₂ absorbed by phytoplankton in the open ocean C) excess NO₃- converted to N₂ by denitrifying soil bacteria D) phosphorous being absorbed from the soil by a corn plant E) organic carbon remains of a leaf being converted to CO₂ by a fungus

Answer: D

52) Which of the following properly links the nutrient to its reservoir? A) nitrogenionic nitrogen in the soil B) wateratmospheric water vapor C) carbondissolved CO₂ in aquatic ecosystems D) phosphoroussedimentary rocks E) All of the options are correct.

Answer: D

59) In a typical grassland community, which of the following is the primary consumer? A) hawk B) snake C) shrew D) grasshopper E) grass

Answer: D

60) When levels of CO₂ are experimentally increased in a typical grassland community, C₃ plants generally respond with a greater increase in productivity than C₄ plants. This is because A) C₃ plants are more efficient in their use of CO₂. B) C₃ plants are able to obtain the same amount of CO₂ by keeping their stomata open for shorter periods of time. C) C₄ plants don't use CO₂ as their source of carbon. D) C₃ plants are more limited by CO₂ availability because they lack mechanisms to prevent transpirational water loss. E) C₃ plants have special adaptations for CO₂ uptake, such as larger stomata.

Answer: D

68) On the diagram of the nitrogen cycle, which number represents ammonia (NH₄+)? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Answer: D

76) The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to a more natural state is known as A) population viability analysis. B) landscape ecology. C) conservation ecology. D) restoration ecology. E) resource conservation.

Answer: D

77) Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by A) converting nitrogen gas to ammonia. B) releasing ammonium from organic compounds, thus returning it to the soil. C) converting ammonia to nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere. D) converting ammonium to nitrate, which plants absorb. E) incorporating nitrogen into amino acids and organic compounds.

Answer: D

Diagram of a food web (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species) 65) If the figure above represents a terrestrial food web, the combined biomass of C + D would probably be A) greater than the biomass of A. B) less than the biomass of H. C) greater than the biomass of B. D) less than the biomass of A + B. E) less than the biomass of E.

Answer: D

10) Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem? A) All of the brook trout in a 500 hectare² river drainage system. B) The plants, animals, and decomposers that inhabit an alpine meadow. C) A pond and all of the plant and animal species that live in it. D) The intricate interactions of the various plant and animal species on a savanna during a drought. E) Interactions between all of the organisms and their physical environment in a tropical rain forest.

Answer: E

32) The amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period is known as which of the following? A) biomass B) standing crop C) biomagnification D) primary production E) secondary production

Answer: E

37) Why does a vegetarian leave a smaller ecological footprint than an omnivore? A) Fewer animals are slaughtered for human consumption. B) There is an excess of plant biomass in all terrestrial ecosystems. C) Vegetarians need to ingest less chemical energy than omnivores. D) Vegetarians require less protein than do omnivores. E) Eating meat is an inefficient way of acquiring photosynthetic productivity.

Answer: E

39) Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? A) Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. B) Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy. C) Nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. D) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition. E) Energy transfer between tropic levels is in almost all cases less than 20% efficient.

Answer: E

44) If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be true? A) Polar bears can provide more food for humans than seals can. B) The total biomass of the fish is lower than that of the seals. C) Seal meat probably contains the highest concentrations of fat-soluble toxins. D) Seal populations are larger than fish populations. E) The fish can potentially provide more food for humans than the seal meat can.

Answer: E

45) Nitrogen is available to plants only in the form of A) N2 in the atmosphere. B) nitrite ions in the soil. C) uric acid from animal excretions. D) amino acids from decomposing plant and animal proteins. E) nitrate ions in the soil.

Answer: E

47) Which of the following locations is the reservoir for carbon for the carbon cycle? A) atmosphere B) sediments and sedimentary rocks C) fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) D) plant and animal biomass E) all of the above

Answer: E

53) In terms of nutrient cycling, why does timber harvesting in a temperate forest cause less ecological devastation than timber harvesting in tropical rain forests? A) Trees are generally less numerous in temperate forests, so fewer nutrients will be removed from the temperate forest ecosystem during a harvest. B) Temperate forest tree species require fewer nutrients to survive than their tropical counterpart species, so a harvest removes fewer nutrients from the temperate ecosystem. C) The warmer temperatures in the tropics influence rain forest species to assimilate nutrients more slowly, so tropical nutrient absorption is much slower than in temperate forests. D) There are far fewer decomposers in tropical rain forests, so turning organic matter into usable nutrients is a slower process than in temperate forest ecosystems. E) Typical harvests remove up to 75% of the nutrients in the woody trunks of tropical rain forest trees, leaving nutrient-impoverished soils behind.

Answer: E

79) The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment yielded all of the following results except: A) Most minerals were recycled within a forest ecosystem. B) The flow of minerals out of a natural watershed was offset by minerals flowing in. C) Deforestation increased water runoff. D) The nitrate concentration in waters draining the deforested area became dangerously high. E) Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas.

Answer: E

81) If you applied a fungicide to a cornfield, what would you expect to happen to the rate of decomposition and net ecosystem production (NEP)? A) Both decomposition rate and NEP would decrease. B) Both decomposition rate and NEP would increase. C) Neither would change. D) Decomposition rate would increase and NEP would decrease. E) Decomposition rate would decrease and NEP would increase.

Answer: E

Food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species) 62) Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which species is most likely a decomposer on this food web? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

Answer: E

Food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem (arrows represent energy flow and letters represent species) 64) Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which pair of species could be omnivores? A) A and B B) A and D C) B and C D) C and D E) C and E

Answer: E

Endangered species__________.

Are in danger of extinction throughout part or all of their range

Which of the following is a density-independent mortality factor?

Asteroid impact

Carrying capacity is A) seldom reached by marine producers and consumers because of the vast resources of the ocean. B) the maximum population size that a particular environment can support. C) fixed for most species over most of their range most of the time. D) determined by density and dispersion data. E) the term used to describe the stress a population undergoes due to limited resources.

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Estimate the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year. A) 120 individuals added B) 40 individuals added C) 20 individuals added D) 400 individuals added E) 20 individuals lost

A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors cause the population to increase in mortality and lower reproduction rates in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control? A) Owl populations frequent the area more often because of increased hunting success. B) Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation. C) Clumped dispersion of the population leads to increased spread of disease and parasites resulting in a population crash. D) All of the resources (food and shelter) are used up by overpopulation and much of the population dies of exposure and/or starvation. E) Because the individuals are vulnerable they are more likely to die off if a drought or flood were to occur.

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? A) The growth rate will not change. B) The growth rate will approach zero. C) The population will show an Allee effect. D) The population will increase exponentially. E) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase.

Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = A) rN K B) rN C) rN(K+N) D) rN (K-N) K E) rN (N-K) K

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the following question. The arrows represent the transfer of food energy between the various trophic levels. Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer? A B C D E

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the following questions. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. Which letter represents an organism that could be a primary producer? A B C D E

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the question(s) below. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels.

Which of the following can contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations? A) the removal of toxic waste by decomposers B) intraspecific competition for nutrients C) earthquakes D) floods E) weather catastrophes

Which of the following is a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? A) social pressure for birth control B) earthquakes C) plagues D) famines E) pollution

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the regulation of populations? A) The logistic equation reflects the effect of density-dependent factors, which can ultimately stabilize populations around the carrying capacity. B) Density-independent factors have an increasingly greater effect as a populationʹs density increases. C) High densities in a population may cause physiological changes that inhibit reproduction. D) Because of the overlapping nature of population-regulating factors, it is often difficult to precisely determine their cause-and-effect relationships. E) The occurrence of population cycles in some populations may be the result of crowding or lag times in the response to density-dependent factors.

Which of the following is the pattern of spacing for individuals within the boundaries of the population? A) cohort B) dispersion C) Allee effect D) iteroparous E) semelparous

Which of the following pairs of reproductive strategies is consistent with energetic trade-off and reproductive success? A) Pioneer species of plants produce many very small, highly airborne seeds, while large elephants that are very good parents produce many offspring. B) Female rabbits that suffer high predation rates may produce several litters per breeding season, and coconuts produce few fruits, but most survive when they encounter proper growing conditions. C) Species that have to broadcast to distant habitats tend to produce seeds with heavy protective seed coats, and animals that are caring parents produce fewer offspring with lower infant mortality. D) Free-living insects lay thousands of eggs and provide no parental care, while flowers take good care of their seeds until they are ready to germinate. E) Some mammals will not reproduce when environmental resources are low so they can survive until conditions get better, and plants that produce many small seeds are likely found in stable environments.

You are observing a population of lizards when you notice that the number of adults has increased and is higher than previously observed. One explanation for such an observation would include A) reduction in death rate. B) increased immigration. C) increased emigration. D) decreased emigration. E) increased birth rate.

2) Approximately what percentage of the energy from sunlight is converted into gross primary production? A) 10 percent B) 0.8 percent C) 25 percent D) 100 percent E) 5 percent

B) 0.8 percent

In the second year of its life a pied kingfisher mates and raises two of its own offspring. What is its direct fitness in this second year of its life? A) 0.50 B) 1.00 C) 1.50 D) 2.00 E) None of the above is correct.

B) 1.00

27) Approximately what percentage of bird species are on the IUCN Red List? A) 0 percent B) 13 percent C) 23 percent D) 33 percent E) 53 percent

B) 13 percent

55) Using the accompanying figure, what is the predicted change in temperature under a model with dramatic reduction of greenhouse gases? A) 7°C B) <1°C C) −4°C D) 3°C E) 0°C

B) <1°C

7)After looking at the accompanying figure, what can be said about productivity in this ecosystem? A) Nothing can be said based on this information. B) About 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. C) About 10% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. D) Productivity increases with each trophic level.

B) About 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.

Use the following diagram of a hypothetical food web to answer the question(s) below. The arrows represent the transfer of energy between the various trophic levels. 12) Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

B) B

42) In the figure shown, which community has the highest species diversity? A) Community 1 B) Community 2 C) Community 1 and Community 3 have the highest species diversity. D) Community 4

B) Community 2

50) Which of the following are TRUE about the greenhouse effect? I. High-energy solar radiation enters the atmosphere. II. Some of the energy is reflected, and some is absorbed by the Earth's surface. III. Heat is emitted as infrared radiation, and some of it is retained in the atmosphere, decreasing the temperature on Earth. A) I B) I and II C) I, II, and III D) II

B) I and II

43) Success in the restoration of ecosystems is positively correlated with ________. I. The size of the area restored II. Increase in biodiversity III. The intactness of surrounding areas A) I and II B) I and III C) I, II, and III D) II E) II and III

B) I and III

8) Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding species diversity and taxonomic diversity? A) Species diversity measures the relative frequency of all alleles present in a species. B) In taxonomic diversity, the number of species in a lineage is important. C) In species diversity, the number of animals in a particular lineage is important. D) The variety of species in a given area represents taxonomic diversity.

B) In taxonomic diversity, the number of species in a lineage is important.

8) Which is the best way to test the hypothesis that C. is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides? A) Place individuals of each species in a jar and see which species survives. B) Remove all B. balanoides from the lower intertidal zone. C) Transplant B. balanoides to the upper intertidal zone. D) Clear rocks in an entire area and document recolonization events. E) Remove all C. stellatus from the upper tidal zone.

B) Remove all B. balanoides from the lower intertidal zone.

27) What does the graph in the accompanying figure tell you about the definition of a keystone species? A) A keystone species has little interaction with other species in an environment. B) Removing a keystone species from the community drastically reduces diversity. C) Adding a keystone species to the community will make it more diverse. D) Removing a keystone species from the community will eventually allow for the invasion of a new species.

B) Removing a keystone species from the community drastically reduces diversity.

8) Which of the following best describes resource partitioning?

B) Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist.

If the Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun), how would that change Earth's climate? A) The equators would not change in climate. B) The South Pole would get colder. C) The equators would get warmer. D) The North Pole would get more wind.

B) The South Pole would get colder.

If a prairie dog had the opportunity to perform an altruistic act (i.e., give an alarm call) to help its relatives, which combination of the following relatives would the prairie dog be most likely to help (base your answer solely on the genetic relationships)? A) two nieces, two cousins, and one half-brother B) The prarie dog would be equally likely to act altruistically to each of the combinations of relatives described above. C) one son, one niece, and one half-sister D) four cousins and one brother E) two half-sisters and two nieces

B) The prarie dog would be equally likely to act altruistically to each of the combinations of relatives described above.

What would happen to the seasons if the Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees? A) The seasons would disappear. B) Winters and summers would be more severe. C) Winters and summers would be less severe. D) The seasons would be shorter.

B) Winters and summers would be more severe.

Which marine zone would have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)? A) pelagic B) abyssal C) neritic D) continental shelf E) intertidal

B) abyssal

47) Species richness increases ________. A) as we increase in altitude in equatorial mountains B) as we travel southward from the North Pole C) on islands as distance from the mainland increases D) as depth increases in aquatic communities E) as community size decreases

B) as we travel southward from the North Pole

Food chains are generally short because____________.

Because aproximately 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level

19) For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that ________. A) secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers B) at each step, energy is lost from the system C) as matter passes through ecosystems, some of it is lost to the environment D) biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores E) top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers

B) at each step, energy is lost from the system

If the sun were to suddenly stop providing energy to Earth, most ecosystems would vanish. Which of the following ecosystems would likely survive the longest after this hypothetical disaster? A) grassland B) benthic ocean C) desert D) tundra E) tropical rain forest

B) benthic ocean

10) Which of the following terms includes all of the others? A) species diversity B) biodiversity C) genetic diversity D) ecosystem diversity E) species richness

B) biodiversity

B) character displacement.

19) Which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population? A) competition B) consumption C) mutualism D) commensalism

B) consumption

Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? A) social pressure for birth control B) earthquakes C) plagues D) famines E) pollution

B) earthquakes

A species of fish is found to require a certain water temperature, a particular oxygen content of the water, a particular depth, a rocky substrate on the bottom, and a variety of nutrients in the form of microscopic plants and animals to thrive. These requirements describe it

B) ecological niche.

Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? A) community, ecosystem, organism, population B) ecosystem, community, population, organism C) population, ecosystem, organism, community D) organism, population, community, ecosystem E) organism, community, population, ecosystem

B) ecosystem, community, population, organism

22) The main factor that leads to the loss of biodiversity is ________. A) habitat fragmentation B) habitat destruction C) industrialization D) transportation

B) habitat destruction

Why does the 2009 U.S. population continue to grow even though the United States has essentially established a ZPG? A) emigration B) immigration C) better sanitation D) baby boomer reproduction E) the 2007-2009 economic recession

B) immigration

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations? A) the removal of toxic waste by decomposers B) intraspecific competition for nutrients C) earthquakes D) floods E) fires

B) intraspecific competition for nutrients * Density-depedent: biotic factors (competition, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic waste build-up)

19) Which of the following criteria have to be met for a species to qualify as invasive? A) endemic to the area, spreads rapidly, and displaces foreign species B) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species C) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces other invasive species D) endemic to the area, spreads slowly, and displaces native species

B) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species

32) In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to 8 after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) ________. A) pathogen B) keystone species C) herbivore D) resource partitioner E) mutualistic organism

B) keystone species

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)

B) keystone species.

Learning has the most influence on behavior when _____. A)animals have parents or other sources to learn from, and when animals have enormous cognitive ability B) making mistakes does not result in death, and when animals have parents or other sources to learn from C)animals have parents or other sources to learn from D) animals have enormous cognitive ability E) making mistakes does not result in death

B) making mistakes does not result in death, and when animals have parents or other sources to learn from

48) There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of ________. A) fewer predators B) more intense annual solar radiation C) more frequent ecological disturbances D) fewer agents of disease

B) more intense annual solar radiation

29) The species richness of a community refers to the

B) number of different species.

44) Considering the global carbon cycle, which of the following is the largest reservoir of carbon? A) terrestrial ecosystems B) oceans C) atmosphere D) algae in lakes and streams

B) oceans

4) Which of the following factors account for the inefficiency of the rate of photosynthesis? I. Even when conditions are ideal, the pigments that drive photosynthesis can absorb only a fraction of the light wavelengths available and thus a fraction of the total energy received. II. Plants in equatorial biomes have drastically reduced photosynthetic rates in winter. III. If conditions get dry, stomata close to conserve water. IV. The efficiency of enzymes is not temperature dependent. A) only II and III B) only I and III C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III

B) only I and III

27) Which habitat types in the accompanying figure cover the largest area? A) tropical wet forest plus the ocean neritic zone B) open ocean C) algal beds and reefs plus the ocean neritic zone D) wetlands plus the ocean neritic zone

B) open ocean

28) Which habitat type in the figure makes available the most new tissue to consumers? A) tropical wet forest B) open ocean C) algal beds and reefs D) wetlands

B) open ocean

The regular fluctuations in size of animal populations are termed _____. A) population dynamics B) population cycles C) growth factors D) all of the above

B) population cycles

29) The most serious consequence to humans of a decrease in global biodiversity would be the ________. A) increase in global warming and thinning of the ozone layer B) potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend C) increase in the abundance and diversity of edge-adapted species D) loss of sources of genetic diversity to preserve endangered species E) loss of species for use as crops

B) potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend

3) Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they

B) prey on the community's dominant species.

To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at a minimum, A) producers. B) producers and decomposers. C) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, top carnivores, and decomposers. D) producers, primary consumers, and decomposers. E) producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers.

B) producers and decomposers.

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk to the top, while the White-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

B) resource partitioning

30) Considering its total area covered, which ecosystem type represented in the figure has a very low level of economic impact on Earth's ecosystem, assuming that NPP is positively correlated with economic value? A) tropical wet forest B) rock, sand, and ice C) tropical seasonal forest D) ocean neritic zone

B) rock, sand, and ice

The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that _____. A) there is more ice at the poles B) sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle C) the poles are farther from the sun D) the polar atmosphere is thinner and contains fewer greenhouse gases E) the poles are permanently tilted away from the sun

B) sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle

10) Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between

B) sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.

35) Community resistance refers to ________. A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance D) how many species are in the community

B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

15) In the accompanying figure, which individuals are displaying Batesian mimicry? A) the paper wasp, bumblebee, and honeybee B) the hornet moth, wasp beetle, and hoverfly C) All of the insects are displaying Batesian mimicry. D) None of the insects is displaying Batesian mimicry.

B) the hornet moth, wasp beetle, and hoverfly

18) Trophic efficiency is ________. A) the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production B) the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next C) a measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next D) usually greater than production efficiencies E) about 90 percent in most ecosystems

B) the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

26) The introduction of the Burmese python by pet owners in Florida has resulted in ________. A) eradication of nonnative rats and other undesirable/pest species B) the threatening of many native species C) a good lesson in biological control D) a new species of hybrids from crossbreeding with a native snake species E) its failure to compete with native species and its quick elimination

B) the threatening of many native species

What is the main purpose of the wildlife corridor? A) to slow down the introduction of new individuals of a species B) to connect two otherwise isolated populations C) to slowly introduce a species to a new preserve D) to facilitate the transfer of individuals back and forth between populations

B) to connect two otherwise isolated populations

) The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that

B) tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation.

33) After looking at the experiment in the accompanying figure, what can be said about nutrient export in ecosystems? Nutrient export is ________. A) typically 10 times lower in a clear-cut watershed B) typically 10 times higher in a clear-cut watershed C) typically 10 times higher in an uncut watershed D) not affected by any form of cutting

B) typically 10 times higher in a clear-cut watershed

Which of the following members of a marine food chain occupies a similar tropic level to a grasshopper in a terrestrial food chain?

B) zooplankton

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____. Batesian mimicry warning coloration cryptic coloration aposematic coloration Müllerian mimicry

Batesian mimicry

In __________________, a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

Batesian mimicry,

_________________ can help restore polluted communities

Biomanipulation

Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants.

Which of the following leads to growth of a population?

Births

Which processes increase a population's size?

Births and immigration.

What is the difference between logistic and exponential growth model predictions when population numbers become high?

Both models are the same at low population densities, but when densities are high the logistic model reduces or stops its growth, whereas the exponential ignores density.

Which of the following hypotheses explains the scenario: rabbit (primary consumers) populations will crash when their food sources (vegetation) are depleted?

Bottom-up

Species that exert strong control over a community due to their pivotal ecological role are called:

keystone species

56) Which of the following graphs illustrates the population growth curve of single bacterium growing in a flask of ideal medium at optimum temperature over a 24-hour period?

Density-dependent factors are related to which of the following? A) cohort B) dispersion C) Allee effect D) iteroparous E) semelparous

Which of the following statements explains why herbivores eat so little of the food available to them?

Herbivores are kept in check by predation and disease.

In which of the following habitats would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals? A) a recently abandoned agricultural field in Ohio B) the sand dune communities of south Lake Michigan C) the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean D) South Florida after a hurricane E) a newly emergent volcanic island

Long-term studies of Beldingʹs ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 km from where they are born and make up 1 to 8% of the males and 0.7 to 6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant? A) These immigrants make up for the deaths of individuals keeping the other populationsʹ size stable. B) Young reproductive males tend to stay in their home population and are not driven out by other territorial males. C) These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations. D) Those individuals that emigrate to these new populations are looking for less crowded conditions with more resources. E) Gradually, the populations of ground squirrels will move from a uniform to a clumped population pattern of dispersion.

Most ecologists believe that the average global carrying capacity for the human population is between A) 5 and 6 billion. B) 6 and 8 billion. C) 10 and 15 billion. D) 15 and 20 billion. E) 20 and 25 billion.

The three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism are A) life expectancy, birth rate, and death rate. B) number of reproductive females in the population, age structure of the population, and life expectancy. C) age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode. D) how often reproduction occurs, life expectancy of females in the population, and number of offspring per reproductive episode. E) the number of reproductive females in the population, how often reproduction occurs, and death rate.

Which letter represents an organism that could only be a primary consumer?

Which of the following approximates the survivorship curve of a mosquito?

Which of the following might be expected in the logistic model of population growth? A) As N approaches K, b increases. B) As N approaches K, r increases. C) As N approaches K, d increases. D) Both A and B are true. E) Both B and C are true.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of life histories is correct? A) Stable environments with limited resources favor r-selected populations. B) K-selected populations are most often found in environments where density-independent factors are important regulators of population size. C) Most populations have both r- and K-selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions. D) The reproductive efforts of r-selected populations are directed at producing just a few offspring with good competitive abilities. E) K-selected populations rarely approach carrying capacity.

Why is territoriality an adaptive behavior for songbirds maintaining populations at or near their carrying capacity? A) Songbirds expend a tremendous amount of energy defending territories so that they spend less time feeding their young and fledgling mortality increases. B) Only the fittest males defend territories and they attract the fittest females so the best genes are conveyed to the next generation. C) Songbird males defend territories commensurate with the size from which they can derive adequate resources for themselves, their mate, and their chicks. D) Many individuals are killed in the ritualistic conflicts that go along with territorial defense. E) Songbirds make improvements to the territories they inhabit so that they can all enjoy larger clutches and successfully fledged chicks.

36) What is the main advantage of controlled burnings of forested areas? Controlled burnings ________. A) eliminate the possibility of forest fires B) clear forested areas for farmland C) prevent the overgrowth of the underbrush D) allow new species to form

C) prevent the overgrowth of the underbrush

26) What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog? A) +/+ B) +/0 C) +/− D) 0/0 E) −/−

C) +/−

17) Based on the species—area plot in the accompanying figure, if habitable area on an island were reduced from 10,000 km2 (square kilometers) to 1000 km2, roughly what percentage of the species would disappear? A) 0.3 percent B) 3 percent C) 30 percent D) 60 percent

C) 30 percent

What is the main difference between a disturbance and a disturbance regime? A) A disturbance regime includes defining the length of the disturbance. B) A disturbance regime is a more specific type of disturbance. C) A disturbance regime includes defining the predictable frequency and severity of the disturbance. D) They are essentially the same thing.

C) A disturbance regime includes defining the predictable frequency and severity of the disturbance.

23) Copyright © 2003 American Institute of Biological Sciences. (Foster, D. R., F. Swanson, J. Aber, D. Tilman, N. Brokaw, I. Burke, and A. Knapp. 2003. The importance of land-use and its legacies to ecology and environmental management. BioScience 53:77—88.) Based on the accompanying figure, what can you conclude about the history of land use in the southern Yucatán? A) Massive soil erosion caused the Mayan population to crash. B) Reduction in forest cover caused the Mayan population to crash. C) As Mayan population increased, deforestation increased, probably leading to increased soil erosion. D) This Mayan population practiced sustainable development.

C) As Mayan population increased, deforestation increased, probably leading to increased soil erosion.

17) While traveling in Texas, you stumble across a snake with red, yellow, and black bands. You somehow remember that this could be a poisonous coral snake or a harmless milk snake, but you forget how to differentiate them because they both have similar colors and banding patterns. You wisely decide not to pick up the snake. What defense of the snake was successful in preventing you from grabbing the snake? A) constitutive defense B) Müllerian mimicry C) Batesian mimicry D) inducible defenses

C) Batesian mimicry

Monarch butterflies are protected from birds and other predators but the cardiac glycosides they incorporate into their tissues are from eating milkweed when they were in their caterpillar stage of development. The wings of a different species of butterfly, the Viceroy, look nearly identical to the Monarch so predators that have learned not to eat the bad-tasting Monarch avoid Viceroys as well. This example best describes

C) Batesian mimicry.

13) Which letter represents an organism that could only be a primary consumer? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

C) C

53) Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

C) C

31) Regarding soil and organic matter in humus, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Humus is composed of inorganic nutrients, and organic matter is composed only of organic matter. B) Soil organic matter is completely decayed. C) Completely decayed soil organic matter is called humus. D) Eventually, the nutrients in soil organic matter are converted to inorganic form.

C) Completely decayed soil organic matter is called humus.

At the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, how did large amounts of energy leave the decomposer food web? A) Detritus was sublimated by increased solar radiation. B) Energy was lost through incomplete decomposition. C) Detritus was washed away into streams during heavy rain. D) Large numbers of decomposers emigrated from the area

C) Detritus was washed away into streams during heavy rain.

28) Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict if we wished to test Gleason's hypothesis? A) Identical plankton communities will develop in all ponds. B) Similar plankton communities will develop in all ponds. C) Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds. D) Limited plankton communities will develop in all ponds. E) Initially the number of species in each pond will be greater than the number normally found in similar environments.

C) Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.

_____________________ refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

Herbivory (+/- interaction)

Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict if we wished to test Gleason's hypothesis? A) Limited plankton communities will develop in all ponds. B) Similar plankton communities will develop in all ponds. C) Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds. D) Initially the number of species in each pond will be greater than the number normally found in similar environments. E) Identical plankton communities will develop in all ponds.

C) Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.

53) Which of the following have contributed to the increase in the emission of CO2? I. increases in human population II. increases in per capita fossil-fuel use III. land use changes A) I B) I and II C) I, II, and III D) II

C) I, II, and III

22) Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? A) Mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community. B) Individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites. C) Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species. D) Mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present. E) Mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently.

C) Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species.

11) Why are food chains relatively short? A) Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower-trophic-level species. B) Top-level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy. C) Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient. D) There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms. E) Food-chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers.

C) Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient.

4) Philippe Bouchet and colleagues conducted a massive survey of marine mollusks on the west coast of New Caledonia. Twenty percent of the species found had only a single specimen collected. What does that suggest about the diversity of mollusks in this area? A) The west coast of New Caledonia is not an appropriate habitat for mollusks. B) They did not spend enough time sampling in the area. C) Many of the species from this 20 percent are probably rare. D) They were not sampling uniformly throughout the area. E) Many of the species from this 20 percent are most likely just dispersing through the area.

C) Many of the species from this 20 percent are probably rare.

24) During a one-year study, researchers found no difference in treehopper populations in any of their control and experimental groups. What could they measure during the second year to gain information about why this might have occurred? A) Measure the number of ant females. B) Measure the relative sizes of the treehoppers. C) Measure the relative abundance of jumping spiders. D) Measure the relative sizes of different ant species.A

C) Measure the relative abundance of jumping spiders.

12) Erwin and Scott used an insecticidal fog to knock down insects from the top of a L. seemannii tree. The researchers identified over 900 species of beetles among the individuals that fell. Erwin also projected that this entire tree is host to about 600 arthropod species unique to this tree species. There are approximately 50,000 species of tropical trees. Although it could not be entirely accurate, what would be the best way to estimate the total number of arthropod species? A) Estimate the species density and then multiply by 50,000. B) Multiply 900 by 50,000. C) Multiply 600 by 50,000. D) Divide 900 by 600 and then multiply by 50,000.

C) Multiply 600 by 50,000.

55) Which of the following is a prediction of the high-productivity hypothesis that is proposed to explain the latitudinal gradient in species diversity? A) Speciation rates should decline as niche differentiation occurs. B) Larger and older regions should have more species diversity. C) Speciation rates increase as niche differentiation occurs. D) Smaller and younger regions should have higher species diversity.

C) Speciation rates increase as niche differentiation occurs.

44) Which of the following statements regarding the figure shown is TRUE? A) Immigration rates are higher on smaller islands. B) Extinction rates are highest on large islands close to the mainland. C) Species richness should be higher on larger islands close to the mainland. D) Species diversity should be highest on larger islands away from the mainland.

C) Species richness should be higher on larger islands close to the mainland.

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution? A) Average annual temperature and precipitation are sufficient to predict which biome will be found in an area. B) Seasonal fluctuation of temperature is not a limiting factor in biome distribution if areas have the same annual temperature and precipitation means. C) The average climate and pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution. D) Temperate forests and grasslands are different biomes because they receive a different quality and quantity of sunlight, even though they have essentially the same annual temperature and precipitation. E) Correlation of climate with biome distribution is sufficient to determine the cause of biome patterns.

C) The average climate and pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution.

9) With regard to the destruction of tropical forests, the focus is often on biodiversity and the impact on these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explain why these forests need to be preserved? A) This diversity could contain undocumented insect species. B) Natural and undisturbed areas are important wildlife habitats. C) The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers. D) The plant diversity provides shade, which reduces the impact of global warming.

C) The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.

What is the leading hypothesis as to why terrestrial productivity is higher in equatorial climates? A) Productivity increases with water availability. B) Productivity increases with available sunlight. C) The hypothesis is most likely a combination of the other answers. D) Productivity increases with temperature.

C) The hypothesis is most likely a combination of the other answers.

3) Based on the accompanying figure, what snake antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by a king brown snake if king brown snake antivenom were not available? A) taipan B) common brown snake C) red-bellied black snake D) death adder E) tiger snake

C) red-bellied black

20) A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into twenty separate 1-hectare areas. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares? A) There really is no difference; they should both work equally well. B) The isolated hectare plots increase the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat to another. C) The isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects. D) The large plot will create more inbreeding in many species.

C) The isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects.

Which of the following best substantiates why location 3 is an equatorial (tropical) climate? A) It has a monsoon season during the winter months. B) It has consistent monthly averages for rainfall. C) The temperature is high for each monthly average. D) The temperatures reach 100°F during some months. E) The temperatures are lower in June, July, and August.

C) The temperature is high for each monthly average.

You observe that by flashing a small light in a particular sequence, you can attract male fireflies of a certain species. You begin to think how this signal may be used against these males. Which of the hypotheses seems to be the most logical? A) This particular signal will be used widely by males of this species in territorial disputes. B) This particular signal will be used only by this species of firefly. C) This particular signal will be used commonly by other firefly species as a way to lure males and prey on them. D) This particular signal will be used by females of other species to lure males and mate with them in an effort to pass on more of their genes.

C) This particular signal will be used commonly by other firefly species as a way to lure males and prey on them.

13) Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?

C) a non-venomous snake that looks like a venomous snake

29) Which category in the figure makes available the highest productivity per square meter? A) tropical wet forest B) open ocean C) algal beds and reefs D) wetlands

C) algal beds and reefs

15) Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as ________. A) endemic sinks B) critical communities C) biodiversity hot spots D) endemic metapopulations E) bottlenecks

C) biodiversity hot spots

29) Looking at the results in the accompanying figure, which hypothesis (by Clements or Gleason) is supported by the data? I. Clements II. Gleason A) only I B) only II C) both I and II D) neither I nor II

C) both I and II

3) Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? A) cooperation B) consumption C) commensalism D) parasitism E) mutualism

C) commensalism

Which of the following types of species interaction is correctly paired with its effects on the density of the two interacting populations?

C) commensalism: as one increases the other stays the same

16) Detritivores ________. A) recycle chemical elements directly back to primary consumers B) synthesize organic molecules that are used by primary producers C) convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers D) secrete enzymes that convert the organic molecules of detritus into carbon dioxide and water E) may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

C) convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers

15) What factor could potentially increase the length of a food chain? A) having a single species of herbivore feeding on each plant species B) increased extinction rates of species in the food chain C) decrease in the amount of energy in a trophic level that is lost as it passes to the next higher level D) increase in the amount of energy in a trophic level that is lost as it passes to the next higher level

C) decrease in the amount of energy in a trophic level that is lost as it passes to the next higher level

When lichens grow on bare rock, they may eventually accumulate enough organic material around them to supply the foothold for later rooted vegetation. These early pioneering lichens can be said to do what to the later arrivals?

C) facilitate

36) Community resilience refers to ________. A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance D) how many species are in the community

C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

5) Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is

C) increased by moderate levels of disturbance.

36) Which of the following human activities is impacting the water cycle the LEAST? A) increase in asphalt and concrete surfaces B) conversion of grasslands and forests into agricultural fields C) increased processing of salt water to freshwater D) increases in irrigated agriculture

C) increased processing of salt water to freshwater

A certain species of pine tree survives only in scattered locations at elevations above 2800 meters in the western United States. To understand why this tree grows only in these specific places, an ecologist should _____. A) conclude that lower elevations are limiting to the survival of this species B) study the anatomy and physiology of this species C) investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude D) analyze the soils found in the vicinity of these trees, looking for unique chemicals that may support their growth E) collect data on temperature, wind, and precipitation at several of these locations for a year

C) investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude

In the last phase of migration, birds seem to be using _____ to determine their final destination. A) the magnetic field of the Earth B) temperature cues C) landmarks D) the arc of the Sun E) olfactory cues

C) landmarks

According to the equilibrium model of island biogeography, species richness would be greatest on an island that is

C) large and close to a mainland.

In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit productivity? A) temperature B) solute concentration C) light availability D) all of the above

C) light availability

4) Food chains are sometimes short because

C) most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level.

5) What is the term used to describe the process shown in the panels in the accompanying figure, assuming Time 2 follows Time 1? A) competition B) species interaction C) niche differentiation D) niche realization

C) niche differentiation

30) Use the accompanying figure to answer this question: What two variables were manipulated? A) plant biomass and species richness B) plant biomass and number of functional groups C) number of functional groups and species richness D) plot size and plant biomass

C) number of functional groups and species richness

31) Use the accompanying figure to answer this question: What factors have a positive effect on plant biomass, based on the data presented? A) plot number and species richness B) No factors have a positive effect on plant biomass. C) number of functional groups and species richness D) plot size and type of plants in plot

C) number of functional groups and species richness

43) A 3-hectare lake in the American Midwest suddenly has succumbed to an algal bloom. What is the likely cause of this in freshwater ecosystems? A) increased solar radiation B) introduction of nonnative tertiary consumer fish C) nutrient runoff D) accidental introduction of a prolific culture of algae E) iron dust blowing into the lake

C) nutrient runoff

41) In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with nitrogen are ________. A) Rhizobium bacteria B) nitrogen fixing bacteria C) ones that use nitrogen-containing compounds as an electron acceptor. D) methanogenic protozoans E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria

C) ones that use nitrogen-containing compounds as an electron acceptor.

9) You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? A) removing the largest trees B) introducing 100 rabbits into the area C) planting 500 new trees D) relocating all of the deer found in the area

C) planting 500 new trees

Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities? A) precipitation, wind B) nutrient availability, soil pH C) predation, competition D) temperature, water E) light intensity, seasonality

C) predation, competition

42) Ex situ conservation refers to ________. A) managing ecosystems to reduce effects of invasive species B) introducing new alleles to populations C) preserving species that are no longer found in the wild in zoos or aquaria D) keeping seed banks of endangered plants E) designing policies to prevent introduction of exotic species

C) preserving species that are no longer found in the wild in zoos or aquaria

48) Global warming refers to ________. A) the increase in the total temperature across the oceans B) the increase in the total temperature across the continents C) the increase in the average temperature of the whole planet D) the increase in the average temperature across the continents E) the increase in the total temperature across the whole planet

C) the increase in the average temperature of the whole planet

24) Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because ________. A) more animals than ever before are going extinct B) most current extinctions are caused by introduced species C) the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates D) current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity

C) the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates

49) Global climate change refers to ________. A) the changes in precipitation patterns that result from global warming B) the changes in local temperature patterns that result from global warming C) the sum of the changes in local precipitation and temperature patterns that result from global warming D) the changes in ocean temperatures as a result of increased global carbon emissions E) the sum of the changes in local precipitation and temperature patterns that result from increases in ocean warming

C) the sum of the changes in local precipitation and temperature patterns that result from global warming

21) People with at least one copy of the HLA-B53 gene are better able to beat back malarial infections before the infection progresses. If this is a coevolutionary arms race between Plasmodium and humans, what would the next step in this race be? A) to see humans with more than one copy of the HLA-B53 gene B) to see humans without the HLA-B53 gene C) to see Plasmodium populations that counter the HLA-B53 gene D) to see Plasmodium populations that have the HLA-B53 gene E) to see a mutation in the HLA-B53 gene that makes it more effective against malarial infections

C) to see Plasmodium populations that counter the HLA- B53 gene

1) The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's

C) trophic structure.

14) Which of the following ecological locations has the greatest species diversity? A) tundra B) deciduous forests C) tropical rain forest D) grasslands E) islands

C) tropical rain forest

Given that CO2 is produced by cellular respiration, why does the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere remain relatively constant? (When answering this question, exclude the impact of human activities on atmospheric CO2.)

CO2 is converted in photosynthesis to carbohydrates.

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important?

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important?

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

The maximum population a habitat can support is its

Carrying capacity.

What are population dynamics?

Changes in populations through time and space

_______________________ is a tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

Character displacement

________________________ is another common interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Commensalism (+/0 interaction)

Which process is not an example of consumption?

Commensalism.

A study of metabolic rates in a terrestrial community showed that the energy released by respiration exceeded the energy captured in photosynthesis. Which of the following situations is most likely?

Community biomass is decreasing.

___________________ occurs when species compete for a resource that limits survival and reproduction

Competition (-/- interaction)

If the niches of two species are very similar, which of the following is true?

Competition between the two species will be severe.

12) Which of the following scenarios would provide the most legitimate data on population density? A) Count the number of nests of a particular species of songbird and multiply this by a factor that extrapolates these data to actual animals. B) Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10 m x 10 m plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent. C) Use the mark-and-recapture method to estimate the size of the population. D) Calculate the difference between all of the immigrants and emigrants to see if the population is growing or shrinking. E) Add the number of births and subtract the individuals that die to see if the population's density is increasing or decreasing.

Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10 m x 10 m plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent.

Which of the following scenarios would provide the most relevant data on population density?

Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-meter-square plots and extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area these plots represent.

Which of the following scenarios would provide the MOST legitimate data on population DENSITY?

Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10m X 10m plots and extrapolate this number to the faction of the study area these plots represent

Which organisms would be found in the same trophic level?

Crickets and cows

_______________________, makes prey difficult to spot

Cryptic coloration, or camouflage

How do humans combat infection by the Plasmodium parasite?

Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected liver cells by recognizing a Plasmodium protein bound to an HLA protein on the surface of those cells.

53) Which curve best describes survivorship in a marine crustacean that molts? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

60) Which of the following graphs illustrates the growth over several seasons of a population of snowshoe hares that were introduced to an appropriate habitat also inhabited by predators in northern Canada?

Natural selection has led to the evolution of diverse natural history strategies, which have in common A) many offspring per reproductive episode. B) limitation only by density-independent limiting factors. C) adaptation to stable environments. D) maximum lifetime reproductive success. E) relatively large offspring.

During the spring, you are studying the mice that live in a field near your home. There are lots of mice in this field, but you realize that you rarely observe any reproductive females. This most likely indicates A) that there is selective predation on female mice. B) that female mice die before reproducing. C) that this habitat is a good place for mice to reproduce. D) that you are observing immigrant mice. E) that the breeding season is over

Imagine that you are managing a large ranch. You know from historical accounts that wild sheep used to live there, but they have been extirpated. You decide to reintroduce them. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you do so. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). The graph will appear as A) a diagonal line, getting higher with each generation. B) an ʺS,ʺ increasing with each generation. C) an upside-down ʺU.ʺ D) a ʺJ,ʺ increasing with each generation. E) an ʺSʺ that ends with a vertical line.

In 2005, the United States had a population of approximately 295,000,000 people. If the birth rate was 13 births for every 1,000 people, approximately how many births occurred in the United States in 2005? A) 3,800 B) 38,000 C) 380,000 D) 3,800,000 E) 38,000,000

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, dN/dt = rN (K-N) , K which of the factors accounts for the effect on the moose population? A) r B) N C) rN D) K E) dt

The life history traits favored by selection are most likely to vary with A) fluctuations in K. B) the shape of the J curve. C) the maximum size of a population. D) population density. E) population dispersion

To measure the population of lake trout in a 250 hectare lake, 200 individuals were netted and marked with a fin clip, and then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake is netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that are caught, 50 have fin clips. Using the capture-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? A) 200 B) 250 C) 400 D) 800 E) 40,000

Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with A) chance. B) patterns of high humidity. C) the random distribution of seeds. D) competitive interactions among individuals in the population. E) the concentration of nutrients within the populationʹs range.

Which of the following describes having more than one reproductive episode during a lifetime? A) cohort B) dispersion C) Allee effect D) iteroparous E) semelparous

Which of the following is true? A) K-selection operates in populations where populations fluctuate well below the carrying capacity. B) r-selection occurs in populations whose densities are very near the carrying capacity. C) Different populations of the same species will be consistently r- or K-selected. D) r- and K-selection are two extremes of a range of life history strategies. E) r-selection tends to maximize population size, not the rate of increase in population size.

1) Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion?

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species

10) Approximately how many kilograms (kg) of carnivore (secondary consumer) biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material? A) 10,000 B) 1000 C) 100 D) 10 E) 1

D) 10

Based on current growth rates, Earth's human population in 2012 will be closest to A) 2 million. B) 3 billion. C) 4 billion. D) 7 billion. E) 10 billion.

D) 7 billion.

10) Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? A) Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. B) The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. C) Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. D) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. E) Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

D) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

5) Which one of the following is LEAST likely to be a hot spot for birds? A) Amazon River basin B) East Africa C) Southwest China D) Greenland

D) Greenland

16) In the accompanying figure, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) All of the species of insects shown are in the order Hymenoptera. B) There are no true mimics in the insects shown. C) All of the insects are displaying Batesian mimicry. D) Half of the six insects shown are harmless.

D) Half of the six insects shown are harmless.

40) Which of the following have an impact on decisions about humans mitigating the extinctions and damages to ecosystem services? I. Moral issues II. Economic problems III. Biological problems A) I and II only B) II and III only C) III only D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

41) What is TRUE concerning the high consumption of fossil fuels? A) It has no effect on biodiversity. B) It affects biodiversity by directly harming species. C) It affects biodiversity indirectly via climate change. D) It affects biodiversity both directly and indirectly via climate change. E) It affects biodiversity indirectly via decreases in CO2 emissions.

D) It affects biodiversity both directly and indirectly via climate change.

21) Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is NOT converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem? A) It is undigested and winds up in the feces and is not passed on to higher trophic levels. B) It is used by organisms to maintain their life processes through the reactions of cellular respiration. C) Heat produced by cellular respiration is used by heterotrophs for thermoregulation. D) It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. E) It is recycled by decomposers to smaller and smaller forms until it finally breaks down to form soil.

D) It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

Imagine that a deep temperate zone lake did not turn over during the spring and fall seasons. Based on the physical and biological properties of limnetic ecosystems, what would be the difference from normal seasonal turnover? A) The lake would be uniformly cold during the winter and summer. B) The lake would fail to freeze over in winter. C) An algal bloom of algae would result every spring. D) Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers. E) The pH of the lake would become increasingly alkaline.

D) Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers.

Philippe Bouchet and colleagues conducted a massive survey of marine mollusks on the west coast of New Caledonia. Twenty percent of the species found were represented by a single specimen. What does that suggest about the diversity of mollusks in this area? A) The west coast of New Caledonia is not an appropriate habitat for mollusks. B) Many of the species from this 20 percent are most likely just dispersing through the area. C) They were not sampling uniformly throughout the area. D) Many of the species from this 20 percent are probably rare. E) They did not spend enough time sampling in the area.

D) Many of the species from this 20 percent are probably rare.

According to the accompanying figure, which of the following explains why the red panda is an important species to preserve? A) Red pandas are a symbol of conservation efforts. B) Red pandas live in areas that are critically endangered. C) Seals are more important to preserve than the red panda because the ocean environment is critically endangered. D) Phylogenetically distinct species are high-priority species to target for conservation.

D) Phylogenetically distinct species are high-priority species to target for conservation.

50) Which of the following is a correct statement about the MacArthur/Wilson Island Biogeography Model? A) The more species that inhabit an island, the lower the extinction rate. B) As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases. C) Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species. D) Small islands receive few new immigrant species. E) Islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates.

D) Small islands receive few new immigrant species.

25) Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates? A) Productivity increases with temperature. B) Productivity increases with water availability. C) Productivity increases with available sunlight. D) The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

D) The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

13) What are the criteria Conservation International has established to determine if an area is a conservation hot spot? A) The area contains at least 1500 endemic vascular plant species and has more than at least 50 percent of its traditional or primary vegetation. B) The area contains at least 500 endemic vascular plant species and has lost at least 20 percent of its traditional or primary vegetation. C) The area contains at least 500 endemic vascular plant species and has more than at least 50 percent of its traditional or primary vegetation. D) The area contains at least 1500 endemic vascular plant species and has lost at least 70 percent of its traditional or primary vegetation. E) The area contains at least 1500 endemic vascular plant species and has more than at least 70 percent of its traditional or primary vegetation.

D) The area contains at least 1500 endemic vascular plant species and has lost at least 70 percent of its traditional or primary vegetation.

9) In the hypothesis that C. stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides (another species of barnacle), what could be concluded about the two species? A) The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are identical. B) The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are different. C) The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are different, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are identical. D) The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.

D) The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.

In this experiment, Balanus was removed from the habitat shown on the left. 6) Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion of this experiment? A) Balanus can survive only in the lower intertidal zone because it is unable to resist desiccation. B) Balanus is inferior to Chthamalus in competing for space on rocks lower in the intertidal zone. C) The two species of barnacles do not compete with each other because they feed at different times of day. D) The removal of Balanus shows that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche. E) If Chthamalus were removed, Balanus's fundamental niche would become larger.

D) The removal of Balanus shows that the realized niche of Chthamalus is smaller than its fundamental niche.

49) Which of the following is a widely supported explanation for the tendency of tropical communities to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities? A) They are less likely to be affected by human disturbance. B) There are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities. C) Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude. D) Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities. E) More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities.

D) Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities.

25) According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is ________. A) chemical pollution of water and air B) stratospheric ozone depletion C) overexploitation of certain species D) alteration or destruction of the physical habitat

D) alteration or destruction of the physical habitat

The specific abiotic factors defining a biome are _____. A) maximum annual temperature and moisture levels B) annual variation in temperature and precipitation C) average annual temperature and moisture levels D) average annual temperature, moisture levels, and annual variation in temperature and precipitation E) maximum annual temperatures, moisture levels, and average annual temperature

D) average annual temperature, moisture levels, and annual variation in temperature and precipitation

2) Epiphytic orchids grow harmlessly on their host trees, and derive their resources from the air and from rain, rather than from their host plant. Which of the following is the best description of this species interaction? A) herbivory B) competition C) parasitism D) commensalism

D) commensalism

Which level of ecological study focuses the most on abiotic factors? A) speciation ecology B) population ecology C) community ecology D) ecosystem ecology

D) ecosystem ecology

6) Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

D) effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

37) Which of the following terms do ecologists use to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism? A) parasitism B) mutualism C) inhibition D) facilitation E) commensalism

D) facilitation

The competitive exclusion principle predicts that ____________.

Even a slight reproductive advantage will lead to the elimination of an inferior species

56) Use the following graph and information to answer the question below. Flycatcher birds that migrate from Africa to Europe feed their nestlings a diet that is almost exclusively moth caterpillars. The graph shows the mean dates of arrival, bird hatching, and peak caterpillar season for the years 1980 and 2000. The shift in the peak of caterpillar season is most likely due to ________. A) pesticide use B) earlier migration returns of flycatchers C) an innate change in the biological clock of the caterpillars D) global warming E) acid precipitation in Europe

D) global warming

39) In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was ________. A) equilibrium B) facilitation C) immigration D) inhibition E) parasitism

D) inhibition

Which is a likely biotic factor limiting songbird distribution in Hawaii to alpine habitats? A) temperature B) oxygen content C) moisture D) insects causing fatal diseases in songbirds at lower altitudes

D) insects causing fatal diseases in songbirds at lower altitudes

Which of these terms defines how the organism allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures related to survival? A) demography B) energy budget C) resource allocation D) life history

D) life history

11) During the inventory of bacterial genes present in the Sargasso Sea in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, a research team concluded that at least 1800 bacterial species were discovered. Based on what you know about this area, what would you expect to see in coral reef waters? A) slightly greater genetic diversity B) slightly smaller genetic diversity C) equal genetic diversity D) markedly greater genetic diversity E) markedly smaller genetic diversity

D) markedly greater genetic diversity

1) When primary producers expend energy to build new tissue, this is ________. A) net primary productivity B) the amount of energy available to consumers C) maintenance costs D) net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers E) maintenance costs and the amount of energy available to consumers

D) net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers

37) Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the accompanying figure. What is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants? A) industrial nitrogen fixation B) nitrogen lost to the atmosphere C) internal nitrogen cycling in the oceans D) nitrogen fixation by bacteria

D) nitrogen fixation by bacteria

6) What is the main reason for using food webs instead of food chains in analyzing ecosystems? I. Most organisms eat more than one type of food. II. Most organisms feed at several trophic levels. III. The decomposition cycle needs to be shown. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only I and II E) I, II, and III

D) only I and II

18) Which of the following statements regarding extinction is (are) correct? I. Only a small percentage of species is immune from extinction. II. Extinction occurs whether humans interfere or not. III. Extinctions can be caused indirectly by humans. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III E) I, II, and III

D) only II and III

34) Based on the experiment in the accompanying figure, which of the following are plausible reasons for the result? I. No nutrients evaporate now that vegetation is absent. II. Nutrients dissolve in the water running through the watershed. III. Nutrients are attached to small particles of sand or clay that leave the watershed. IV. Plant roots that held soil particles in place are no longer there. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, and III

D) only II, III, and IV

28) All of the following have been used by plants to avoid being eaten except

D) producing tissues that have unappealing colors.

38) Which of the following is a provisioning service of ecosystems? A) soil formation B) recreation C) nutrient cycling D) providing genetic resources E) education

D) providing genetic resources

50) You are most likely to observe primary succession in a terrestrial community when you visit a(n)

D) recently created volcanic island.

Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is made possible by which of the following? A) warm, less dense water layered at the top B) cold, more dense water layered at the bottom C) a distinct thermocline between less dense, warm water and cold, dense water D) the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change E) currents generated by nektonic animals

D) the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change

45) According to the figure shown, a species has the highest chance of extinction when ________. A) the island is large and close to the mainland B) the island is small and close to the mainland C) the island is large and remote D) the island is small and remote

D) the island is small and remote

35) The dominant species in a community is

D) the species that contributes the most biomass to the community.

20) In biology, an arms race occurs when ________. A) predators become dominant over their prey species leading to the local extinction of the prey B) a new species evolves into two separate species C) a new niche is created because of interactions between species D) there is a repeating cycle of coevolution E) a prey species adapts and is able to coexist with its predators

D) there is a repeating cycle of coevolution Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

2) The principle of competitive exclusion states that

D) two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community.

Which factor is one that is used to calculate population growth?

Death rate

Which of the following is a part of the natural nitrogen cycle?

Decomposers change detritus into ammonia.

Of the many links in a nutrient cycle, which one most often limits the overall rate at which nutrients move through an ecosystem?

Decomposition of detritus

Which of the following best describes lake turnover?

Dense water sinks and this forces nutrient rich-water to the surface

An ecologist recorder 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?

Density (# of individuals per unit area or volume)

42) Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity? A) Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. B) Density-independent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality. C) Hormonal changes promote higher death rates in crowded populations. D) Individuals voluntarily stop mating so that overcrowding does not occur. E) The incoming energy decreases in populations experiencing a high rate of increase.

Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.

Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity?

Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.

Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true?

Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.

To understand the history of a human population and predict its future, biologists must do more than tally the overall number of individuals. Which of the following descriptions is an inference that can be made from age pyramid models?

Developed nations are more likely to have older men.

____________________________ are those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass

Dominant species

51) Which curve best describes survivorship in marine molluscs? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E

57) Which of the following graphs illustrates the growth curve of a small population of rodents that has grown to reach a static carrying capacity?

Consider several human populations of equal size and net reproductive rate, but different in age structure. The population that is likely to grow the most during the next 30 years is the one with the greatest fraction of people in which age range? A) 50 to 60 years B) 40 to 50 years C) 30 to 40 years D) 20 to 30 years E) 10 to 20 years

Field observation suggests that populations of a particular species of herbivorous mammal undergo cyclic fluctuations in density at three- to five-year intervals. Which of the following represent (a) plausible explanation(s) of these cycles? A) Periodic crowding affects the endocrine system, resulting in increased aggressiveness. B) Increases in population density lead to increased rates of predation. C) Increases in rates of herbivory lead to changes in the nutritive value of plants used as food. D) Increases in population density lead to more proximal infestations of parasites to host animals. E) All of the above are plausible explanations of population cycling.

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between A) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live. B) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization. C) the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide. D) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode with a corresponding decrease in parental care. E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care.

Pacific salmon or annual plants illustrate which of the following? A) cohort B) dispersion C) Allee effect D) iteroparous E) semelparous

Which of the following assumptions have to be made regarding the capture -recapture estimate of population size? I. Marked and unmarked individuals have the same probability of being trapped. II. The marked individuals have thoroughly mixed with population after being marked. III. No individuals have entered or left the population by immigration or emigration, and no individuals have been added by birth or eliminated by death during the course of the estimate. A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

In terms of demographics, which country is likely to experience the greatest population growth problem over the next ten years? A) Mexico, because there are fewer pre-reproductive individuals in their population B) China, whose population is more than a billion, but whose expected fertility rate is 1.8 children C) Germany, where the growth rate of the population is 0.1% per year D) United States (2009 population ~ 205,000,000, where 200,000 Americans are added to the population each day) E) Afghanistan, with a 3.85 annual growth rate

E) Afghanistan, with a 3.85 annual growth rate

What happens to animal and plant diversity as latitude decreases? A) Animal and plant diversity is not affected by latitudinal changes. B) Animal and plant diversity decreases. C) Animal and plant diversity decreases in variation per unit area. D) Animal and plant diversity increases in variation per unit area. E) Animal and plant diversity increases

E) Animal and plant diversity increases

51) In the accompanying figure, which of these countries has the highest per capita CO2 emissions? A) China B) Canada C) Japan D) Germany E) Australia

E) Australia

41) In the accompanying figure, where do we find the highest species richness? A) Community 1 B) Community 2 C) Community 3 D) Community 4 E) Communities 2 and 4

E) Communities 2 and 4

20) Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? A) Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. B) Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy. C) Nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. D) Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition. E) Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.

E) Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.

23) If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be TRUE? A) Polar bears can provide more food for humans than seals can. B) The total biomass of the fish is lower than that of the seals. C) Seal meat probably contains the lowest concentrations of fat-soluble toxins. D) Seal populations are larger than fish populations. E) Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat.

E) Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat.

31) Which of the following would be most significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community? I. determining how many species are present overall II. determining which particular species are present III. determining the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species IV. determining the relative abundance of species A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV E) I, II, III, and IV

E) I, II, III, and IV

47) Which of the following locations are large reservoirs for carbon for the carbon cycle? I. atmosphere II. sediments and sedimentary rocks III. fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) IV. plant and animal biomass A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) I, II, III, and IV

E) I, II, III, and IV

40) Which of the following are responsible for generating successional pathways? I. species interactions II. historical and environmental context III. species traits A) I only B) II only C) III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

E) I, II, and III

45) Considering the global carbon cycle, where are humans having a great impact? I. terrestrial ecosystems II. oceans III. atmosphere A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only I and III E) I, II, and III

E) I, II, and III

57) Which of the following are negative biological consequences of climate change? I. changes in geographic ranges II. changes in phenology III. extinctions A) I only B) I and III only C) III only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

E) I, II, and III

For a species to be called "invasive," it must _____. I) be introduced to a new area II) spread rapidly in this new area III) eliminate native species A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III E) I, II, and III

E) I, II, and III

11) Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?

E) a "walking stick" insect that resembles a twig

35) Consider the global water cycle depicted in the accompanying figure. Which one of the reserves contains the smallest percentage of global water? A) oceans B) rivers and lakes C) polar ice caps D) glaciers E) atmosphere

E) atmosphere

Which of the following biomes has the highest variation in annual temperature? A) subtropical deserts B) arctic tundra C) temperate forests D) temperate grasslands E) boreal forests / taiga

E) boreal forests / taiga

Which of the following was the most significant limiting factor in human population growth in the 20th century? A) famine B) non-HIV disease C) HIV D) genocide E) clean water

E) clean water

48) According to the nonequilibrium model,

E) communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances.

7) Connell conducted this experiment to learn more about ________. A) character displacement in the color of barnacles B) habitat preference in two different species of barnacles C) desiccation resistance and barnacle species D) how sea-level changes affect barnacle distribution E) competitive exclusion and distribution of barnacle species

E) competitive exclusion and distribution of barnacle species

39) Which of the following is a cultural service of ecosystems? A) soil formation B) climate moderation C) nutrient cycling D) providing genetic resources E) education

E) education

40) Nitrogen is available to plants mostly in the form of ________. A) nitrogen in the atmosphere B) nitrite ions in the soil C) uric acid from animal excretions D) nucleic acids from decomposing plants and animals E) nitrate and ammonium ions in the soil

E) nitrate and ammonium ions in the soil

39) Which of the following is a source of human-fixed nitrogen? I. industrially produced fertilizers II. cultivation of soybeans III. irrigation agriculture A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III E) only I and II

E) only I and II

46) Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important? I. Burning reduces available carbon for primary producers and, therefore, primary consumers. II. Deforestation and suburbanization reduce an area's net primary productivity. III. Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide could alter Earth's climate. IV. By using fossil fuels we are destroying a nonrenewable resource. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, III, and IV

E) only I, II, III, and IV

5) Detritus can be consumed by which of the following primary decomposers? I. bacteria II. archaea III. fungi IV. earthworms A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and IV D) only II, III, and IV E) only I, II, III, and IV

E) only I, II, III, and IV

14) As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of ________. A) mutualism B) character displacement C) Batesian mimicry D) facultative commensalism E) resource partitioning

E) resource partitioning

recent studies identified two species of shrew as the primary hosts of the pathogen for Lyme disease

Example of host and vectors for a pathogen can help prevent disease

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? A) the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem B) the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem C) the production efficiency of the ecosystem's consumers D) the ecosystem's rate of primary production E) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

E) the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

2) By knowing the interrelatedness of various snake species, the appropriate antivenom can be chosen. Based on the accompanying figure, which snake antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by an Australian copperhead, if antivenom to the Australian copperhead were not available? A) taipan B) common brown snake C) red-bellied black snake D) death adder E) tiger snake

E) tiger snake

14) The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's ________. A) secondary succession B) ecological niche C) species richness D) species-area curve E) trophic structure

E) trophic structure

The symbols +, −, and 0 are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the examples that follow. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, − denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. 25) What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack? A) +/+ B) +/0 C) +/− D) 0/0 E) −/−

E) −/−

51) Refer to the accompanying art to answer the question below. According to the Shannon Diversity Index, which of the five blocks shown, with each containing 36 squares, would show the greatest diversity? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E)5

Which of the following statements best describes why there is seasonality in climate?

Earth is tilted on its axis, thus changing the amount of sunlight energy received by a specific place on the planet during the year

Which of the following statements best describes why there is seasonality in climate?

Earth is tilted on its axis, thus changing the amount of sunlight energy received by a specific place on the planet during the year.

________________________ is the sequence of changes in community composition following a disturbance

Ecological succession

The preservation of biodiversity can be justified based on ______.

Ecological, ethical, and economic grounds

_______________________________ cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure

Ecosystem engineers (or "foundation species") For example, beaver dams can transform landscapes on a very large scale

Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance.

Which statement about productivity is true?

Energy is converted to tissue.

Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers?

Energy is lost because most of the total energy consumed is used for cellular respiration rather than growth and reproduction

Which region on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area over a year?

Equator

Elephants are not the most common species in African grasslands. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?

Essentially all of the other species depend on the presence of the elephants to maintain the community

In the map below, which region would have milder weather than expected without the ocean currents?

Europe

34) Which of the following pairs of reproductive strategies is consistent with energetic trade-off and reproductive success? A) Pioneer species of plants produce many very small, highly airborne seeds, whereas large elephants that are very good parents produce many offspring. B) Female rabbits that suffer high predation rates may produce several litters per breeding season, and coconuts produce few fruits, but most survive when they encounter proper growing conditions. C) Species that have to broadcast to distant habitats tend to produce seeds with heavy protective seed coats, and animals that are caring parents produce fewer offspring with lower infant mortality. D) Free-living insects lay thousands of eggs and provide no parental care, whereas flowers take good care of their seeds until they are ready to germinate. E) Some mammals will not reproduce when environmental resources are low so they can survive until conditions get better, and plants that produce many small seeds are likely found in stable environments.

Female rabbits that suffer high predation rates may produce several litters per breeding season, and coconuts produce few fruits, but most survive when they encounter proper growing conditions.

Which of the following pairs of reproductive strategies is consistent with energetic trade-off and reproductive success?

Female rabbits that suffer high predation rates may produce several litters per breeding season, and coconuts produce few fruits, but most survive when they encounter proper growing conditions.

43) A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes intrinsic factors cause the population to increase in mortality and lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control? A) Owl populations frequent the area more often because of increased hunting success. B) Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation. C) Clumped dispersion of the population leads to increased spread of disease and parasites, resulting in a population crash. D) All of the resources (food and shelter) are used up by overpopulation and much of the population dies of exposure and/or starvation. E) Because the individuals are vulnerable they are more likely to die off if a drought or flood were to occur.

Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation.

A population of white-footed mice becomes severely overpopulated in a habitat that has been disturbed by human activity. Sometimes INTRINSIC FACTORS cause the population to increase in mortality and lower reproduction rates to occur in reaction to the stress of overpopulation. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic population control?

Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation.

If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be TRUE?

Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat.

Which example supports Clements's view that biological communities are stable, integrated, and orderly entities with a predictable composition?

Following a disturbance such as a fire, certain plants succeed in growing again before other plants.

_________________ link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

Food chains

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession? A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse. Introduced pheasants increase, and native quail populations disappear. Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil. Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use. Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

Consider the following prairie food chain. Tall grass is consumed by grasshoppers that, in turn, are eaten by mice, and the mice are eaten by prairie kingsnakes. Red-tailed hawks prey on mice and prairie kingsnakes. When a red-tailed hawk dies, bacteria, beetles, fungi, and many types of worms help break down the body. Which of the following correctly identifies a trophic level in this ecosystem?

Grasshoppers are primary consumers.

__________________ viewed communities as chance assemblages of species with similar abiotic requirements

H. A. Gleason

Shannon diversity index (H)

H=-(pA ln pA+pB ln pB+pC ln pC+ ...) where A, B, C . . . are the species, p is the relative abundance of each species, and ln is the natural logarithm

White-tailed deer were quite rare across the northeastern United States approximately 100 years ago, but now their populations are generally considered to be too high. What do you predict has caused this?

Hunting females was prevented, and the intrinsic fecundity rate is actually quite high.

Hunting females was prevented, and the intrinsic fecundity rate is quite high

Hunting females was prevented, and the intrinsic fecundity rate is quite high.

The following questions refer to Figure 53.3, which depicts the age structure of three populations. 63) Assuming these age-structure diagrams describe human populations, in which population is unemployment likely to be a societal issue in the future? A) I B) II C) III D) No differences in the magnitude of future unemployment would be expected among these populations. E) It is not possible to infer anything about future social conditions from age-structure diagrams.

2) A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. inhabiting the same general area II. belonging to the same species III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion A) I only B) III only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

I and II only

A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? inhabiting the same general area belonging to the same species possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion

I and II only

9) Which of the following assumptions have to be made regarding the capture-recapture estimate of population size? I. Marked and unmarked individuals have the same probability of being trapped. II. The marked individuals have thoroughly mixed with the population after being marked. III. No individuals have entered or left the population by immigration or emigration, and no individuals have been added by birth or eliminated by death during the course of the estimate. A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Which of the following assumptions have to be made regarding the capture-recapture estimate of population size? I. Marked and unmarked individuals have the same probability of being trapped. II. The marked individuals have thoroughly mixed with the population after being marked. III. No individuals have entered or left the population by immigration or emigration, and no individuals have been added by birth or eliminated by death during the course of the estimate.

I, II, and III

The following questions refer to Figure 53.3, which depicts the age structure of three populations. 61) Which population(s) is (are) in the process of decreasing? A) I B) II C) III D) I and II E) II and III

The following questions refer to Figure 53.3, which depicts the age structure of three populations. 62) Which population(s) appear(s) to be stable? A) I B) II C) III D) I and II E) II and III

III

The following questions refer to Figure 53.3, which depicts the age structure of three populations. 64) Assuming these age-structure diagrams describe human populations, which population(s) is (are) likely to experience zero population growth (ZPG)? A) I B) II C) III D) I and II E) II and III

III

Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?

If N is greater than K, the population will shrink.

Which of the following statements about biogeochemical cycles is true?

If a plant dies, the nutrients and the plant biomass become litter.

Why can metapopulations remain stable over time even if some subpopulations go extinct?

Migration from other subpopulations can reestablish formerly extinct subpopulations.

What is true of the theory of island biogeography?

Immigration rates should be lower on small islands far from land than on large islands close to land.

Which of the following statements about the theory of island biogeography is true?

Immigration rates should be lower on small islands far from land than on large islands close to land.

Which of the following statements about exponential growth is true?

In reality, it is not possible for population growth to continue indefinitely.

Why is Glacier Bay in Alaska an important site for studying succession?

In the past 200 years, glaciers have retreated approximately 100 km, exposing extensive tracts of barren glacial sediments to colonization.

Which of the following statements describes an abiotic factor that may limit the geographic distribution of a species?

In warm winters, Carolina wrens are able to expand their range to northern states, but in cold winters their range contracts to the south.

What is the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem productivity?

Increased biodiversity increases productivity.

Which of the following would NOT cause population size to decrease?

Increased birth rate

Experiments performed on the bridled goby in coral reefs and song sparrows on Mandarte Island support the hypothesis that density-dependent effects can cause logistic population growth. What conclusions can be drawn from logistic growth models?

Individuals survive better and clutch size increases when the population density is low.

Classic experiments on laboratory populations of the ciliates Paramecium aurelia and P. caudatum support the hypothesis that density-dependent effects can cause logistic population growth. What conclusions can be drawn from logistic growth models?

Individuals survive better and rates of cell division increase when the population density is low.

Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? Mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present. Interaction increases the survival and reproductive rates of mutualistic species. Individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites. Mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community. Mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently.

Interaction increases the survival and reproductive rates of mutualistic species.

Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism?

Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species.

) Which of the following is the most accepted hypothesis as to why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced?

Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for the natives.

Which of the following is a likely explanation for why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced? Invasive species come from geographically isolated regions, so when they are introduced to regions where there is more competition, they thrive. Invasive species have a higher reproductive potential than native species. Invasive species are less efficient than native species in competing for the limited resources of the environment. Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for native species. Humans carefully select which species will outcompete nuisance native species.

Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for native species.

All else being equal, which island is expected to have a higher species richness?

Islands at lower latitudes are expected to have more species richness.

All else being equal, which islands are expected to have a higher species richness?

Islands at lower latitudes are expected to have more species richness.

Which of the following best describes the base of a pyramid of production?

It contains the energy captured by photosynthesis.

How does solar radiation (per unit area) vary with latitude?

It decreases

Which statement best describes what ultimately happens to the chemical energy that is NOT converted to new biomass in the process of energy transfer between trophic levels in an ecosystem?

It is eliminated as feces or is dissipated into space as heat, consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

The average age of childbearing in country A is 26, whereas the average age in country B is 30. In each country, the average number of offspring per woman is 3. Which of the following statements about the population growth rate in each country must be true?

It is not possible to compare the population growth rates of countries A and B.

In California, winds almost always blow from west to east (from the Pacific Ocean to the interior of the continent). The Sierra Nevada mountains are a tall mountain range that runs North to south and cause a rain shadow. Which of the following describes the correct rainfall pattern?

It is wet on the west side of the Sierra Nevadas and dry on the east

50) Which statement is true with regard to human population growth? A) It is at a zero reproduction rate. B) Its rate of increase continues to grow at an exponential rate. C) Its rate of growth is slowing. D) Its rate of growth is increasing. E) There is no scientific prediction that can be made about human population growth.

Its rate of growth is slowing.

Which statement is true with regard to human population growth?

Its rate of growth is slowing.

New Zealand lies between 36° and 47° S and 165° and 180° E. During which month would the weather be coldest and the days shortest?

June

39) Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, SEE IMAGE which of the factors accounts for the effect on the moose population? A) r B) N C) rN D) K E) dt

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, dN/dt = rN * (K-N)/K Which of the factors accounts for the effect on the moose population?

__________________________ exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches

Keystone species

Imagine that a deep temperate-zone lake did not turn over during the spring and fall seasons. Based on the physical and biological properties of limnetic ecosystems, what would be the difference from normal seasonal turnover?

Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers.

Hadley cells can be best described as________.

Large circulation cells in the atmosphere that determine global patterns of precipitation

Looking at the data in the accompanying figure, what can be said about survival and clutch size?

Large clutch size correlates with low survival.

______________ and _______________ are two key biogeographic factors that affect the species diversity of biological communities

Latitude and area

79) Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries is incorrect? A) Life history is r-selected. B) Average family size is relatively small. C) The population has undergone the demographic transition. D) The survivorship curve is Type I. E) Age distribution is relatively uniform.

Life history is r-selected.

Consider two forests: one is an undisturbed old-growth forest, while the other has recently been logged. In which forest are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why?

Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow

24) Consider two forests: one is an undisturbed old-growth forest, while the other has recently been logged. In which forest are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why? A) Old growth, because of stable conditions that would favor exponential growth of all species in the forest. B) Old growth, because each of the species is well established and can produce many offspring. C) Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow. D) Logged, because the various populations are stimulated to a higher reproductive potential. E) Exponential growth is equally probable in old-growth and logged forests.

Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow.

Why are food chains relatively short? Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient. Food chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers. There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms. Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower-trophic-level species. Top-level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy.

Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient.

Which is an example of Müllerian mimicry?

Many different species of stinging wasps look very similar, with black- and yellow-banded bodies.

16) Why do some invertebrates, such as lobsters, show a "stair-step" survivorship curve? A) Many invertebrates mate and produce offspring on multiyear cycles. B) Within a species of invertebrates, younger individuals have a higher survivorship than older individuals. C) Many invertebrates molt in order to grow, and they are vulnerable to predation during their "soft shell" stage. D) Many invertebrate species have population cycles that go up and down according to the frequency of sunspots. E) The number of fertilized eggs that mature to become females in many species of invertebrates is based on ambient temperature.

Many invertebrates molt in order to grow, and they are vulnerable to predation during their "soft shell" stage.

Why do some invertebrates, such as lobsters, show a "stair-step" survivorship?

Many invertebrates molt in order to grow, and they are vulnerable to predation during their "soft shell" stage.

Which of the following statements is true of net primary productivity?

Marine productivity is highest along coasts and in areas where water wells up from the ocean bottom to the surface.

17) Which of the following is the most important assumption for the capture-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations? A) All females in the population have the same litter size. B) More individuals emigrate from, as opposed to immigrate into, a population. C) Over 50% of the marked individuals need to be trapped during the recapture phase. D) There is a 50:50 ratio of males to females in the population before and after trapping and recapture. E) Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the capture-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations?

Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the mark-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations?

Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity?

Maximum number of individuals in a population.

Which of the following statements about the Plasmodium parasite is true?

Merozoites live off the hemoglobin and nutrients in red blood cells and divide to produce more merozoites, destroying red blood cells in the process.

31) Which of the following statements about the evolution of life histories is correct? A) Stable environments with limited resources favor r-selected populations. B) K-selected populations are most often found in environments where density-independent factors are important regulators of population size. C) Most populations have both r- and K-selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions. D) The reproductive efforts of r-selected populations are directed at producing just a few offspring with good competitive abilities. E) K-selected populations rarely approach carrying capacity.

Most populations have both r- and K-selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions.

Ecosystem ecology is primarily concerned with____________.

Movement of energy and materials through organisms and communities

You notice an interaction between two species. Removal of either species results in decreased fitness of the other species. What kind of interaction do these species normally have?

Mutualism

_________________________ is a common interspecific interaction that benefits both species

Mutualism (+/+ interaction)

Which species interaction applies to bees that harvest nectar and pollen from flowers?

Mutualism.

In ____________________, two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

Müllerian mimicry

In the case of the bottom-up model, the presence or absence of mineral nutrients (N) controls plant (V) numbers, which control herbivore (H) numbers, which control predator (P) numbers

N-->V-->H-->P

In the case of top-down model, predators limit herbivores, herbivores limit plants, and plants limit nutrient levels

N<--V<--H<--P

The energy invested in the production of new tissue by autotrophic organisms is termed _____.

NPP

How does NPP differ from GPP?

NPP is the amount available for primary consumers, whereas GPP is the amount produced by plants and other producers.

what is the main nutrient lost through agriculture

Nitrogen

The conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia or ammonium is called___________.

Nitrogen fixation

do oceans regulate pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater

What protects earth from harmful UV rays but thinned since 1970s due to CFC's

O3 (ozone)

How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying all of its fundamental niche or only a portion of it? Observe if the niche size changes after the addition of nutritional resources to the habitat. Observe if the niche size changes after the introduction of a similar non-native species. Study the temperature range and humidity requirements of the species. Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor. Measure the change in reproductive success when the species is subjected to environmental stress.

Observe if the species expands its range after the removal of a competitor.

If an overlap develops between the ranges of two closely related species, and if the species occupy the same niche in the zone of overlap, what will probably happen in the zone of overlap?

One species will take over most or all of the zone of overlap.

What is an exotic species?

One that is introduced to an area and grows to a large population size and disrupts species native to the area

Which of the following statements describes a situation that would be studied by a researcher interested in population ecology?

Only a few salmon offspring will return to the stream of their birth to breed

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the Earth's carrying capacity for humans?

Our technology has allowed us to keep increasing carrying capacity

what types of chemicals created biological mag

PCB's and many pesticides such has DDT

Which interaction belongs in the +/− category of interactions between species?

Parasitism

_________________ can have dramatic effects on communities

Pathogens

For which of the following would it be the easiest to estimate population densities? Kangaroos Mice Guppies Squirrels Pine trees

Pine trees

Logistic growth involves

Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.

Assuming that these populations are density dependent, what would be the likely outcome if the system depicted in this figure were allowed to continue?

Population growth would likely decrease or level off..

In exponential growth

Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.

All of the following statements about logistic model of population growth are correct EXCEPT:

Populations will increase in size indefinitely

__________________ refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

Predation (+/- interaction)

Which of the following statements about age pyramids is true?

Predictions of a population's future take into account such factors as increasing survivorship and fecundity levels that remain the same.

Which of the following is true about the components of ecosystems?

Primary producers are autotrophs or "self-feeders."

Which of the following is true about the components of ecosystems?

Primary producers are autotrophs, or "self-feeders."

__________________________ occurs where no soil exists when succession begins

Primary succession

21) Which of the following is the equation for zero population growth (ZPG)? A) R = b - m B) dN/dt = rN C) dN/dt =rmax N (K -N)/K D) dN/dt =rmax N E) dN/dt = 1.0N

R = b - m

Which of the following is the equation for zero population growth? (ZPG)

R=b-m *Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=0)

In fire-dependent communities, like the grasslands of the Gorongos ecosystem, regular fire increases plant regrowth. Which of the following will likely also follow?

Reduction in top predators through a trophic cascade

______________________ is the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

Relative abundance

Which is the best way to test the hypothesis that C. is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides?

Remove all B. balanoides from the lower intertidal zone

_______________________ is differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

Resource partitioning

In a population that is following a logistic growth pattern, what shape does the population's growth curve most closely resemble?

The species-area relationship can be described mathematically:

S = cA^z

Which of the following is an example of predation?

Sea anemones coating the shallow-water coral reefs in Australia feed on fish and shrimp that wander too close to their tentacles.

Sea otters are keystone species.

________________________ begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance

Secondary succession

Pacific salmon and annual plants are excellent examples of

Semelparous reproduction (Big-bang reproduction)

Which of the following statements about food webs is true?

Several species can be present in each trophic level.

Diversity can be compared using a diversity index

Shannon diversity index (H)

Which of the following would you predict for a species of barnacle if defenses are inducible?

Shell thickness and attachment strength increase in areas of high predation.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of species with low fecundity?

Small investment in each offspring

Which of the following statements about soil organic matter is true?

Soil organic matter is rich in humic acids.

Which of the following is an example of mutualism?

Some biologists have observed Egyptian plover birds land on the open mouth of a Nile crocodile without being eaten and remove leeches stuck firmly to the crocodile's gums.

A biology teacher takes fish, algae, pond weed, invertebrates, and bottom muck from a local pond and establishes them in an aquarium. When the system is stable, the teacher seals it into a large, airtight glass box and leaves the box in a sunny location. After three months, the organisms in the aquarium appear alive and healthy. Which of the following statements about the experiment is true?

Some of the energy in the system has moved from one organism to another during the three months.

44) Why is territoriality an adaptive behavior for songbirds maintaining populations at or near their carrying capacity? A) Songbirds expend a tremendous amount of energy defending territories so that they spend less time feeding their young and fledgling mortality increases. B) Only the fittest males defend territories and they attract the fittest females so the best genes are conveyed to the next generation. C) Songbird males defend territories commensurate with the size from which they can derive adequate resources for themselves, their mate, and their chicks. D) Many individuals are killed in the agonistic behaviors that go along with territorial defense. E) Adult songbirds make improvements to the territories they inhabit so that they can produce successfully fledged chicks.

Songbird males defend territories commensurate with the size from which they can derive adequate resources for themselves, their mate, and their chicks.

Why is territoriality an adaptive behavior for songbirds maintaining populations at or near their carrying capacity?

Songbird males defend territories commensurate with the size from which they can derive adequate resources for themselves, their mate, and their chicks.

_____________ correlates with both measures of evapotranspiration

Species richness

_____________________ is the number of different species in the community

Species richness

Which of the following is an example of herbivory?

Squirrels in the forests of Wisconsin hide away hickory nuts and acorns, which they will eat during the long, cold winter.

___________ and ________________ are significant sources of disturbance in many ecosystems

Storms and fire

_________________ is the result of changes induced by the vegetation itself

Succession

55) Which statement best explains survivorship curve B? A) It is likely a species that provides little postnatal care, but lots of care for offspring during midlife as indicated by increased survivorship. B) This curve is likely of a species that produces lots of offspring, only a few of which are expected to survive. C) It is likely a species where no individuals in the cohort die when they are at 60—70% relative age. D) There was a mass emigration of young to middle-aged individuals in this cohort. E) Survivorship can only decrease therefore, this curve could not happen in nature.

Survivorship can only decrease therefore, this curve could not happen in nature

_____ is the goal of developing, managing, and conserving Earth's resources in ways that meet the needs of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Sustainability

Which aspects of a region's climate most impact plants and animals?

Temperature and precipitation

Over the past decade which of the following has occurred?

Terrestrial NPP has decreased in some parts of the world but in others it has increased.

Which of the following is the best example of Uniform Distribution?

Territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season

Large scale application of nitrogen containing fertilizers to Iowa agricultural fields and residential lawns contributes to___________.

The "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico

If the Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun), how would that change Earth's climate?

The South Pole would get colder.

Which of the following is an indicator of net primary productivity (NPP)?

The above ground plant biomass.

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution?

The average climate and pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution.

The eggs from the female laying 1000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs.

Which of the following processes does not occur in ecosystems?

The energy source that powers the system is used by consumers to make organic compounds.

Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?

The energy used by autotrophs in respiration

As N approaches the carrying capacity (K) for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic growth curve?

The growth rate (r) will approach zero

What is the logic behind the calculation of the net reproductive rate?

The growth rate of a population is determined by net reproductive rate, the average number of female offspring that each female produces over the course of her lifetime.

What is the logic behind the calculation of the net reproductive rate?

The growth rate of a population is the average number of female offspring that each female produces over the course of her lifetime.

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?

The growth rate will approach ZERO.

26) As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? A) The growth rate will not change. B) The growth rate will approach zero. C) The population will show an Allee effect. D) The population will increase exponentially. E) The carrying capacity of the environment will increase.

The growth rate will approach zero.

What are the implications of the fact that the hare population increases greatly when food is high and predators are excluded?

The hare population is controlled by both food supply and the lynx population.

What are the implications of the finding that the snowshoe hare population increases greatly in study plots in which food is abundant and predators are excluded?

The hare population is controlled entirely by food supply.

Isle Royale is famous for its moose and wolf populations and the study of their dynamics. What is the current condition of the moose population on Isle Royale?

The moose population is currently high because the wolf population is low

An example of population density is --

The number of Paramecium caudatum in a 250 milliliter solution within a glass flask

The global carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon among ecosystems. Which of the following is the largest pool of carbon?

The ocean

What conclusion can be drawn from the experiments to determine why red grouse populations in Britain experience population cycles?

The population cycles are caused by density-dependent changes in disease rates.

In 1970, the average age of childbearing was 28, and the average number of offspring per woman was 3 in a certain country. In 1980, the average age of childbearing was still 28, but the average number of offspring per woman was 2 in that country. If the death rate in the country remained constant during those years, how did the population growth rate change from 1970 to 1980?

The population growth rate decreased.

A rain shadow can be best described as________.

The process of rain coming off the ocean, encountering a mountain, and dropping its moisture as rain, leaving the other side of the mountain dry Large circulation cells in the atmosphere that determine global patterns of precipitation

What conclusions can be drawn from studies of the fire history of giant sequoia groves in California?

The rate of fires over the past 2000 years can be determined, so the influence of humans on fire activity can be evaluated.

What would happen to the seasons if the Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees?

Winters and summers would be more severe.

Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?

Young populations with few individuals.

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 individuals per square mile on another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? a)density b)range c)quadrats d)dispersion e)carrying capacity

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile on another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? A) density B) dispersion C) carrying capacity D) quadrats E) range

An owl and a hawk both eat mice. Which of these terms best describe the relationship between the owl and hawk? a)competition b)mutualism c)predation d)commensalism e)parasitism

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of ________. a)resource partitioning b)Batesian mimicry c)character displacement d)facultative commensalism e)mutualism

Atlantic puffins nest in dens that were formerly occupied by rabbits. The relationship between rabbits and puffins is best described as ___________. a)commensalism b)mutualism c)competition d)parasitism

Birds that follow moving ants in tropical forests benefit by catching prey that jumps out of the ants' path. The ants are unaffected by the birds' behavior. The interaction between the birds and the ants is an example of _____. a)commensalism b)consumption c)mutualism d)consumption

Consider the phosphorus and nitrogen cycles. Which of the following statements is true? a)nitrogen cycles globally, phosphorus cycles locally b)Leibigs law of the minimum only applies to nitrogen c)humans have not modified the phosphorus cycle, but have changed the nitrogen cycle d)Nitrogen is processed by bacteria and phosphorus is processed by fungi

For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that ________. a)at each step, energy is lost from the system b)as matter passes through ecosystems, some of it is lost to the environment c)biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores d)top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers e)secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers

How does energy enter the terrestrial food chain? a)photosynthesis b)primary consumers make the energy c)energy is made available by heterotrophs d)energy comes from detritivores

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to ________. a)eventually become competitively superior to the other species b)expand its realized niche c)become the target of specialized parasites d)change its fundamental niche decline in abundance

In fire-dependent communities, like the grasslands of the Gorongos ecosystem, regular fire increases plant regrowth. Which of the following will likely also follow? a)reduction in top predators through a trophic cascade b)decrease in grass consumers, such as impalas and zebras c)reduction in top predators through a trophic cascade d)reduction in top predators after losing hiding places

Several major human impacts on ecosystems are farming, logging, burning, and soil erosion. These processes all result in accelerated nutrient loss by what common mechanism? a)vegetation removal b)environmental pollution c)loss of animal habitat d)soil compaction

Similar species can coexist in a community because of__________. a)resource/niche partitioning b)allopatric competition c)sympatric competition d)competitive exclusion

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. What is the result of the association between birds and ants? a)birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants. b)neither birds nor ants benefit from the association. c)birds benefit from the association and harm the ants. d)birds do not benefit from the association, but the ants do. e)birds and ants benefit from the association.

The energy invested in the production of new tissue by autotrophic organisms is termed _____. a)NPP b)GPP c)maintenance d)gross photosynthetic efficiency

The symbiotic relationship between fungal mycorrhizae and plants is very important to plant health. How does the mycorrhizal fungus help the plants? a)Mycorrhyizae help the plant take up nutrients AND water from the soil b)Mycorrhizae increase the plant root's rate of water absorption c)Mycorrhizae increase the surface area of the plant's leaves d)Mycorrhyizae help the plant take up nutrients from the soil e)Mycorrhizae are important for pollination

What is the main advantage of controlled burnings of forested areas? Controlled burnings ________. a)prevent the overgrowth of the underbrush b)eliminate the possibility of forest fires c)allow new species to form d)clear forested areas for farmland

What percent of a trophic level's total energy is passed to the next trophic level? a)10% b)50% c)35% d)60% e)25%

Which interaction belongs in the +/- category of interactions between species? a)parasitism b)pollination c)commensalism d)mutualism

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? A) red squirrels, who actively defend territories B) cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams C) dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest tree D) moths in a city at night E) lake trout, which seek out deep water

Which of the following is a +/+ interaction? a)mutualism b)commensalism c)parasitism d)competition

Which of the following is a measure of Net Primary Productivity (NPP)? a)500 grams per meter squared per year of plant biomass b)500 grams of plant biomass and 5 grams of decomposer biomass c)5 grams of decomposer biomass d)50 grams per meter squared per year of insect biomass e)50 grams of insect biomass

Which of the following is a producer in the Gorongos ecosystem? a)tall grass b)wildebeest c)fire d)lion e)vulture

Which of the following is a source of human-fixed nitrogen? 1. industrially produced fertilizers 2. cultivation of soybeans 3. irrigation of agriculture a)1 and 2 only b)1 and 3 only c)1 only d)2 only e)3 only

Which of the following is likely to have a LOWER production efficiency (less energy goes into building tissue)? a)vertebrates b)invertebrates

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? a)energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient. b)decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy. c)nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition. d)many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. e)nutrient cycles involve both abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.

Herbivory has a _____ effect on one species, and _____ on the other. a)positive, a positive b)positive, a negative c)negative, no d)positive, no e)negative, a negative

Which of the following statements about the theory of island biogeography is true? a)immigration rates should be lower on small islands far from land than on large islands close to land. b)immigration rates should be higher on small islands far from land. c)it only applies to oceanic islands. d)speciation rates balance extinction rates.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? a)even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. b)two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. c)bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. d)the random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. e)natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

Which of the following types of species interactions is correctly paired with its effects on the density of the two interacting populations? a)mutualism: both increase b)competition: both increase c)mutualism: both decrease d)predation: as one increases, the other increases e)all of these are correct

Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? a)interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species. b)mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present. c)individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites. d)mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently. e)mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community.

a "J," increasing with each generation

69) Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. You decide to reintroduce them. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you do so. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). The graph will likely appear as A) a diagonal line, getting higher with each generation. B) an "S," increasing with each generation. C) an upside-down "U." D) a "J," increasing with each generation. E) an "S" that ends with a vertical line.

a "J," increasing with each generation.

Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. You decide to reintroduce them. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you do so. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). The graph will likely appear as

a "J," increasing with each generation.

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration? bands on a coral snake a "walking stick" insect that resembles a twig brown or gray color of tree bark markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings colors of an insect-pollinated flower's petals

a "walking stick" insect that resembles a twig

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described? commensalism the removal of a keystone species mutualism Batesian mimicry a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

What was the first sign that DDT was a serious environmental problem

a decline in the populations of pelicans, ospreys and eagles

Which of the following best defines a cohort?

a group of individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead

15) Which of the following best defines a cohort? A) a group of individuals that inhabits a small isolated region within the range for the species B) all of the individuals that are annually added to a population by birth and immigration C) the reproductive males and females within the population D) a group of the individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead E) the number of individuals that annually die or emigrate out of a population

a group of the individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead

Which of the following best defines a cohort?

a group of the individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead

Without elephants, some of the grasslands in Africa would eventually become thickets or forests because elephants weed out trees and shrubs. Even though elephants make up a small percentage of the animals living on the grassland, the grassland would eventually cease to exist without them. In this community, elephants are _____.

a keystone species

According to the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would likely have low species diversity?

a large island close to a continent

Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? an insect that resembles a twig a butterfly that resembles a leaf a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish

a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake

Which of the following represents a community with the greatest species richness?

a plant community with 12 different species, in which each species consists of only about 100 plants

Age structures are helpful for predicting--

a population's future growth

Consider this segment of a food web: Snails and grasshoppers eat pepper plants; spiders eat grasshoppers; shrews eat snails and spiders; owls eat shrews. The snail occupies the trophic level(s) of _____.

a primary consumer

In a certain ecosystem, field mice are preyed on by snakes and hawks. The entry of wild dogs into the system adds another predator of the mice. Of the following, the most likely short-term result of this addition is

a reduction in numbers of mice.

local extinction

a species maybe lost in one river system but survive in an adjacent one

Researchers set out to catalog all the angiosperms present in a state park. This is an example of _____.

a taxon-specific survey

Which of the following ecosystems would probably have the highest primary productivity? Assume that we are comparing similar sizes of each ecosystem.

a tropical coral reef

Which of the following is characteristics of K-selected populations? a) offspring with good chances of survival b) many offspring per reproductive episode c) small offspring d) a high intrinsic rate of increase e) early parental reproduction

a) offspring with good chances of survival * K-selected populations: - biotic factors: competition, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic waste build-up - ex) blue whales - K-selected species produce relatively few young over long time spans, and exhibit extensive parental care. This is a good strategy to have in relatively stable environments * r-selected populations: - abiotic factors: weather (major storms, droughts, and wildfires) - ex) white-footed mouse - having lots of offspring at frequent intervals is the best strategy

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? a) red squirrels, who actively defend territories b) cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams c) dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest tree d) moths, in a city at night e) lake trout, which seek out cold, deep water hight in dissolved oxygen

a) red squirrels, who actively defend territories

The chart below shows the number of species of lizards present in the tropics, the subtropics, and the temperate zone over the last fifty million years. Of the three broad categories of hypotheses that have been proposed to explain latitudinal gradients (species diversification rate, species diversification time, and species carrying capacity), these data best fit which hypothesis?

a. Diversification rate

Which of the following statements about plate tectonics is true?

a. Sections of Earth's crust, known as plates, drift across Earth's surface due to currents generated deep within Earth's mantle.

Which of the following statements about regional scale is true?

a. The climate within a region is roughly uniform.

Organisms that obtain energy directly from photosynthesis are known as a. autotrophs b. heterotrophs c. herbivores d. primary consumers

a. autotrophs

An organism that feeds only on heterotrophs is a(n) a. carnivore b. primary consumer c. autotroph d. omnivore e. herbivore

a. carnivore

Which of the following IS NOT a greenhouse gas? a. oxygen, O2 b. carbon dioxide, CO2 c. water vapor d. methane, CH4

a. oxygen, O2

The burning of fossil fuels a. requires O2 and releases CO2 b. requires O2 and CO2 c. releases O2 and requires CO2 d. releases O2 and CO2

a. requires O2 and releases CO2

About how much of the energy in the producers of an ecosystem will be available to secondary consumers in this ecosystem?

about 1%

In contrast to dominant species, they are not usually ___________________ in a community

abundant

one of the fist types of global change to cause cancer was

acid precipitation

nutrient enrichment is

adding nitrogen thru fertilizer, burning fossil fuel, increase legumes too much toxic for six and water

Organizations that lobby politicians and citizens to inform environmental policy outcomes are _______.

advocates

many rivers contaminated with nitrates and ammonium from

ag runoff and sewage drain into the atlantic

what has created habitat loss

ag, urban development, forestry, mining and pollution

33) The three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism are A) life expectancy, birth rate, and death rate. B) number of reproductive females in the population, age structure of the population, and life expectancy. C) age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode. D) how often reproduction occurs, life expectancy of females in the population, and number of offspring per reproductive episode. E) the number of reproductive females in the population, how often reproduction occurs, and death rate.

age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode.

One reason areas near the equator get more rainfall than areas about 30 degrees north or south do is that _____.

air near the equator rises, cooling as it rises and losing its ability to hold water vapor

Which category in the figure makes available the highest productivity per square meter?

algal beds and reefs

In the accompanying figure, which of the lines represents exponential growth?

all of the lines represent exponential growth

human actives threaten biodiversity at what levels

all of them

Maximum growth rate of a population (rmax) is influenced by_________.

all of these are true

Introduced species can have important effects on biological communities by _____.

all of these result from introduced species

critical load

amount of added nutrient-usually Nitrogen or phosphorus- that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity

If you are interested in observing a relatively simple community structure in a clear-water lake, you would do well to choose diving into ________.

an oligotrophic lake

How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche? an organism's "profession" in the community the interactions of the organism with other members of the community the "address" of an organism the organism's role in recycling nutrients in its habitat an entity that is synonymous with an organism's specific trophic level

an organism's "profession" in the community

the thinning of the ozone layer is most apparent over

antartica in the spring where cold stable air allows the chain reaction to continue

Animals with effective chemical defenses often exhibit bright warning coloration, called ____________________________

aposematic coloration

Research that helps solve practical problems or to develop conservation and management plans to limit or repair damage to ecosystems is called________.

applied ecology

Mimicry has also evolved in many predators to enable them to _____________________

approach prey

The Endangered Species Act aims to help protect species that--

are in danger of extinction

In the accompanying figure, which of the arrows represents the most rapid population growth?

arrow B

In the accompanying figure, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity?

arrow C

Species richness increases ________.

as we travel southward from the North Pole

Species richness increases as community size decreases. as depth increases in aquatic communities. on islands as distance from the mainland increases. as we travel southward from the North Pole to the equator. as we increase in altitude in equatorial mountains.

as we travel southward from the North Pole to the equator.

at each step, energy is lost from the system

Which of the following locations is the main reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle?

atmosphere

Photosynthetic organisms are called _____.

autotrophs

In temperate lakes, the surface water is replenished with nutrients during turnovers that occur in the ________.

autumn and spring

A species of fish is found to require a certain water temperature, a particular oxygen content of water, a particular depth, a rocky substrate on the bottom, and a variety of nutrients in the form of microscopic plants and animals to thrive. These requirements describe its____________. a)prime habitat b)ecological niche c)resource partition d)dimensional profile e)home base

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____________. a)range b)niche c)habitat d)biome e)territory

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They contain organic nutrients and water from the tree. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes and are losing resources to them. Which of the following describes the interaction between the dwarf mistletoes and the trees? a)commensalism b)parasitism c)competition d)mutualism

Ecosystem ecology is primarily concerned with____________. a)interactions among species b)movement of energy and materials through organisms and communities c)the synthesis of new forms of nutrients d)stability e)patterns of species diversity

Food chains are relatively short. Which of the following factors contribute this phenomenon? a)production efficiency limits plant growth b)trophic level transfer efficiency is generally low c)net Primary Production is low in open oceans d)trophic transfer efficiency is generally high

How does NPP differ from GPP? a)NPP is the amount of energy available at each trophic level, whereas GPP is the sum of all the NPPs. b)NPP is the amount available for primary consumers, whereas GPP is the amount produced by plants and other producers. c)NPP is the amount of productivity available for decomposers. d)NPP is dependent on climate, whereas GPP is an intrinsic attribute of the species producing energy.

How does energy enter a food chain through primary producers? a)primary consumers can make the energy b)the energy enters through photosynthesis c)energy comes from detritivores d)he energy is made available through heterotrophs

In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was ________. a)immigration b)inhibition c)facilitation d)equilibrium e)parasitism

In biology, an arms race occurs when ________. a)a new niche is created because of interactions between species b)there is a repeating cycle of coevolution c)a new species evolves into two separate species d)predators become dominant over their prey species leading to the local extinction of the prey e)a prey species adapts and is able to coexist with its predators

In freshwater systems, the most important nutrients affecting primary production are____________. a)Sodium and Chloride b)Nitrogen and Phosphorus c)Phosphorus and Hydrogen d)Carbon and Nitrogen

Life tables are most useful in determining which of the following? A) carrying capacity B) the fate of a cohort of newborn organisms throughout their lives C) immigration and emigration rates D) population dispersion patterns E) reproductive rates

On a game ranch in Africa, it is found that food is especially limiting to lions and cheetahs. Researchers select three large areas for studies on how lions and cheetahs interact. Researchers remove lions from one site, cheetahs from another and leave both species in the third. By comparing the site with both species to the sites where only one species remained, they find that population size increases by 90% in cheetahs when lions are removed, and that lions increased by 15% when cheetahs are removed. This is an example of what type of inter-specific interactions? a)parasitism b)competition c)predation d)commensalism e)mutualism

Protozoan live in the gut of termites and breakdown cellulose in wood. This allows the termites to digest wood. The relationship between protozoans and the termite can be described as a/an ______________. a)commensalism b)mutualism c)parasitism

Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity? a)the energy fixed by photosynthesis b)the energy used by autotrophs in respiration c)the energy used by heterotrophs in respiration d)the energy contained in the standing crop e)all solar energy

The Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico is primarily due to_______. a)acid rain b)nutrient runoff from agricultural fields and residential lawns c)ozone depletion d)global warming e)CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere

The relationship between certain species of ascomycete fungi and green algae in lichens is an example of a)inhibition b)mutualism c)commensalism d)resource partitioning e)parasitism

The water cycle is fueled by ____ a)the release of water as a by-product of cellular respiration b)transpiration and evaporation c)the uptake of water by plants d)the movement of water to the ocean e)volcanic activity

To measure the population density of monarch butterflies occupying a particular park, 100 butterflies are captured, marked with a small dot on a wing, and then released. The next day, another 100 butterflies are captured, including the recapture of 20 marked butterflies. One would estimate the population to be A) 200. B) 500. C) 1,000. D) 10,000. E) 900,000.

When sea otters became extremely rare on the California coast, their usual prey (sea urchins) became overabundant and consumed most of the kelp that was the principal habitat for a diversity of fishes and invertebrates. Which statement best describes this situation? a)this is an example of mutualism between sea urchins and sea otters. b)sea otters are keystone species. c)sea urchins are keystone species. d)sea urchins are parasitic on kelp.

Which of the following are responsible for the conversion of most organic material into CO2, which can then be utilized in primary production? a)herbivores b)detritivores c)autotrophs d)primary consumers e)carnivores

Which of the following is LEAST likely to kill the organism it feeds on? a)seed eater b)parasite c)predator d)carnivore

Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? a)they cannot affect species abundance. b)they can act as agents of natural selection. c)the outcome of any species interactions is static through time. d)they do little to affect species distributions.

Which of the following is a primary consumer in the Gorongos ecosystem? a)vulture b)wildebeest c)tall grass d)lion e)fire

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry? a)a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf b)two species of unpalatable butterflies that have the same color pattern c)two species of moths with wing spots that look like owl's eyes d)a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp e)a non-poisonous rat snake that "rattles" its tail against dry leaves to sound like a rattlesnake (which is poisonous)

Which of the following is likely to have a LOWER production efficiency (less energy goes into building tissue)? a)young animals b)adult animals

Which of the following statements about soil organic matter is true? a)eventually, the nutrients in soil are converted from inorganic to organic matter, which is then available for uptake by plants. b)soil organic matter is rich in humid acids. c)oil is composed entirely of abiotic components. d)eventually, the nutrients in soil are converted from inorganic to organic matter, which is then available for uptake by plants.

Which of the following statements is true of net primary productivity (NPP)? a)deserts and arctic regions have the highest productivity. b)marine productivity is highest along coasts and in areas where water wells up from the ocean bottom to the surface. d)there is no productivity in the depths of the oceans. d)temperate areas are more productive than tropical areas.

Which of the following would cause a transfer of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms? a)respiration b)primary production c)deforestation d)nitrification e)burnings of fossil fuels

Which of these organisms is a heterotroph? a)plankton b)a fish c)a moss plant d)an oak tree

Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers? a)primary producers cannot produce once eaten. b)energy is lost because most of the total energy consumed is used for cellular respiration c)most primary producers contain no usable energy for herbivores. d)digestion takes place so rapidly that very little energy is absorbed.

You notice an interaction between two species. Removal of either species results in decreased fitness of the other species. What kind of interaction do these species normally have? a)competition b)mutualism c)commensalism d)consumption

Refer to the figure below. Which position would best represent the equilibrium point for species diversity on a large island far from the mainland?

b. B

Which of the following statements comparing island biogeography to mainland biogeography is true?

b. Mainland species should have higher rates of immigration than island species.

Which of the following statements about global biogeographic patterns is true?

b. Most groups of organisms show more diversity at the tropics than at higher latitudes.

Which of the following statements is true about Simberloff and Wilson's tests of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography in islands of the Florida Keys?

b. They sprayed some of the islands with insecticides to defaunate them.

Fire-tolerant plant species in the Amazon are _______ abundant at the edges of forest fragments than inside the forest. The result is a _______ feedback loop and a(n) _______ in the effective size of the forest fragment.

b. more; positive; decrease

Research that addresses fundamental questions on how species are distributed and interact with their environment is called__________.

basic ecology

why does biological magnification occur

bc biomass at any given trophic level is produced rom a much larger biomass ingested fro the level below

why are changes in global carbon cycle important

bc burning reduces carbon available for primary producers and therefore primary consumers

why is genetic diversity significant

bc genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions make microevolution possible

why do agriculture lands require augmentation

bc nutrients become biomass of plants not cycled back into lands

since the industrial revolution the concentration of CO2 has

been increasing as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation

Prey display various adaptations to avoid ________________

being eaten

Of the choices below, which best describes the effect predation has on the predator/prey organisms involved in the relationship? benefit ... no effect no effect ... benefit harmed ... harmed benefit ... benefit benefit ... harmed

benefit ... harmed

Abiotic interactions are_________

between organims and their environment

Abiotic interactions are_________.

between organims and their environment

Areas rich in endemic species are ______.

biodiversity hotspots

Which of these is the main reason conservationists call for immediate and often expensive action on behalf of endangered species and habitats?

biodiversity is beneficial to humans

HCP is an organic compound that has been found in high concentrations of raptors in Russia. This compound is only used in manufactoring and is otherwise found at very low concentrations in the environment. This is an example of _________.

biomagnification

A_________ is an assemblage of multiple types of organisms (plants, animals, bacteria) found in a SPECIFIC CLIMATE?

biome

nitrogen ultimately entree ecosystems as

nitrate

A hypothetical community on a barren mid-Atlantic island consists of two fish-eating seabirds (the booby and the noddy), the fungi and microorganisms that live on the birds' dung, a tick that feeds on these two birds, a cactus, a moth that feeds on cast-off feathers, a beetle that lives on dung organisms, and spiders that eat the other arthropods. There are no other plants and no lichens. Which of the following choices incorrectly pairs a member of this assemblage with its position in the trophic structure?

booby, primary consumer

Which of the following biomes has the highest variation in annual temperature?

boreal forests/taiga

The ___________________________ of community organization proposes a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels

bottom-up model

colimate change is a result of

burning fossil fuels (90%), deforestation (10%) and excess CO2 acts as green house layer that reflects the sun back to earth increasing drastically driving up temp rising ocean no polar ice more fires plants and animals to not have time to adapt or migrate

what is the main increase of concentration of CO2

burning wood/fossil fuels

A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. inhabiting the same general area II. individuals belonging to the same species III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion A) I only B) III only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

Approximately how many kilograms (kg) of carnivore (secondary consumer) biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material? a)10,000 b)1 c)10 d)100 e)1000

Bison belong to which trophic level? a)secondary producer b)primary producer c)primary consumer d)secondary consumer e)decomposer

Coral reefs consist of an animal (coral) and an alga that lives within the coral's bodies. A scientist experimentally removes the algae and grows it alone experimentally outside the coral's body. The algae has a lower growth rate when growing alone than when it is grown within the coral. The coral also grows better with the algae than without. This is an example of which type of interaction? a)predation b)competition c)mutualism d)commensalism

Food chains are generally short because____________. a)carnivores are morally opposed to eating other carnivores b)because aproximately 35% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level c)because aproximately 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level d)biomagnification of toxins limits food chain length

In order to construct a reproductive table for a sexual species, you need to A) assess sperm viability. B) keep track of all of the offspring of a cohort. C) keep track of the females in a cohort. D) keep track of all of the offspring of the females in a cohort. E) keep track of the ratio of deaths to births in a cohort.

Large scale application of nitrogen containing fertilizers to Iowa agricultural fields and residential lawns contributes to ________. a)the loss of ozone in the upper atmosphere b)the evolution of pesticide-resistant insects c)the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico d)increased oxygen levels in the water in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico e)none of these

Species richness increases ________. a)on islands as distance from the mainland increases b)as community size decreases c)as we travel southward from the North Pole d)as depth increases in aquatic communities e)as we increase in altitude in equatorial mountains

Species that exert strong control over a community due to their pivotal (and outsized) ecological role are called________. a)top-down species b)dominant species c)keystone species d)bottom-up species

The competitive exclusion principle predicts that ____________. a)the density of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of other competing species b)evolution tends to increase competition between related species c)even a slight reproductive advantage will lead to the elimination of an inferior species d)most species do not undergo competition e)two species will use Mullarian mimicry to reduce competition

The competitive exclusion principle states that ________. a)two species with the same niche will constantly be competing for resources b)it is not possible for two species to compete for the same resources c)it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region d)two species with different niches will not compete for the same resources

The conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia or ammonium is called___________. a)respiration b)nitrification c)nitrogen fixation d)ammonification e)denitrification

Trophic efficiency is____________. a)about 90% in most ecosystems b)the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production c)the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next d)a measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next e)usually greater than production efficiencies

What factor could potentially increase the length of a food chain? a)having a single species of herbivore feeding on each plant species b)increased extinction rates of species in the food chain c)decrease in the amount of energy in a trophic level that is lost as it passes to the next higher level d)increase in the amount of energy in a trophic level that is lost as it passes to the next higher level

Which is true of human impacts on the global water cycle? a)croplands aid in water conservation due to their more extensive root systems compared to plants in natural habitats. b)use of water from rivers for irrigation effectively replenishes groundwater supplies by percolation. c)the water table is dropping on every continent. d)asphalt and pavement increase the amount of groundwater by inhibiting evaporation.

Which of the following human activities is impacting the water cycle the LEAST? a)conversion of grasslands and forests into agricultural fields b)increases in irrigated agriculture c)increased processing of salt water to freshwater d)increase in asphalt and concrete surfaces

Which of the following is a part of the natural nitrogen cycle? a)when plants decompose, fungi absorb the nitrogen and remove it from the natural cycle. b)animals take up nitrogen in the water they drink. c)decomposers change detritus into ammonia. d)plants take up atmospheric nitrogen through their stomata and convert it to organic forms.

Which of the following locations are large reservoirs for carbon for the carbon cycle? 1. atmosphere 2. sediments and sedimentary rocks 3. fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas 4. plant and animal biomass a)1 & 3 only b)1, 2, & 4 only c)1, 2, 3, & 4 d)2, 3, 4 only

Which of the following terms do ecologists use to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism? a)parasitism b)commensalism c)facilitation d)mutualism e)inhibition

Which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population? a)commensalism b)mutualism c)consumption d)competition

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important? a)atmospheric carbon means that there are less fossil fuels available. b)more atmospheric carbon dioxide means that there is less carbon available for the growth of terrestrial plants. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. c)carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. d)the global carbon cycle is the only factor affecting Earth's climate.

Why is Glacier Bay in Alaska an important site for studying primary succession? a)this area has remained unchanged for the past millennium, giving researchers an undisturbed natural environment in which to conduct experimentation. b)in the past 200 years, glaciers have expanded approximately 100 km into the bay, systematically covering once-rich forest. c)in the past 200 years, glaciers have retreated approximately 100 km, exposing extensive tracts of barren glacial sediments to colonization. d)experiments have been conducted in this region by selectively removing areas of the native habitat to observe how recolonization occurs.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of life histories is correct? a) stable environments with limited resources favor r-selected populations b) K-selected populations are most often found in environments where density-independent factors are important regulators of population size c) Most populations have both r- and K- selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions. d) The reproductive efforts of r-selected populations are directed at producing just a few offspring with good competitive abilities. e) K-selective populations rarely approach carrying capacity.

c) Most populations have both r- and K-selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions.

To construct a reproductive table for a sexual species, one needs to a) assess sperm viability for the males in the population b) keep track of all of the offspring of a cohort. c) keep track of the females in a cohort d) keep track of all of the offspring of the females in a cohort e) analyze the ratio of deaths to births in a cohort

c) keep track of the females in an cohort *cohort: a group of individuals of the same age

In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals? A) a recently abandoned agricultural field in Ohio B) the sand dune communities of south Lake Michigan C) the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean D) South Florida after a hurricane E) a newly emergent volcanic island

c) the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean * K-selected - Biotic factors - Stable environments - Blue whales - Density dependent - competition, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic waste build-up

c. 10

In accordance with Wilson and MacArthur's theory of island biogeography, the following equations represent the extinction and immigration rates of species of spiders on a small island. (I = immigration rate of species per month; E = extinction rate of species per month; S = number of species currently on the island.) I = 3 - 0.1S E = 0.2S If there are five species on the island, the expected immigration rate is _______ species per month and the expected extinction rate is _______ species per month.

c. 2.5; 1

Most people have pesticides and other environmental contaminants in their body. This is an example of a. bioamplification b. healthy eating c. bioaccumulation d. biomagnification

c. bioaccumulation

Across various sites within the rainforest of Panama, different species of trees are found with little overlap among sites. Based on this pattern of species turnover, Panama's rainforest is best described as having _______ diversity.

c. high beta

During a particularly hot summer, the smallest change in temperature would likely be noted in a. deserts b. temperate grasslands c. oceans d. temperate forests

c. oceans

Examine Figure 37.9 in your textbook, which shows a food web. If the snake population were suddenly reduced because of a virus that kills only snakes, we would expect that the population of _____.

cacti would suffer from increased herbivory

Most plants have a variety of chemicals, spines, and thorns because the plants

cannot run away from herbivores.

Which of the following substances is cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs?

carbon

Food chain length may also be limited by the fact that _______________________________________

carnivores tend to be larger at higher trophic levels

Random spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with ________.

chance

solution to climate change

change in lifestyle and industrial process, more energy efficiency , less fossil fuels, renewable energy, less deforestation

One mechanism that prey populations evolve to avoid predation is

chemical defenses.

47) Which of the following was the most significant limiting factor in human population growth in the 20th century? A) famine B) non-HIV disease C) HIV D) genocide E) clean water

clean water

Dispersion of the human population in the United States is___________.

clumped

A series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in two species is called _____.

coevolution

In many parts of North America, Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) is an invasive plant species. Garlic mustard secretes chemicals from its roots that inhibit the growth of other plant species. If, over time, other plants evolve defenses to resist the toxic chemical, then _____ has occurred.

coevolution

Some herbivore-plant interactions evolved through a series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in both species. The process is called

coevolution.

commensalism

Birds that follow moving ants in tropical forests benefit by catching prey that jumps out of the ants' path. The ants are unaffected by the birds' behavior. This interaction is an example of _____.

commensalism

Epiphytic orchids grow harmlessly on their host trees, and derive their resources from the air and from rain, rather than from their host plant. Which of the following is the best description of this species interaction?

commensalism

You notice an interaction between two species. Removal of either species results in decreased fitness of the other species. What kind of interaction do these species normally have?

commensalism

A biological ____________________ is an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

community

In the accompanying figure, where do we find the highest species richness?

community 1

Certain species have a very large impact on ______________________

community structure

Trophic structure is a key factor affecting _______________ and _________________

community structure and dynamics

competative exclusion

Introduced species can have important effects on biological communities by--

competing with native species for resources, reducing biodiversity, preying upon native species, displacing native species

An owl and a hawk both eat mice. Which of these describes the relationship between a hawk and an owl?

competition

As a result of ___________________, a species' fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche

competition

What type of population interaction benefits neither population?

competition

The main human induced causes of species extinction include all of the following EXCEPT_______.

competition between native species

30) Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? A) increased birth rate B) removal of predators C) decreased death rate D) competition for resources E) favorable climatic conditions

competition for resources

Examples of interspecific interactions are _____________, _____________, _________________, ____________, _______________, and ____________________

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

Strong competition can lead to ______________________, local elimination of a competing species

competitive exclusion

Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with

competitive interaction between individuals of the same population

5) Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with A) chance. B) patterns of high humidity. C) the random distribution of seeds. D) competitive interaction between individuals of the same population. E) the concentration of nutrients within the population's range.

competitive interaction between individuals of the same population.

8) Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the density of the population being studied? A) counting the number of prairie dog burrows per hectare B) counting the number of times a 1 kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall C) counting the number of coyote droppings per hectare D) multiplying the number of moss plants counted in 10 quadrats of 1m² each by 100 to determine the density per kilometer². E) counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations.

counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations.

A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)_______. a)producer b)secondary consumer c)autotroph d)primary consumer e)decomposer

All else being equal, which islands are expected to have a higher species richness? a)recently created volcanic islands are expected to have more species than older islands. b)more remote (farther from mainland) islands will have higher species richness. c)smaller islands are expected to have more species richness. d)islands at lower latitudes are expected to have more species richness.

Endotherms have a __________ production efficiency because they__________. a)higher, move less b)lower, eat less c)higher, produce indigestible tissues, such as bone d)lower, maintain a constant body temperature

Of the many links in a nutrient cycle, which one most often limits the overall rate at which nutrients move through an ecosystem? a)plant nutrient uptake and conversion to tissue b)animal consumption and conversion to tissue c)plant and animal death and their addition to dead biomass d)decomposition of detritus

Tall-grass prairie once covered most of Iowa. Today, how much tall-grass prairie remains in Iowa? a)5% b)1% c)25% d)0.1%

The global carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon among ecosystems. Which of the following is the largest pool of carbon? a)the atmosphere b)terrestrial systems c)human induced changes d)the ocean

The relationship of a disease-causing organism to an infected rabbit is one of_________ a)herbivory b)commensalism c)interference competition d)parasitism

Which is a likely composition of a food chain of organisms living on 10,000 kg (3 football fields) of grass? a)10,000 kg grass, 10,000 kg hare, 10,000 kg serval (a predatory cat), 10,000 kg vulture b)10,000 kg grass, 1000 kg lion, 100 kg vulture c)10,000 kg grass, 1,000 kg hare, 1000 kg serval (a predatory cat), 100 kg vulture d)10,000 kg grass, 1,000 kg hare, 100 kg serval (a predatory cat), 10 kg vulture

Which of the following is a correct statement about the MacArthur/Wilson Island Biogeography Model? a)as the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases. b)islands closer to the mainland have higher extinction rates. c)the more species that inhabit an island, the lower the extinction rate. d)small islands receive few new immigrant species. e)competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species.

Which of the following is an example of a parasite manipulating its host? a)ants harvesting honeydew from treehoppers and protecting them from spiders b)cleaner shrimp removing parasites from the gills of a fish c)ants living in special structures in acacia trees and defending the trees d)a nematode causing infected ants to display their reddened posterior area, increasing the ant's risk of bird predation

Which of the following statements about biogeochemical cycles is true? a)nutrients remain in an animal until the animal's death. b)nutrients are taken up directly from soil by animals and incorporated into their tissues. c)nutrients cannot be transferred from one trophic level to a higher trophic level the way energy can. d)if a plant dies, the nutrients and the plant biomass become litter.

Low levels of disturbance allow __________________ to exclude ____________________________

dominant species less competitive species

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same

niche.

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity? a)the resulting uniform habitat supports stability, which in turn supports diversity. b)competitively dominant species infrequently exclude less competitive species after a moderate disturbance. c)less-competitive species evolve strategies to compete with dominant species. d)habitats are opened up for less competitive species. e)the environmental conditions become optimal.

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? a) increase birth rate b) removal of predators c) decrease death rate d) competition for resources e) favorable climactic conditions

d) competition for resources

Which of the following statements is closest to Alfred Russel Wallace's early hypothesis for the higher diversity of life in the tropics?

d. The tropics are more climatically stable than other parts of the globe, and thus tropical species have had more time to diversify than those in areas with severe climatic conditions.

The processes of photosynthesis and respiration are tied together in a. the nitrogen cycle b. the nitrogen cycle and water cycle c. the phosphorus cycle d. the carbon cycle and oxygen cycle

d. the carbon cycle and oxygen cycle

Which process directly results in habitat destruction?

damming rivers

coral reef communities are being ___________________________________

decimated by white-band disease

the loss of oaks and other species due to sudden oak death (SOD), caused by the protist Phytophthora ramorum, has _____________________________ of at least five bird species

decreased abundance

If a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a lot of dust into the atmosphere and reduced the sunlight reaching Earth's surface by 70 percent for 1 year, which of the following marine communities most likely would be LEAST affected?

deep-sea vent

3) An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? A) density B) dispersion C) carrying capacity D) cohorts E) range

density

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 individuals per square mile on another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?

density

Which of the following variables do NOT determine population size (N)?

density of individuals

11) Which of the following sets of measurements is the most useful when studying populations? A) density, dispersion, and demographics of a population B) gene frequency over time and the ratio of reproductive to nonreproductive individuals C) annual precipitation averages and mean annual temperatures D) minimum and maximum amounts of precipitation and annual temperature extremes E) ratio of predators and the number of immigrants and emigrants

density, dispersion, and demographics of a population

Which of the following sets of measurements is the most useful when studying populations?

density, dispersion, and demographics of a population

68) Your friend comes to you with a problem. It seems his shrimp boats aren't catching nearly as much shrimp as they used to. He can't understand why because he used to catch all the shrimp he could handle. Each year he added a new boat, and for a long time each boat caught tons of shrimp. As he added more boats, there came a time when each boat caught somewhat fewer shrimp, and now, each boat is catching a lot less shrimp. Which of the following topics might help your friend understand the source of his problem? A) density-dependent population regulation and intrinsic characteristics of population growth B) exponential growth curves and unlimited environmental resources C) density-independent population regulation and chance occurrence D) pollution effects of a natural environment and learned shrimp behavior E) a K-selected population switching to an r-selected population

density-dependent population regulation and intrinsic characteristics of population growth

Your friend comes to you with a problem. It seems his shrimp boats aren't catching nearly as much shrimp as they used to. He can't understand why because he used to catch all the shrimp he could handle. Each year he added a new boat, and for a long time each boat caught tons of shrimp. As he added more boats, there came a time when each boat caught somewhat fewer shrimp, and now, each boat is catching a lot less shrimp. Which of the following topics might help your friend understand the source of his problem?

density-dependent population regulation and intrinsic characteristics of population growth

70) Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to A) determine a population's carrying capacity. B) determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population. C) determine if a population is regulated by density-dependent processes. D) determine the factors that regulate the size of a population. E) determine if a population's growth is cyclic.

determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population.

Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to

determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population.

If an animal has a HIGH production efficiency it is _______.

devoting more energy to biomass production

what is convergent evolution

different species that inhabit same type of biome but occur in widely separate geographic reg often appear similar

A _____________________________ is an event that changes a community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability

disturbance

Ecologists manipulate _______________ in experimental communities to study the potential benefits of diversity

diversity

Invasive species, typically introduced to a new environment by humans, may become _______________ because they lack natural ______________ or __________________

dominant predators or parasites

Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario? a)grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert forests to grassland. b)elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community. c)elephants prevent drought in African grasslands. d)elephants help other populations survive by keeping out many of the large African predators. e)elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance.

Global warming refers to ________. a)the increase in the average temperature across the continents b)the increase in the total temperature across the whole planet c)the increase in the total temperature across the continents d)the increase in the total temperature across the oceans e)the increase in the average temperature of the whole planet

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? a)consumption b)cooperation c)mutualism d)parasitism e)commensalism

Two barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus, both theoretically can survive on the lower rocks just above the low-tide line on the Scottish coast, but only Balanus does. Chthamalus adopts to the upper zone. Which of the following best accounts for this niche separation? a)primary succession b)mutualism c)predation of Chthamalus by Balanus d)secondary succession e)competitive exclusion

Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the density of the population being studied? A) counting the number of prairie dog burrows per hectare B) counting the number of times a 1 kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall C) counting the number of coyote droppings per hectare D) multiplying the number of moss plants counted in 10, 1m2 quadrats by 100 to determine the density per kilometer2. E) counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations.

Which present-day continent was not part of Pangaea?

e. All of the above were part of Pangaea.

Which of the following statements about the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) is true?

e. Both b and c

Sunlight and precipitation can be considered together by measuring a community's rate of _____________________, the evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants

evapotranspiration

The figure below shows the evolutionary relationships and biogeography for several ratites. Based on the figure, which of the following is most closely related to the moa?

e. The moa is equally closely related to all three species.

Organisms that can feed on autotrophs as well as on heterotrophs are known as a. producers b. herbivores c. carnivores d. primary consumers e. omnivores

e. omnivores

global change includes alterations in climate, atmospheric chemistry, and broad ecological systems that reduce the capacity of

earth to sustain life

45) Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? A) social pressure for birth control B) earthquakes C) plagues D) famines E) pollution

earthquakes

Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth?

earthquakes

ecological niche

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____. environmental habitat biome range ecological niche territory

ecological niche

An _____________________ is the sum of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources; it can be thought of as an organism's ecological role

ecological niche

The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called its

ecological niche

sustainable development

economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?

ecosystem, community, population, organism

Parasites that live on the external surface of a host are _________________________

ectoparasites

conservation biologists increasingly use the tools of molecular genetics to track the origins if tissues harvested from

endangered species

Parasites that live within the body of their host are called ____________________

endoparasites

Which of the following groups of organisms have the highest energy needs?

endothermic animals

The _____________________ suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

energetic hypothesis

What generally flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from producers up through each level of consumers, and is not recycled?

energy

The flow of ________ into ecosystems occurs in one direction only, while ________ are recycled within the ecosystem itself.

energy . . . chemicals

A broad-based pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is

growing rapidly

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to ________.

eventually become competitively superior to the other species

farming

example of how human activities are altering the environment through enrichment of nutrients (nitrogen)

In a mutualism, both species incur costs, but the benefits to each partner ____________ the costs

exceed

habitat loss could mean

extinction

Which of the following describes a successional event in which one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?

facilitation

Each food chain in a food web is usually only a _____________________

few links long

Predators have adaptations that enable them to ____________, ____________, ______________, and ___________

find, identify, catch, and subdue their prey

Which of the following is a disturbance in the Gorongos ecosystem?

fire

A ________________ is a group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions

food web

An ecological footprint is a construct that is useful

for a person living in a DEVELOPED nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources.

46) An ecological footprint is a construct that is useful A) for a person living in a developed nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources. B) for a person living in a developing country to see how much of the world's resources are left for him/her. C) in converting human foods' meat biomass to plant biomass. D) in making predictions about the global carrying capacity of humans. E) in determining which nations produce the least amount of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.

for a person living in a developed nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources.

A high level of disturbance is the result of ____________ and ________________ disturbance

frequent and intense

A species' ____________________ is the niche potentially occupied by that species

fundamental niche

The main detritivores in an ecosystem are _____.

fungi and prokaryotes

2 levels of biodiversity

genetic, species, ecosystem

Which of the organisms listed is likely to have a a higher production efficiency?

grasshopper

Tropical environments may have ________________ species richness because there has been more time for speciation to occur

greater

Throughout most of human history, human population size--

grew very slowly

A population is a _____.

group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area at the same time

Food webs can be simplified by:

grouping species with similar trophic relationships into broad functional groups isolating a portion of a community that interacts very little with the rest of the community

78) During exponential growth, a population always A) grows by thousands of individuals. B) grows at its maximum per capita rate. C) quickly reaches its carrying capacity. D) cycles through time. E) loses some individuals to emigration.

grows at its maximum per capita rate.

During exponential growth, a population always

grows at its maximum per capita rate.

The single greatest current cause of population decline is--

habitat destruction

what is the greatest threat to biodiversity

habitat destruction; could cause extinction

threats of losing biodiversity

habitat loss through human alteration, water and land; introduced species, over-harvesting, global change

4 major types of threats to biodiversity

habitat loss, intruded species, over harvesting and global change

The Allee effect is used to describe a population that

has become so small that i will have difficulty surviving and reproducing.

28) The Allee effect is used to describe a population that A) has become so small that it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing. B) has become so large that it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing. C) is viable and stable at its carrying capacity. D) has exceeded its carrying capacity. E) is in crash decline.

has become so small that it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing.

have seeds that are easily dispersed by wind or animals

Tall-grass prairies have few trees for all of the following reasons EXCEPT__________.

heavy winter snowfall

Behavioral defenses include ____________, ______________, and _________________

hiding, fleeing, and forming herds or schools

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between

high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

32) Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between A) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live. B) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization. C) the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide. D) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode with a corresponding decrease in parental care. E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care.

high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care.

Evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration are ______________ in the warm, wet conditions of the tropics

higher

In a New Zealand study, the richness of invertebrate taxa was __________________ in streams with an intermediate frequency or intensity of flooding

highest

Such species are _____________ or play a ____________ in community dynamics

highly abundant pivotal role

Two key factors affecting latitudinal gradients of species richness are evolutionary ____________ and _______________

history and climate

14) Which of the following choices would most likely promote random distribution? A) territorial species B) species that secrete chemicals to attract or inhibit other individuals C) flocking and schooling behaviors D) spacing during the breeding season E) homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment

homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment

Which of the following choices would most likely promote random distribution?

homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment

earth is changing rapidly as a result of

human actions

What is the biodiversity crisis

human activities threaten Earth's biodiversity by changing food webs, energy flow, chemical cycling and natural disturbances

49) Why does the 2009 U.S. population continue to grow even though the United States has essentially established a ZPG? A) emigration B) immigration C) better sanitation D) baby boomer reproduction E) the 2007-2009 economic recession

immigration

An equilibrium will be reached where the rate of _______________ is equal to the rate of __________________

immigration extinction

In the island equilibrium model, species richness on islands represents a balance between _________________________________ and _____________________________

immigration of new species and extinction of established species

Islands closer to the mainland have higher ________________ and lower ____________________

immigration rates extinction rates

Smaller islands have lower ___________________ and higher ___________________

immigration rates extinction rates

sustainable development can

improve human lives while conserving biodiversity

what is the other facet of sustainable development

improving the human condition

Where does biodiversity tend to be higher?

in areas with more geographic variation

endangered species

in danger of extinction

increased productivity by plants ins one predictable consequence of

increased CO2

A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is resistant to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all these birds were suddenly eliminated by hunters, which of the following would be an immediate observable consequence?

increased mortality in monkey species B

As the number of species on an island ______________, immigration ____________ and extinction ________________

increases decreases increases

Some parasites change the behavior of the host in a way that ________________ the likelihood that the parasite will be __________________________

increases transmitted to the next host

nitrate concentrations in groundwater are

increasing in most agriculture regions

On the glacial moraines, pioneer plant species facilitate later arrivals by _________________________________

increasing soil nitrogen content

what provides the largest additional nitrogen source

industrial fertilizers

the two most fundamental indicators of living conditions are

infant totally rate and life expectancy

what is conservation biology

integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biodiversity also involves social sciences, eco, and humanities

The ___________________________________ states that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Ecologists call relationships between species in a community ______________________________

interspecific interactions

41) Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations? A) the removal of toxic waste by decomposers B) intraspecific competition for nutrients C) earthquakes D) floods E) fires

intraspecific competition for nutrients

A non-native species that has spread far beyond the original point of introduction and causes environmental or economic damage is called a(n)--

invasive species

Large mammals are the most familiar herbivores, but most herbivores are __________________

invertebrates

investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude

Zoonotic disease is too specific to study at the community level, and studies of zoonotic pathogens are relegated to organismal biology. is caused by suborganismal pathogens such as viruses, viroids, and prions only. can only be spread from animals to humans through direct contact. can only be transferred from animals to humans by means of an intermediate host. is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector.

is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector.

Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson developed a method for predicting the species diversity on islands called the __________________________

island equilibrium model

Immigration and extinction are affected by _______________________ and _____________________________

island size and distance from the mainland

Which pattern of reproduction is correctly paired with a species?

iteroparity - elephant *semelparity (big-bang) reproduce once and die: pacific salmon, annual plants *Iteroparity (repeated) produce offspring repeatedly: Oak tree, humans, turtles, elephants, rabbit, polar bear..

38) Which pattern of reproduction is correctly paired with a species? A) iteroparityPacific salmon B) iteroparityelephant C) semelparityoak tree D) semelparityrabbit E) semelparity-polar bear

iteroparityelephant

77) Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves? A) semelparous; r-selected B) semelparous; K-selected C) iteroparous; r-selected D) iteroparous; K-selected E) iteroparous; N-selected

iteroparous; K-selected

Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?

iteroparous; K-selected

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. where it lives the rate at which it uses energy whether it is early or late in ecological succession its food source the intensity of its competition with other species

its food source

Work to publicize environmental issues and make the public aware of management needs is called_____.

journalism

7) To construct a reproductive table for a sexual species, one needs to A) assess sperm viability for the males in the population. B) keep track of all of the offspring of a cohort. C) keep track of the females in a cohort. D) keep track of all of the offspring of the females in a cohort. E) analyze the ratio of deaths to births in a cohort.

keep track of the females in a cohort.

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) keystone species. herbivore. resource partitioner. mutualistic organism. pathogen.

keystone species.

who does over harvesting affect the most

large animals with low reproductive rates and animals in constricted areas

In some European countries, the population is declining. In these countries, the net reproductive rate, R0, is _____.

less than one

Which of the following terms defines how the individual organism allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures related to survival?

life history

In the accompanying figure, which of the lines represents the highest per capita rate increase (r)?

line A

In a ___________________________, z is the slope of the line through the data points

log-log plot of S versus A

each loss of species means what

loss of unique genes

global extinction

lost from all the ecosystems and presently impoverished

Low levels of disturbance can result from ______________ or ________________ of disturbance

low frequency or low intensity

Endotherms have a __________ production efficiency because they__________.

lower, maintain a constant body temperature

Anthropogenic means___________.

made by humans

how does carbon dioxide affect water

make it more acidic

The energetic hypothesis can be tested by __________________________

manipulating productivity

71) A population's carrying capacity A) may change as environmental conditions change. B) can be accurately calculated using the logistic growth model. C) generally remains constant over time. D) increases as the per capita growth rate (r) decreases. E) can never be exceeded.

may change as environmental conditions change.

A population's carrying capacity

may change as environmental conditions change.

Large carnivores cannot obtain enough food from small prey efficiently enough to meet their __________________

metabolic needs

Ecologists are studying the potential spread of the virus from Asia to North America through _______________________

migrating birds

In some cases, a prey species may gain significant protection by ______________________ of another species

mimicking the appearance

Communities with higher diversity are:

more productive more stable better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses more resistant to invasive species, organisms that become established outside their native range

if CO2 emissions continue to increase at the present rate by the year 2075 the atmospheric concentration of gas will be

more than double what it was in 1850

A species may play a role at ______________________ in a food web

more than one trophic level

Animals also have ____________ and _____________ defense adaptations

morphological and physiological

72) Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that A) the prey population is controlled by predators alone. B) hares and lynx are so mutually dependent that each species cannot survive without the other. C) multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the cycling of the hare and lynx populations. D) both hare and lynx populations are regulated mainly by abiotic factors. E) the hare population is r-selected and the lynx population is K-selected.

multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the cycling of the hare and lynx populations.

Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that

multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the cycling of the hare and lynx populations.

51) Which of the following describes the relationship between ants and acacia trees?

mutualism

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____. commensalism parasitism herbivory predation mutualism

mutualism

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?

mutualism

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction? competition predation commensalism parasitism mutualism

mutualism

The relationship between certain species of ascomycete fungi and green algae in lichens is an example of

mutualism

When two different populations in a community benefit from their relationship with each other, the result is called

mutualism

Which of the following describes the relationship between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

mutualism

Which of the following is a +/+ interaction

mutualism

Which of the following terms best describes the interaction between termites and the protozoans that feed in their gut?

mutualism

In tropical forests, there are plants known as ant-plants. These plants host ant colonies. When the ant colony is the species Petalomyrmex phylax, the presence of the ants protects the ant-plants from predation by herbivores. However, the ant species Cataulacus mckeyi takes advantage of the nesting place and nectar the plants provide without affording any protection to the plant. The interspecies interaction between the ant-plants and P. phylax is an example of _____ whereas the interaction between the ant-plants and C. mckeyi is an example of _____.

mutualism ... parasitism

In some ______________, each species depends on the other for their survival and reproduction; in others, both species can survive alone

mutualisms

Some interactions that are typically commensal may at times become_______________

mutualistic

extinction is a

natural phenomenon

benefits of preserving biodiversity

natural resources, genes, ecosystems purify air and water, detoxify and decompose waste, create soil etc.

The following are anthropogenic biomes EXCEPT______.

neo-tropical savanna

The energy invested in the production of new tissue by autotrophic organisms is termed _____.

net primary productivity

When primary producers expend energy to build new tissue, this is ________.

net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers

Pathogens can be particularly virulent in a _______________________

new habitat

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same range. niche. habitat. territory. biome.

niche

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____________.

niche

The sum total of a population's use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its habitat constitutes its

niche

What best describes what is occurring in this figure from Time 1 to Time 2?

niche differentiation

Similar species can coexist in a community because of____________.

niche partitioning

36) Which of the following is characteristic of K-selected populations? A) offspring with good chances of survival B) many offspring per reproductive episode C) small offspring D) a high intrinsic rate of increase E) early parental reproduction

offspring with good chances of survival

Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are ____________________________________

one or more significant differences in their niches

In ecosystems, organisms at the highest trophic levels usually contain less collective biomass than the organisms at lower trophic levels because _____.

organisms are inefficient at converting the energy they consume to biomass

biology is the scientific c expression of

our desire to know nature

what happened after European colonization

over 1/2 the wetlands in the US have been drained and converted to ag and other uses

Which of the following is LEAST likely to kill the organism it feeds on?

parasite

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees

parasitism

Which interaction belongs in the +/- category of interactions between species?

parasitism

In _________________________, one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

parasitism (+/- interaction)

Predators are ____________________ in dealing with prey that display such coloration

particularly cautious

Community structure is universally affected by _________________, which include disease-causing microorganisms, viruses, viroids, and prions

pathogens

In the models that describe population growth, r stands for

per capita population growth rate

as human actives reduce biodiversity we are reducing the capacity of the plants ecosystems to

perform processes critical to our own survival

This view was supported by F. E. Clements, who argued that __________________________________________________, ____________________, controlled by climate

plant communities had only one state of equilibrium a climax community

You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most?

planting 500 new trees

CFC's damage

plants, animals, DNA (cancer)

76) According to the logistic growth equation (dN/dt=rN((K-N)/K) A) the number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero. B) the per capita growth rate (r) increases as N approaches K. C) population growth is zero when N equals K. D) the population grows exponentially when K is small. E) the birth rate (b) approaches zero as N approaches K.

population growth is zero when N equals K.

According to the logistic growth equation

population growth is zero when N equals K.

In an ecosystem, you would expect to find interspecific competition between

populations of two species that occupy the same niche.

Ecological communities are heavily influenced by ________________________,where at least one species benefits and neither is harmed

positive interactions

Mutualism (+/+) and commensalism (+/0) are ______________________

positive interactions

Herbivory has a ___________ effect on one species, and _______________ on the other.

positive, a negative

Potential evapotranspiration is the measure of _______________________, assuming water is available

potential water loss,

A community is composed of

potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organisms.

a warming trend would also alter the geographic distribution of

precipitation likely making ag areas of the central US much drier

Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities?

predation, competition

Exploitative interactions include __________________, ___________________, and __________________

predation, herbivory, and parasitism

Camouflage typically evolves as a result of

predation.

Which of the following is a density-dependent mortality factor?

predators

moral and theological responsibility to

preserve biodiversity

Identifying the community of hosts and vectors for a pathogen can help ______________________

prevent disease

What is the main advantage of controlled burnings of forested areas? Controlled burnings ________.

prevent the overgrowth of the underbrush

A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)_______.

primary consumer

Bison belong to which trophic level?

primary consumer

When you eat an apple, you are serving as a _____.

primary consumer

Herbivores are _____.

primary consumers

The native Iowa prairie plant species "rattlesnake master" belongs to which trophic level?

primary producers

Which of the following would cause a transfer of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms?

primary production

For a given area and time period, the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy in organic compounds is called

primary production.

The relationship between biomass and primary productivity is that _____.

primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced

When the birth rate is equal to each woman producing exactly enough offspring to replace herself and her offspring's father, and the birth rate is sustained for a generation, then ________.

r = 0 and there is zero population growth

19) Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt =

Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt=

rN (rmaxN)

25) Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt =

rN (K-N)/K

Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt =

rN * (K-N)/K *Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size the environment can support *N: population size

what is acid precipitation

rain, snow, sleet or fog with a pH less than 5.2

High what of extinction

rate

Which of the following most often controls the rate of nutrient cycling in ecosystems?

rate of decomposition of detritus

A species' ___________________ is the niche actually occupied by that species

realized niche

The combination of conditions that a species can tolerate in the presence of competitors is a _____.

realized niche

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?

red squirrels, which actively defend territories

6) Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? A) red squirrels, who actively defend territories B) cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams C) dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest tree D) moths, in a city at night E) lake trout, which seek out cold, deep water high in dissolved oxygen

red squirrels, who actively defend territories

genetic biodiversity does what

reduces adaptive potential of species

much of the solar radiation that strikes the plant is

reflected back into space

Two communities can have the same species richness but a different ____________________

relative abundance

One way to discover the impact of a dominant species is to ___________________________________

remove it from the community

Biomanipulation can best be described as monitoring and adjusting the nutrient and energy flow through a community with new technologies. an example of how one would use the bottom-up model for community restoration. a means of reversing the effects of pollution by applying antidote chemicals that have a neutralizing effect on the community. removing many of the next higher trophic level organisms so that the struggling trophic level below can recover. adjusting the numbers of each of the trophic levels back to the numbers that they were before human disturbance.

removing many of the next higher trophic level organisms so that the struggling trophic level below can recover.

Similar species can coexist in a community because of__________.

resource partitioning

What does earth's rotation do with regard to winds

reversed winds w -> E along Equator *

what are the two places most impacted by humans

riparian and wetlands

Our understanding of what drives atmospheric circulation and precipitation is based on__________.

rising masses of warm air, and sinking masses of cool air

Which of the following is a constant for a given species?

rmax, the intrinsic rate of increase

Which abiotic factor would have the most significant acute physiological effect on migrating salmon as they move from saltwater to freshwater?

salinity differences

Russian ecologist G.F. Gause concluded that two species competing for the _______________________ cannot coexist permanently in the same place

same limiting resources

Polar bears that were alive in the year 1500 would be considered to be a part of the___________________________ of polar bears present on Planet Earth today

same species but different population

Polar bears that were alive in the year 1500 would be considered to be a part of the___________________________ of polar bears present on Planet Earth today.

same species but different population

Field studies of _________________ illustrate their role as a keystone species in intertidal communities

sea stars

what does earths tilt determine

seasons

Mountain lions have been increasingly sited in Iowa and Minnesota. Which of the following describes their trophic level?

secondary consumer

abandoned agricultural land may return to its original state through ___________________

secondary succession

When a New England farm is abandoned, its formerly plowed fields first become weedy meadows, then shrubby areas, and finally forest. This sequence of plant communities is an example of

secondary succession.

35) Pacific salmon and annual plants are excellent examples of A) cohort disintegration. B) dispersion. C) Allee effect. D) iteroparous reproduction. E) semelparous reproduction.

semelparous reproduction.

Resources must be in ________________ for competition to occur

short supply

Which of the following best describes resource partitioning? a climax community that is reached when no new niches are available two species that can coevolve to share identical niches competitive exclusion that results in the success of the superior species differential resource utilization that results in a decrease in community species diversity slight variations in a species' niche that allow similar species to coexist

slight variations in a species' niche that allow similar species to coexist

High levels of disturbance exclude many _________________________

slow-growing species

The species-area curve shows that ______.

smaller areas have fewer species

must connect life science with

social since and economics and humanities

Which of the following is an abiotic reservoir?

soil

What is the primary factor determining a biome's temperature (on a global scale)?

solar radiation input

Herbivores have many specialized adaptations:

specialized teeth or digestive systems for processing vegetation

where S is the number of ___________, c is a ____________, A is the ____________, and z represents how ______________________________________

species constant area many more species should be found as habitat area increases

Human disturbance to communities usually reduces _________________________

species diversity

Species richness and relative abundance define the _____ of a community.

species diversity

The ______________ of a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community

species diversity

When scientists count species in a region, they are studying _____.

species diversity

Two fundamental features of community structure are __________________ and __________________

species diversity and feeding relationships

as more species are lost to extinction

species diversity decreases

Tests of the island equilibrium model in the Florida Keys support the prediction that _________________ increases with ________________ and _________________________

species richness island size proximity to the mainland

Species diversity has two components:

species richness and relative abundance

The number of species in a community is called the

species richness.

What is a characteristic of habitat fragmentation?

species that prefer habitat edges do better than species that live in the interior

The ________________________ quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species

species-area curve

A. G. Tansley argued that variation in abiotic conditions created many possible ____________________________________

stable communities within a region

In some cases, a few species in a community exert strong control on that community's ______________

structure

Positive interactions can have significant influence on the _____________________________

structure of ecological communities

what combination makes acid precipitation

sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxides, combination with water

Two main climatic factors correlated with biodiversity in terrestrial communities are _______________ and ______________________

sunlight and precipitation

The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ________.

sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle

F. E. Clements suggested that biotic interactions caused species in a climax community to function as a ________________________

superorganism

Interspecific interactions can affect the _________ and ____________ of each species, and the effects can be summarized as positive (+), negative (-), or no effect (0)

survival and reproduction

Parasites can significantly affect the ____________, ___________________, and _____________________

survival, reproduction, and density of their host population, directly or indirectly

ecologists use the concept of

sustainability as a tool to establish longterm conservation priorities

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches. allopatric populations of the same animal species. sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches. sympatric populations of a predator and its prey. sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator.

sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.

Which of the following is a producer in the Gorongos ecosystem?

tall grass

An area with moderate annual overall temperature with moderate variation in temperature, and moderate annual variation in rainfall but relatively low overall rainfall, would be _____.

temperate grassland

4) During the spring, you are studying the mice that live in a field near your home. The population density is high, but you realize that you rarely observe any reproductive female mice. This most likely indicates A) that there is selective predation on female mice. B) that female mice die before reproducing. C) that this habitat is a good place for mice to reproduce. D) that you are observing immigrant mice. E) that the breeding season is over.

that you are observing immigrant mice.

the destruction of the ozone results primarily from

the accumulation of CFCs

erosion of genetic diversity in turn reduces

the adaptive potential of the species

37) Which variables define the ecological life history of a species? A) the age at which reproduction begins, frequency of reproduction, and the number of offspring for each reproductive episode B) the ratio of females to males, the length of the breeding season, and the number of offspring for each reproductive episode C) the number of offspring produced over a lifetime by a breeding pair and the survivability of the offspring D) timing breeding sessions with optimal environmental conditions and the number of offspring produced during each breeding session E) the amount of parental care given after birth, the number of reproductive episodes per year, and the number of years females are capable of producing viable offspring

the age at which reproduction begins, frequency of reproduction, and the number of offspring for each reproductive episode

Which variable define the ecological life history of a species?

the age at which reproduction begins, frequency of reproduction, and the number of offspring for each reproductive episode

The definition of a generation is ________.

the average time between a mother's first offspring and her daughter's first offspring

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? green color of a plant eye color in humans a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf colors of an insect-pollinated flower the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs

the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs

The main cause of the recent increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is _____.

the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is made possible by which of the following?

the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change

Large scale application of nitrogen containing fertilizers to Iowa agricultural fields and residential lawns contributes to ________.

the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

accumulations of DDT interfered with

the deposition of calcium in their eggshells

74) A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that A) Earth's carrying capacity for humans is about 10 billion. B) Earth's carrying capacity would increase if per capita meat consumption increased. C) current demand by industrialized countries for resources is much smaller than the ecological footprint of those countries. D) it is not possible for technological improvements to increase Earth's carrying capacity for humans. E) the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.

the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.

A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that

the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.

ecosystems where largest warming has already occurred are those in

the far north particularly the northern coniferous forests and tundra

40) In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals? A) a recently abandoned agricultural field in Ohio B) the sand dune communities of south Lake Michigan C) the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean D) South Florida after a hurricane E) a newly emergent volcanic island

the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean

what is responsible for today's biodiversity crisis

the high rate of extinction

In the accompanying figure, which individuals are displaying Batesian mimicry?

the hornet moth, wasp beetle, and hoverfly

Global warming refers to ________.

the increase in the average temperature of the whole planet

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to _____. the number of other islands in the archipelago the island's size and distance from the mainland when the island formed how the island formed the island's stage of ecological succession

the island's size and distance from the mainland

The energetic hypothesis and dynamic stability hypothesis are ideas that attempt to explain competitive exclusion. resource partitioning. plant defenses against herbivores. the length of food chains. the evolution of mutualism.

the length of food chains.

another indication of living conditions is

the literacy rate

Carrying capacity is ________.

the maximum population size that a particular environment can support

29) Carrying capacity is A) seldom reached by marine producers and consumers because of the vast resources of the ocean. B) the maximum population size that a particular environment can support. C) fixed for most species over most of their range most of the time. D) determined by density and dispersion data. E) the term used to describe the stress a population undergoes due to limited resources.

the maximum population size that a particular environment can support.

Carrying capacity (K) is

the maximum population size that a particular environment can support.

75) The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that A) the size of the area occupied by the population is increasing. B) resources are distributed unevenly. C) the members of the population are competing for access to a resource. D) the members of the population are neither attracted to nor repelled by one another. E) the density of the population is low.

the members of the population are competing for access to a resource.

The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that

the members of the population are competing for access to a resource.

The oak tree pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has migrated 800 km in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to the lethality of each pathogen. innate resistance. the mobility of their hosts. the fact that viruses are very small. dormancy viability.

the mobility of their hosts.

The global carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon among ecosystems. Which of the following is the largest pool of carbon?

the ocean

In the accompanying figure, which individuals are displaying Müllerian mimicry mimicry?

the paper wasp, bumblebee and honeybee

Trophic efficiency is____________.

the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

27) In models of logistic population growth, A) the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K. B) new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at the beginning of the population's growth. C) new individuals are added to the population as N approaches K. D) only density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth. E) carrying capacity is never reached.

the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K.

In models of logistic population growth,

the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K.

To figure out the human population density of your community, you would need to know the number of people living there and--

the size of the area in which they live

To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and________

the size of the area in which they live * density is the number of individuals of population per unit area

habitat fragmentation leads to species loss because

the smaller populations in habitat fragments have a higher probability of local extinction

greenhouse effect

the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.

Decades ago, most ecologists favored ___________________________________________________

the view that communities are in a state of equilibrium

In biology, an arms race occurs when ________.

there is a repeating cycle of coevolution

Why do conservationists consider it especially important to save red pandas from extinction?

they lack close relatives and they represent a highly distinct lineage

threatened species

those that are considered likely to become endangered in the near future

humans release an immense variety of toxic chemicals including

thousands of synthetic compounds

without plants to take up nitrates from the soil the nitrates are likely

to be leached from the ecosystem

goal of sustainable biosphere initiative is

to define and acquire the basic ecological info needed to develop mange and conserve earths resources as responsible as possible

The _________________________, also called the trophic cascade model,proposes that control comes from the trophic level above

top-down model

Plants may produce:

toxic or distasteful chemicals or mechanical defenses, such as spines or thorns

toxic accumulation

toxin accumulates and concentrate as it moves up the food change "Biological magnification"

assisted migration

translocation of a species to a favorable habitat beyond its native range to protect the species from human-caused threats

Human activities are _________________________ around the world at unprecedented rates

transporting pathogens

The position an organism occupies in a food chain is called its __________________

trophic level

Which trophic level in this food chain represents the secondary consumer?

trophic level C

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's ________.

trophic structure

Species richness is especially great in the ___________ and generally declines _____________________________

tropics in a gradient toward the poles

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf two species of moths with wing spots that look like owl's eyes two species of rattlesnakes that both rattle their tails a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

1) Population ecologists are primarily interested in A) studying interactions among populations of organisms that inhabit the same area. B) understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations. C) how humans affect the size of wild populations of organisms. D) how populations evolve as natural selection acts on heritable variations among individuals and changes in gene frequency. E) the overall vitality of a population of organisms.

understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations.

Predict the population distribution during the breeding season of the red-winged blackbird, a territorial bird.

uniform

The transfer of pathogenscan be direct or through an intermediate species called a _____________

vector

terrestrial

vegetation demonstrated vertical layering

The large-scale fire in Yellowstone National Park in 1988 demonstrated that communities can often respond __________________ to a massive disturbance

very rapidly

48) Which of the following is most key to understanding the demographic transition in human population growth? A) education of global famine B) improved worldwide health care C) voluntary reduction of family size D) improved sanitary conditions in the world's hospitals E) reduction of casualties of war

voluntary reduction of family size

Which of the following is most key to understanding the demographic transition in human population growth?

voluntary reduction of family size

Which of the following is a decomposer in the Gorongos ecosystem?

vulture

Which of the following best describes precipitation?

warm air rises, as it rises it cools, cool air holds less water and it falls

by reduction our orientation toward short term gain

we can learn to value the natural processes that sustain us

ozone depletion is slowing which shows us

we can solve environment problems if we make necessary changes

Keystone species are those species _____. whose absence would cause major disruption in a community with the largest number of individuals in a community that live primarily on or under rocks and stones that provide important foods and medicines that have the most biomass in the community

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