BIOL 319: A&P Final Exam Review

Uric acid buildup beyond its normal levels puts one at risk of

gout

As I have repeatedly mentioned in class, endocrine glands produce hormones, and hormones bind receptors expressed by cells of target tissues that then cause some physiological change in the cells that make up that target tissue. Given this, and based on what you learned in class about the GH-IGF-1 axis, what would be the physiological consequence of growth hormone being released normally but the GH receptor expressed by liver cells not being properly formed such that it cannot bind GH very well?

An inability to synthesize and secrete enough IGF-1

Skeletal muscle tissue, compared to other nonmuscular tissue is

Both extensible and elastic

From what was discussed in class, what would be the effect of an abnormal narrowing of the lumen of one or both carotid arteries?

Diminishment of blood flow to the head

If medical students in a gross anatomy lab performed sagittal sections on human brains, what would be the result?

Each brain would be cut into left and right halves

As a physician treating someone with rheumatoid arthritis, you might well prescribe

Either methotrexate or prednisone

Component(s) of serous membrane(s) only found in the peritoneum

the mesenteries

Which of the following is NOT true of calcitriol?

It binds receptors on hepatocytes (liver cells) inducing these cells to release somatotropin

___________ is a condition in which, after death, slow head cycling occurs that eventually ends in myosin heads fusing to myosin head binding sites. This condition is made possible because ___________ ion slowly leaks into the sarcoplasm in muscle cells after death in the presence of a limited pool of ____________that eventually runs out

Rigor mortis; calcium; ATP

The defining component(s) of a juvenile long bone

The epiphyseal plate

Which of the following is NOT true about sarcomeres?

They contain a 1/2 an I-band on each side of the sarcomere, that, in the relaxed position contain only thick filaments and no thin filaments.

A muscle fiber type that is especially enriched and targeted for training in athletes specializing in 5 K , 10 K and marathon races (e.g. long distance running)

Type IA (slow oxidative)

The joint connecting the radius and the ulna via two ligaments mentioned in class is an example of

a syndesmosis

Which of the following is NOT a component of the definition of a long bone?

a. All long bones must be at least 6 cm long b. All long bones must be longer than they are wide c. All long bones must contain at least one epiphysis d. All long bones must have a straight, relatively cylindrical diaphysis e. None of the above Answer A

Within the context of bone growth and development, a(n) example(s) of a widespread theme of "first cartilage then bone"

a. Diaphyseal widening after a diaphysis is fully formed b. Driving of the lengthening of long bones via the action of the epiphyseal growth plate c. Formation of a "cartilage model" or precursor of long bones and most other bones that occurs early in the first trimester in humans d. formation of the fibrocartilaginous callus during the process of bone healing from a break e. choices (b), (c) and (d) Answer E

Which of the below are characteristic of the troponin complex?

a. It contains a polypeptide that binds the complex to actin b. It contains 3 polypeptides, one of which binds calcium ion c. It contains a polypeptide that binds the complex to myosin d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer D

Which of the following is NOT true of the classical definition of a hormone?

a. It is an organic molecule b. It NEVER enters the blood stream c. It is produced by an endocrine gland, or an organ that has hormone producing cells within it (like the brain) d. It binds receptors expressed by cells of a particular target tissue or tissues e. After choice (d) occurs, it causes some physiological change in the tissue Answer B

Which of the following is NOT true of thyroid hormone?

a. It is extremely important in orchestrating brain development from birth to early toddlerhood and stimulating the GH-IGF-1 axis to reach its full physiological potential b. If found to be deficient, it can easily be replaced by an oral route (i.e., ingestion) c. Its presence inhibits the activity of the GH-IGF-1 axis d. It's secreted from the adrenal cortex e. choices (c) and (d) Answer E

Which is true of the hyaline cartilage coating the epiphyseal ends of articulating long bones?

a. It serves as a smooth articulating surface b. It is richly vascularized c. It undergoes a process of "weeping lubrication" with respect to synovial fluid that coats it d. It is avascular e. Choices (a), (c) and (d) Answer E

Which of the below can be administered to a patient so as to slow the progression of osteoporosis?

a. SERMs b. Parathyroid hormone c. Calcitonin d. bis-phosphonates e. All of the above Answer E

Which of the below is NOT a true statement?

a. The antecubital region is proximal to the carpal region b. The sternum is caudal to the cervical region c. The patellar region is distal to the tarsal region d. The brachail region is proximal to the antebrachial region e. The genital or pubic region is caudal to the sternal region Answer C

Though not discussed in class, imagine a toxin that specifically shut down the activateability of voltage gated calcium channels by binding to these channels and preventing them from opening under any circumstances. Which of the below would most likely be the effect of exposure to such a toxin?

a. This would prevent an action potential from moving down the entire length of the axon. b. This would prevent formation of acetylcholine and the packaging of this acetylcholine into vesicles c. This would prevent the exocytosis of the vesicles mentioned in choice (b) d. Choice (c) and therefore the muscle would not be activated to contract e. None of the above Answer D

Terminal hair

a. are ensheathed and supported by follicles b. contain a medulla in the center of the hair c. contain a cortex immediately superficial to the medulla d. contain a cuticle immediately superficial to the cortex e. All of the above Answer E

Cells that specifically express the enzyme that catalyzes the final hydroxylation necessary for vitamin D synthesis to be completed

a. are found in the kidney b. are stimulated to catalyze the final hydroxylation that completes vitamin D synthesis by the action of parathyroid hormone c. are found in both the skin and the liver d. choices (a) and (b) e. choices (a) (b) and (c) Answer D

The particularly expansive sutures present at child birth

a. are referred to as fontanels b. are somewhat amphiarthrotic so that the skull can undergo a minor compression/shape change to facilitate the passage of the head out of the birth canal c. choices (a) and (b) d. are referred to as syndesmoses and choice (a) e. None of the above Answer C

Osteoclasts dissolve woven bone made by osteoblasts

a. as part of final remodeling of the bony callus b. as part of remodeling during secondary ossification c. as part of remodeling during primary ossification d. choices (a) and (b) e. choices (a) and (c) Answer E

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

a. boost acetylcholine levels b. are always fatal if you are exposed to any of them under any circumstances c. are a large class of compounds, some of which are terrible illegal weapons of war and some of which, administered by a physician at the right dose for a legitimate purpose, can be used as a medicine d. can be used to treat myasthenia gravis e. choices (a), (c) and (d) Answer E

Another name for somatotropin

a. calcidiol b. calcitriol c. IGF-1 d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer E

All hormones, by definition, have to have one or more target tissues. For the hormone oxytocin the specific target tissue discussed in class is

a. cardiac tissue of the heart b. smooth muscle tissue lining the small intestine c. smooth muscle tissue lining arteries that supply blood to the skin d. smooth muscle tissue lining the bladder e. None of the above Answer E

As epithelial cells migrate through the epidermis, they become

a. firmer b. more water impermeable c. more oxygen/nutrient starved until undergoing apoptosis so as to form a dead layer protecting everything underneath that is living d. All of the above e. Choices (a) and (b), but not choice (c) Answer D

If the periosteum was damaged or destroyed over part of the bone, that particular part of the bone will be compromised in its ability to

a. get the nourishment, oxygen and innervation it needs b. thicken its outermost surface c. serve as an attachment point for ligaments or tendons d. All of the above e. none of the above Answer D

Spongy bone is found

a. in the diaphyses of long bones b. in the epiphyses of long bones c. in the interior of flat bones d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer D

Consider the overall chemical reaction: "Glucose + Oxygen reacts to form water + carbon dioxide + 34 ATP". It can be said that this reaction

a. is accomplished completely in the sarcoplasm with no mitochondrial involvement b. is accomplished completely in the mitochondria with no sarcoplasmic involvement c. is very efficient and yields the maximal amount of ATP per glucose, but is a relatively slow way to generate ATP for myosin head cycling d. is an overall reaction that is composed of many reaction pathways including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, etc. e. choices (c) and (d) Answer E

Creatine phosphate otherwise known as CP

a. is formed in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells while muscle cells are at rest b. is formed in one enzymatic step in which pyruvate reacts with ATP to form CP c. choice (a) and donates its phosphate to ADP to make ATP that is then available for driving myosin head cycling d. choice (c) and is the fastest mechanism for reforming ATP from ADP to promote the next head cycling e. choice (c) and (d) and is the FASTEST way to produce ATP in the sarcomplasm for promoting the next head cycling Answer E

The integumentary system

a. is made up of one organ-the largest organ (cutaneous membrane) of the body- and its associated structures b. is made up of two organs, the epidermis and the dermis c. is an essential system that cooperates with the circulatory system to effect temperature homeostasis d. Both choices (b) and (c) and is a "controller" of temperature homeostasis e. Choices (a) and (c) Answer E

Growth hormone

a. is synthesized by the brain, but secreted by the pituitary gland b. is synthesized and secreted by the liver c. undergoes pituitary gland synthesis and secretion that is partially controlled by an inhibiting hormone produced by the brain (Growth hormone inhibiting hormone) d. undergoes pituitary gland synthesis and secretion that is partially controlled by a releasing hormone produced by the brain (Growth hormone releasing hormone) e. choices (c) and (d) Answer E

Which of the following is NOT true of the dermis?

a. it contains no nerve endings b. it is avascular (no blood supply) c. it contains a 3 layers from deepest to most superficial,, a stratum germinativum, a papillary layer and reticular layer d. it contains 2 layers, a deeper papillary layer and a superficial reticular layer e. All of the above are NOT TRUE Answer E

In order for a multiple head cyclings to occur one after the other in order to continue shortening the sarcomere

a. multiple action potentials rapidly following each other down the controlling neuron must first occur b. choice (a) and multiple overlapping puffs of acetylcholine must be release in the synaptic cleft of the NMJ c. Choice (a) and (b) and multiple action potentials mirroring those of the neuron must be induced to occur down the sarcolemma of the muscle cell d. Choice (a) and (b) and (c) and multiple overlapping puffs of calcium must occur e. None of the above Answer D

Intermembranous ossification

a. occurs only in long bones b. occurs only in the sternum and scapula c. occurs only after an open or closed reduction is performed for a bone that is broken d. occurs only from a cartilaginous precursor or model e. None of the above Answer E

A type of cell mentioned in class that is effectively a bone stem cell or precursor cell for osteoblasts

a. osteoclasts b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. trabeculocytes e. None of the above Answer E

Cylindrical-like structures that contain a central or haversian canal called _________________ makeup the bulk of the_________________

a. osteons; trabecular bone that lines the medullary cavities b. trabeculae; internal layer of flat bones only c. osteons; compact bone of the diaphysis d. osteons; cortical bone of the diaphysis e. both (c) and (d) as they are slightly different but equivalent ways of specifying the correct answer Answer E

A pituitary adenoma involving an overgrowth of growth hormone producing cells in the pituitary could very well lead to

a. pituitary dwarfism b. achondroplasia c. gigantism d. acromegaly e. either (c) or (d) and possibly both depending on how long the person lives and when during the life span that the adenoma arises Answer E

Compact bone is also referred to as

a. spongy bone b. trabecular bone c. cancellous bone d. concentric bone e. None of the above Answer E

Which of the following is normally amphiarthrotic?

a. synchondroses b. gomphoses c. synostoses d. synchondroses and synostoses e. None of the above Answer E

Myofibrils are

a. synonymous with sarcomeres b. made up of sarcomeres attached in tandem, one after the other c. take up the vast majority of the volume within muscle fibers d. take up the vast majority of the volume within muscle cells e. choices (b), (c) and (d) Answer E

Anatomically, functioning as scaffoldings of one form or another

a. the skeleton b. the mesenteries c. the periosteum d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer D

A sarcomere in the 100% default position contains within it the following components EXCEPT

a. titin b. thick filaments c. an H-Zone d. thin filaments e. myofibrils Answer E

The membrane channel directly responsible for initiating the rapid depolarization that forms the "front half of the action potential wave" down the sarcolemma of the muscle cell

a. voltage gated potassium channels b. potassium leakage channels c. voltage gated calcium channels d. sodium leakage channels e. None of the above Answer E

Components of the motor end plate discussed in class

acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine gated ion channels

Condition that, even with all of the advances of modern medicine, cannot be treated medically or surgically (with the exception of some degree of artificial limb lengthening which is very rarely performed)

achondroplasia

The scapular, patellar, frontal, occipital and sternal regions

are each named after a bone that they each are external to

All diarthrotic joints

are freely moveable joints and are synovial joints

The pectoral regions, patellar regions, sternal region and umbilical region all have in common that they

are on the anterior or ventral surface of the body

The hyponechium is

associated with nail anatomy

At the highest point of a muscle twitch recorded on a force/tension myogram, the myosin heads are

at the end of the power stroke, but before crossbridge release

The uterus contains stretch receptors and also contains the contractile cells responsible for causing the change in the variable (e.g. the force of uterine contraction). Therefore the uterus contains

both the receptor and effector components of the feedback

A hormone that, if secreted at normal physiological levels, has the function of being a relatively weak counterweight to the much stronger effect of PTH.

calcitonin

At 400 X magnification, the osteocytes within their respective lacunae appear physically isolated from one another and yet they are intimately connected with surrounding interstitial fluid and with each other because of the presence of

canaliculi

The dermis is composed of

dense irregular connective tissue and areolar connective tissue

Consider a situation in which the parathyroid glands become compromised temporarily and are unresponsive to lowering levels of calcium in the blood? What might result if this situation is prolonged without any countervailing measures?

development of muscle spasm which could escalate into severe life threatening convulsions

The hardest part of a tooth, and also the hardest layer of material found anywhere in the body

enamel

Physiologically speaking, the two "control"systems

endocrine system and nervous system

Tissue type making up most glands

epithelial tissue

Negative Feedback is

exerted when a variable increases or decreases significantly away from its setpoint and thus needs to be pushed back toward the setpoint

Locations discussed within the skeleton that contain stretch receptors that contribute to proprioception.

fibrous portion of joint capsules present in synovial joints

Which of the below is the proper order of events regarding endochondral ossification as they are listed from left to right?

formation of cartilaginous precursor ( model), primary ossification in the diaphysis, secondary ossification in the epiphysis

Astrocytes and Ependymal cells are

glial cells

The rotator cuff muscles

help stabilize the shoulder joint

The stages of healing that bone undergoes as it moves through the healing process in the order that they occur as listed from left to right

hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous soft callus formation, bony callus formation made of woven bone , final remodeling

The receptor component and the controller component that govern the homeostatic reestablishment of normal blood calcium levels from previously diminished blood levels are

housed within the cells that comprise the parathyroid glands

An autoimmune disease

is an immune disease in which the immune system attacks the body that it is supposed to protect.

The core cause(s) of osteoporosis

is the mismatch of osteoclast activity vs. osteoblast activity in favor of osteoclasts (osteoclast activity is outpacing osteoblast activity)

Proprioception

is the overall holistic sense of how one senses how their body is positioned in space and or moving through space

The epidermis is made up of

keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Reason(s) why sarcomeres can only contract to about 67% of their resting length.

maximal titin compression and incompressibility of thick filaments

Glands that produce the vast majority of the sweat that is excreted over the largest surface area of the body with the biggest contribution to evaporative cooling

merocrine glands and eccrine glands as they are the correct answer and refer to the same thing

K+ is a

monovalent cation

A physiological phenomenon in muscle physiology that can summate

muscle twitches

A protein you learned about that functions as a dimer of two polypeptides with each polypeptide having the three dimensional shape of a golf club

myosin

Though I did not mention it in class, the calcium pumps embedded in the terminal cisterns have ATPase activity. Two other proteins that I did bring up in class that also have ATPase activity are

myosin (specifically the myosin heads of myosin) and the sodium/potassium pump

A medical histopathologist- often just referred to as a pathologist- is a medical doctor who specializes in examining tissue to determine if it is __________ or __________

normal; diseased

An x-ray shows thinning and unevenness of the surface of hyaline cartilage within the joint capsule and the presence of osteophytes, but no indication of uric acid crystallization or inflammation of the synovial membrane and or pannus formation. Based on this and what you have learned in class, this joint is most likely afflicted with

osteoarthritis

In order for a diaphysis to thicken proportionally, it must undergo a thickening of the diaphyseal wall while simultaneously widening the medullary cavity. This is achieved by

osteoblast activity being greater along the outermost surface of the diaphyseal wall compared to osteoclast activity along the inner surface of the medullary cavity (though there must be some degree of osteoclast activity along the inner surface of the medullary cavity)

A bone cell that does its job by releasing a combination of strong acid and powerful hydrolytic enzymes

osteoclast

A type of physiological control that increases the signal of a variable at a progressively higher rate until the end physiological goal is achieved

positive feedback control

Which of the following happens throughout the contraction phase of a twitch?

power stroke

A disease in which one's own immune system attacks the joint capsule, specifically the synovial membrane

rheumatoid arthritis

You are a pediatrician and meet a new patient (an 11 year old boy) that is complaining of leg pain. Based on your questioning of the child, you ascertain that the pain he describes is consistent with bone pain coming from the femurs. In your discussion with the parents you also establish that the parents are uneasy about letting their son play outside during the day-they cite a history of violence in their neighborhood- and are also homes-schooling him. An unintended effect of this is that he is not exposed to the safe outdoor play time of recess offered by the nearby public school he would otherwise go to. Furthermore, you glean from the conversation with the parents that they have been food insecure for quite some time and that vitamin D fortified milk, and vitamin D fortified bread are lacking in the child's diet as well as other vitamin D fortified foods. You order an x-ray of the your patient's upper legs and notice a slight bending of both femurs. Of the below, all this would be consistent with the child having developed

rickets

Normally the body runs an average temperature over a 24 hour period of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is the temperature______________ that is "memorized" by structures within the _____________ that serve as the body's ________________

setpoint; hypothalamus; thermostat

A type of tissue embedded within the walls of many hollow organs that can cause the hollow space to contract or dilate.

smooth muscle tissue

Estrogen and Testosterone

stimulate epiphyseal growth plate activity during the teenage years in both sexes, though more strongly on average in males than in females and also testosterone stimulates the diminishment and disappearance of the epiphyseal growth plate in males later in life compared to the same effect stimulated in females by estrogen.

Joint(s), that, if given enough time, could potentially change into a synostosis

sutures and sychondroses

The word interstitial has been used thus far to describe

the fluid in between cells and the lamellae in between osteons

Regarding the activation of a skeletal muscle cell twitch, consider action potential formation and its traveling down the sarcolemma and all t-tubules, followed immediately by the release of calcium ion from the terminal cisterns. All these events would occur during

the lag or latent period of a twitch

Structure often facilitates function. A histological example or examples of this discussed in class is (are)

the single layer of flattened cells that comprise a capillary wall so as to facilitate carbon dioxide and oxygen diffusion

Storage organ system(s) for calcium

the skeleton

In the context of surface anatomy, the "frontal" region is defined as

the surface of the body over the frontal bone

The Nernst equation equates the concentration difference (concentration gradient) of a single ion on either side of the cell membrane with

the voltage or electrical potential that will build up and exactly counterbalance the concentration gradient and this voltage or electrical potential is called the equilibrium potential

The proper order of zones that allow the elongation of long bones from the epiphyseal edge of the growth plate toward the new fully formed diaphysis as listed from left to right.

zone of reserve cartilage, zone of hyperplasia, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcification, zone of ossification