BIOL 3204 - CH 1 Test Bank

Mass balance involves determining the total amount of a substance in the body. We can determine the rate of production (i.e. Mass Flow) of this substance by which of the following formulas?

(concentration of a substance) × (volume/min)

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What would the labels be for the graph axes?

The x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.

A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ________ medicine.

evidence-based

The law of mass balance states:

if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. What is considered an independent variable?

intensity of exercise

You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation? A) Ask.com B) MedlinePlusPubMed C) public library D) physiology textbook E) a physician

B) MedlinePlusPubMed

Which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints?

feedback loops

Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the

physiological functions that promote an organism's survival.

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

C) scatter plot

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various levels of exercise influence heart rate. Explain why only 18-year-old males were used as subjects.

An important part of scientific inquiry is to remove sources of variation from among subjects. This way, it's easier to determine that the data results from the independent variable.

Why are physiology and anatomy frequently studied together?

Because it's nearly impossible to understand one without understanding the other.

A placebo is

a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.

Explain why animals are used in research. Are there any limitations to the application of animal data to human physiology? Could these limitations be addressed using cell or tissue culture, or computer simulations?

Animals are used because they are similar to human systems, however they are not identical. Both cell/tissue culture and computer simulations are useful for different reasons but they aren't perfect substitutes.

How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called A) pharmacokinetics. B) pharmacogenetics. C) pharmacogenomics. D) pharmacodynamics. E) pharmageddon.

C) Pharmacogenomics

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is:

Teleological

A scientifically logical guess is a

hypothesis

What are Cannon's "internal secretions"

Hormones

Why is it necessary to label the axes of a graph?

A graph with no axis labels is meaningless

What is the difference between a peer-reviewed article and a review article?

A peer-reviewed article describes original research by one author (or group of authors working together) that has gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientists evaluate the work. A review article is a summary (usually a collection of published research that was previously peer-reviewed, usually from more than one independent lab) that discusses a particular topic in the field.

You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. Which type of graph would be best to display this information? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

A) bar graph

A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is A) meta-analysis. B) retrospective analysis. C) prospective analysis. D) cross-sectional analysis. E) longitudinal analysis.

A) meta-analysis.

You are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time. A. Which is the dependent variable? B. Which is the independent variable? C. Briefly describe some ways you might manipulate the independent variable. D. Name three stimuli you could use, and how you might measure reaction time for each. E. Write an appropriate hypothesis for this study. F. You compute the following average values from your experiment. What would be a logical conclusion for these data?Average caffeine consumer's reaction time: 400 ms Average noncaffeine consumer's reaction time: 650 ms G. Sketch a simple graph to convey these results to your classmates. What kind of graph did you choose? Why? Which variable did you plot on the x-axis? Which one did you plot on the y-axis? Why? H. Do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis you chose?

A. Reaction time B. Caffeine consumption C. Vary the amounts of caffeine consumed; vary the source, for example, use coffee, pills, cola drinks, and/or chocolate; vary both the amounts and sources. D. Answers will vary. Example: a computer-based timer could measure the time elapsed between the subject's detecting the appearance of an object on the computer monitor and depressing a key on the keyboard. Auditory or touch stimuli could be used, too. E. Depending on the answer to C, could choose: "Consumption of caffeine decreases reaction time" or similar statement. F. Consumption of caffeine improves reaction time by 250 ms, on average. G. Bar graph; allows comparison of the average of two groups. The x-axis: group, caffeine or none. The y-axis: reaction time in milliseconds. H. Yes, in case of hypothesis written in D.

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. What are the labels for the graph axes?

Answer: The x-axis is vitamin dose; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.

Which of the following systems does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments? A) respiratory system B) circulatory system C) digestive system D) urinary system E) All of the above.

B) circulatory system

A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ________ study. A) double-blind B) crossover C) meta-analysis D) retrospective

B) crossover

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. Which type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse? A) bar graph B) line graph C) scatter plot

B) line graph

Individuals with Type I diabetes do not make enough insulin. What is a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body? A) Cells need insulin because glucose will not cross the cell membrane. B) Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose transport. C) Insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane. D) Since all cells need glucose, insulin is required. E) Without insulin most cells in the body would be unable to produce enough ATP.

C) Insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

The Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ Project. A) Human Genome B) Physiognomy C) Physiosome D) Physiome E) Manhattan

C) Physiosome

The human environment is terrestrial, dry, and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kind of scientific endeavor? A) mechanistic B) translational C) teleological D) anatomical E) meterological

C) teleological

Excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion? A) Movement of sodium from the intestines to the bloodstream. B) Movement of glucose from the kidney to the blood stream. C) Movement of potassium from kidney cells into one's urine. D) Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin.

D) Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin.

Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body? A) cell membrane B) red blood cells C) intracellular fluid D) extracellular fluid

D) extracellular fluid

Use the following terms to develop a concept map: brain, sensory neuron, an eye, foot, soccer ball, motor neuron

Eye sees soccer ball. Sensory neuron sends visual information. Brain receives information and formulates a plan. Motor neuron carries action information. Foot muscle contracts and the ball is kicked.

True/False: Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body.

False.

You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. What is considered a dependent variable?

Heart rate

Write a teleological explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise.

Heart rate increases because the increased activity of skeletal and cardiac muscles requires increased delivery of blood contents such as oxygen and glucose.

Write a mechanistic explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise

Heart rate increases in response to signals from the brain (pacemaker cells of the heart are stimulated by the nervous system).

Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured (example: each square represents one centimeter)?

If this is not done, a trend would be obscured or even misrepresented.

What is the nocebo effect?

It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed.

What is the reason for using a line graph to express the results of this study?

Line graphs are commonly used when the independent variable (x-axis) is a continuous phenomenon. In this study the concentration of epinephrine is a continuous function. The line allows for interpolation (i.e., estimating values between the measured values).

You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new treatment for hypertension. What ethical considerations would you employ when monitoring your progress?

Major considerations should involve assessing the efficacy of the treatment such that the control group patients are not deprived as well as ensuring that the experimental treatment is not less effective than the standard treatments.

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation is

Mechanistic

Order the list of levels of organization in order from smallest to largest: Tissue, cell, organ, molecule, organism, organ system

Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Sarah has just flown around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition known as insomnia. How do you think Sarah's long flights and her insomnia are related to biological rhythms?

Our sleep-wake cycle is a biological rhythm that lets our body know when it is time to rest. Most likely Sarah has ignored the signals like sleepiness, changes in body temperature, and mood that her body is sending. By ignoring these rhythms she has disrupted the cycle and the body is struggling to maintain homeostasis.

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger?

Positive feedback

You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new drug treatment for hypertension. In your study of this drug's efficacy in treating hypertension, your subjects are white males, ages 40 to 60 years. Is your study applicable to all people? Explain.

Possibly, but not necessarily. There are gender differences in appropriate therapies because of physiological effects of higher testosterone in males compared to females, for example. Drugs are often not tested in children, and children also have a different hormonal environment than adults (again, sex hormones are a good example, because their levels are low until just before the onset of puberty). There are also racial differences in effectiveness of therapies, and while it is a contentious issue as to whether these represent genetic or socioeconomic influences, they should be considered.

________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________.

Regulated variables, setpoint

What is the major problem with the deconstructionist view of biology?

The deconstructionist view of biology predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the human genome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. In reality, it is possible to know HOW a gene codes for a particular protein without knowing WHY that protein exists. Our knowledge of the human genome is only a piece of the puzzle.

Physiology is the study of

The normal functions of living organisms

Explain why the prefix homeo- is used in the term homeostasis. Why do some physiologists prefer the term homeodynamics over homeostasis?

The prefix homeo-, meaning like or similar, is used to indicate that the body's internal environment is maintained within a range of acceptable values rather than a fixed state. Some physiologists argue that the term homeodynamics better reflects the small but constant changes that continuously take place in the internal environment, as opposed to homeostasis, which erroneously implies lack of change.

List the key concepts or themes in physiology.

The relationships between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, and populations of one species.

A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What would the labels be for the graph axes?

The x-axis is race number or date; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.

If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a

Theory

High cholesterol levels have been shown to be a contributing factor to heart disease and death due to cardiovascular disease for many decades. In the 1970s, scientists used this information to develop a hypothesis that giving a medicine to reduce blood cholesterol levels could reduce the chances of developing cardiovascular disease or dying from cardiovascular disease. They tested a group of people living in a town called Framingham, Massachusetts. This study became known as the Framingham Study, and it is very well known because it did not support the hypothesis that giving cholesterol-lowering medications would reduce the risk of developing or dying from cardiovascular disease. Does this mean that high cholesterol is not a risk factor for heart disease? What does this demonstrate about the scientific process, especially as it pertains to human studies? You can find a copy of the study online and read it, if necessary.

This demonstrates the difficulty in doing human research because, even though elevated cholesterol levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, reducing cholesterol levels without addressing the reason those levels were high in the first place may not have the expected effect on reducing heart disease. Human testing on hypotheses is important because humans don't always respond to treatments like other animals do, they may actually respond quite differently and each person may respond differently from the rest. It is why we need to test each hypothesis in circumstances as similar to the actual real group that would be treated.

Provide an example of a control system. Be sure to include the three main components: an input signal, a controller, and an output signal.

blood glucose concentration. The input signal is a blood glucose concentration outside of the normal range, the controller is the pancreas, and the output signal is release of either insulin or glucagon.

The vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following?

local control

The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of

nature

Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the process of scientific inquiry: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication.

observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory

The study of body function in a disease state is

pathophysiology

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to

quickly restore changed conditions to normal