Biol 3840: 6.2

True or false: Most hermaphrodites are self-fertilizing.

False Reason: Most hermaphrodites avoid self-fertilization to maximize the number of offspring they produce.

True or false: If an organism utilizes asexual reproduction at one time in its life cycle, it cannot reproduce sexually at a later stage.

False Reason: Based on the environment and other factors, one organism can alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction at different points in its life.

What is not present in asexual reproduction?

Gametes

What are the forms of asexual reproduction?

Gemmulation Budding Fragmentation Binary fission

What is necessary for allopatric speciation to occur?

Geographic separation of populations.

Since a beef tapeworm has both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual, a tapeworm is considered to be ________________.

Hermaphrodite

What are the features of bisexual reproduction?

In some species like bacteria, two genderless parents are involved but the gametes are genetically different. Generally two parents from two different sexes are involved.

What is likely to happen if two diverging populations reunite before reproductive barriers evolve?

Interbreeding will occur.

What is true of meiotic parthenogenesis?

It is found in flatworms and rotifers. The ovum is haploid.

What can be said about ameiotic parthenogenesis?

It occurs in flatworms. It occurs in insects. It results in clones of the parent. It occurs in rotifers.

What is the main disadvantage of parthenogenesis?

Lack of genetic recombination

Identify disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Males may need to compete for females which uses energy. Sexual characteristics such as ornamental feathers may be necessary for attracting mates but can be detrimental to survival.

Although parthenogenesis is classified as sexual reproduction, this classification is not without difficulties. Why is parthenogenesis difficult to classify?

Meiosis may not occur. Fertilization may not occur. Gametes may not unite.

Which best characterizes meiosis?

One chromosome splitting event, two cell divisions.

Which of the following would not be considered a reproductive barrier? A. One male chases all other males out of it's territory so that only he can mate with the available females. B. Males of one population do a dance that differs from what is necessary to induce females to mate. C. The sperm of one population are unable to fertilize the eggs of another population.

One male chases all other males out of it's territory so that only he can mate with the available females.

When an individual begins its life as one gender, then changes to the opposite gender, it is known as a ___________________ hermaphrodite.

sequential

A living thing may utilize ____________ , Correct Unavailable reproduction at one point in its life, and _______________ , Correct Unavailable reproduction at another point in its life cycle.

sexual; asexual

All living things reproduce in one of two possible modes, known generally as ________ or Blank __________ reproduction.

sexual; asexual

Nonreproductive cells that are differentiated for specialized functions within the body are called ________________ cells, while _________________ cells give rise to eggs and sperm.

somatic; germ

__________ ____________ happens when new species diverge from from a common ancestor within the same geographic range.

sympatric speciation

When an organism reproduces using multiple fission

the nucleus divides repeatedly before the cell splits. the process may be termed schizogony. the process may be referred to as sporogony if it occurs in parasitic protozoa.

Compared to a gamete, a zygote usually has

twice the genetic material.

When speciation happens because a new geographic barrier develops, it is known as _______.

vicariant speciation

Speciation can occur in populations that share the same geographic location

when individuals occupy very specialized niches and only mate with other individuals with the same specializations.

Reproductive barriers are divided based on

whether or not they prevent individuals of two populations from mating.

Species that release eggs into the environment for development are known as __________________.

oviparous

In meiotic parthenogenesis, how can the diploid number be established in the offspring?

Through chromosomal duplication Through rejoining of haploid nuclei Through autogamy

What features characterize sexual reproduction?

Usually two parents are involved. Gametes are utilized.

The mode of sexual reproduction known as _________________ is the most difficult to classify, as it may not involve meiosis.

parthenogenesis, ameiotic parthenogenesis, diploid parthenogenesis, or ameiotic

The formation of haploid gametes from germ cells is known as ___________________________.

meiosis

Schizogony is another name for ______________ fission.

multiple

What is true of binary fission? A. The parent's body splits into equal halves. B. The split may be lengthwise. C. The split is accomplished by meiosis. D. The split may be transverse.

A. The parent's body splits into equal halves. B. The split may be lengthwise. D. The split may be transverse.

Which of the following is an example of vicariant speciation?

A river changes course dividing a populations of small terrestrial animals.

Match the following: A wood frog releases her eggs into pond. ---> A boa constrictor keeps her fertilized eggs within her body until they hatch. ---> A human gives birth to a baby. ---> Options: - Viviparity - Ovovivparity - Oviparity

A wood frog releases her eggs into pond. ---> Oviparity A boa constrictor keeps her fertilized eggs within her body until they hatch. ---> Ovovivparity A human gives birth to a baby. matches ---> Viviparity

Which animals are known hermaphrodites? A. Annelids B. Flatworms C. Pulmonate snails D. Barnacles E. Some fish F. Some frogs

A. Annelids B. Flatworms C. Pulmonate snails D. Barnacles E. Some fish

Which are known for their ability to reproduce asexually? Check all that apply. A. Bacteria B. Echinoderms C. Cnidarians D. Vertebrates E. Chordates

A. Bacteria B. Echinoderms C. Cnidarians

Which organisms are utilizing forms of asexual reproduction in this illustration? A. Paramecium B. Frogs C. Earthworms D. Hydra

A. Paramecium D. Hydra

What features characterize gemmulation? A. Sponges are well-known examples of this mode of reproduction. B. A resistant capsule surrounds the offspring. C. The offspring may remain in the body of the parent during harsh environmental conditions. D. The process can only occur in a marine environment.

A. Sponges are well-known examples of this mode of reproduction. B. A resistant capsule surrounds the offspring. C. The offspring may remain in the body of the parent during harsh environmental conditions.

In meiotic parthenogenesis, how can the diploid number be established in the offspring? A. Through chromosomal duplication B. Through autogamy C. Through rejoining of haploid nuclei D. Only through fertilization by sperm

A. Through chromosomal duplication B. Through autogamy C. Through rejoining of haploid nuclei

What are examples of somatic cells? A. White blood cells B. Neurons C. Sperm cells D. Eggs E. Muscle cells F. Red blood cells

A. White blood cells B. Neurons E. Muscle cells F. Red blood cells

Animals that utilize asexual reproduction commonly (check all that apply) A. exhibit multicellularity B. possess a nucleus C. possess a vertebral column D. exhibit unicellularity

A. exhibit multicellularity B. possess a nucleus D. exhibit unicellularity

Regarding sequential hermaphrodites, ________. A. reef fish exemplify this phenomenon. B. the female gender always appears first. C. the male gender always appears first. D. the change is genetically programmed.

A. reef fish exemplify this phenomenon. D. the change is genetically programmed.

Which animal would benefit most from parthenogenesis?

An organism with little chance of encountering another member of its own species.

____________ reproduction is reproduction without the union of gametes or sex cells and results in a clone of the parent.

Asexual

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction? A. It increases genetic variability. B. It uses more energy. C. It is more complicated. D. It requires more time. E. It prevents all of one parent's genes from being passed on.

B. It uses more energy. C. It is more complicated. D. It requires more time. E. It prevents all of one parent's genes from being passed on.

According to current hypotheses, why does sexual reproduction occur even though it has substantial associated costs? A. While behavioral costs may be high, energetic costs are substantially lower than in asexual reproduction. B. Novel genotypes produced can survive if conditions change. C. Beneficial mutations can spread. D. Deleterious mutations may not hold back a population.

B. Novel genotypes produced can survive if conditions change. C. Beneficial mutations can spread. D. Deleterious mutations may not hold back a population.

What are all possible forms of sexual reproduction?

Biparental Parthenogenesis Hermaphroditism

In sexual reproduction, when a male and a female each contribute one gamete to the offspring, the mode of reproduction is called ______________________.

Bisexual

What are the characteristic features of budding? Select all that apply. A. The offspring quickly detaches from the parent, then grows organs like the parent. B. The offspring is approximately the same size as the parent. C. Cnidarians are well known for this mode of reproduction. D. The offspring is an outgrowth of the parent.

C. Cnidarians are well known for this mode of reproduction. D. The offspring is an outgrowth of the parent.

Which characteristics would lend themselves to a hermaphroditic life cycle? Check all that apply. A. large population B. free swimmer C. invertebrate organism D. sessile invertebrate E. endoparasite F. burrowing invertebrate

C. invertebrate organism D. sessile invertebrate E. endoparasite F. burrowing invertebrate

True or false: If a sea star regrows a lost arm, the process is known as fragmentation.

False

What is the difference between budding and gemmulation? A. Gemmulation does not occur in invertebrates. B. Gemmulation results in the formation of a colony. C. Gemmulation is sexual reproduction while budding is asexual reproduction. D. Gemmulation results in the formation of a capsule around the new individual.

D. Gemmulation results in the formation of a capsule around the new individual.

A frog contains either male or female reproductive organs, but not both in the same individual. How can the species of this animal be described?

Dioecious

What is most important to the process of speciation?

Physical separation between populations Reason: Geographic separation for a long period of time is the most effective prerequisite for speciation to occur.

What are the two major classes of reproductive barriers?

Premating and postmating

What are the benefits to a hermaphrodite of avoiding self-fertilization?

Production of more offspring

All forms of reproduction fall under which general modes? Check all that apply.

Sexual Asexual

What does hybridization teach us about evolution and speciation?

The genetic basis of reproductive barriers. Reason: hybridization is not synonymous with speciation.

What features would be present in an organism that is undergoing fragmentation?

The organism would break into two or more parts. Each part becomes a new individual. Missing parts are regenerated in each fragmented piece.

Select all of the characteristics that are part of the definition of a species.

The organisms must share descent from a common ancestor. The organisms must maintain genotypic and phenotypic cohesion. The organisms must be reproductively isolated (able to breed amongst themselves, but not with other populations).

In your lab, you are very interested in a specific amoeba that has unique genetic properties. Unfortunately when you return to study this amoeba further, you find that it is no longer alive. However, the amoeba reproduced asexually and its progeny remain. What can you conclude?

You will be able to study all of the properties of the parent by studying the offspring.

The evolution of several ecologically diverse species from a single common ancestor is referred to as ______________ radiation

adaptive

Galápagos finches, in which many ecological species arose from a common ancestral species, illustrate

adaptive radiation.

When two populations are physically separated by geographic factors, it is known as geographical or ___________ speciation

allopatric

A reproductive barrier is

any biological feature that blocks successful mating between individuals of different populations.

Haplodiplody is exemplified by

bees. wasps. ants.

When an organism reproduces asexually by splitting its body into two equal halves, the mode of reproduction is known as _________________ fission

binary

The recombination of the parental genes is the great strength of _____________________ reproduction.

bisexual

Forms of sexual reproduction include _____________, _____________, and _____________________

bisexual reproduction, hermaphroditism parthenogenesis

An asexual mode of reproduction that involves an unequal division of the parent with the offspring forming as an outgrowth of the parent is called _________________.

budding

Another name for ameiotic parthenogenesis, in which an egg is formed by mitosis, is ________________ parthenogenesis.

diploid

Another name for ameiotic parthenogenesis, in which an egg is formed by mitosis, is __________________ parthenogenesis.

diploid

Choose haploid or diploid to fill in the blanks for this question. In honeybees, fertilized eggs become _______________ , Correct Unavailable workers or queens, while unfertilized eggs develop parthenogenetically to become ______________ , Correct Unavailable males, known as drones.

diploid; haploid

Sperm or egg cells (sex cells) are also known as ___________ cells.

gamete

A potential strength of sexual reproduction is that it can yield offspring that are

genetically different from the parent. Reason: Due to segregation and independent assortment, there would not be offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

When two populations that have begun diverging reunite and mate they may produce _________.

hybrids