BIOL Exam 2 (ch. 4, 5, 6)

(Ch. 6 EXTRA CREDIT) Describe +ΔG and -ΔG in terms of anabolic and catabolic reactions

+ΔG - More energy in products - Anabolic/building molecules - Enedergonic (potential energy stored in bonds) (input of energy required) - Not spontaneous - H (enthalpy - energy in molecule's chemical bonds) is higher and S (Entropy - unavailable energy) is lower -ΔG - More energy in reactants - Catabolic reaction - Exergonic (releases energy by breaking bonds) - Spontaneous - H is lower and S is higher or both

(Ch. 6) The energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction is called A) activation energy B) potential energy C) kinetic energy D) free energy

A) activation energy

(Ch, 4) All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have A) cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA B) a cell membrane and cytoplasm C) cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and a nucleus D) DNA and a cell membrane

A) cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA

(Ch. 5 EXTRA CREDIT) What energy molecule is used for active transport and why is it needed?

ATP provides the energy needed to move molecules form low to high concentration

(Ch. 6) The Law of Thermodynamics that states that increases in entropy are favored is: A) The Fourth Law of Thermodynamics B) The Second Law of Thermodynamics C) The First Law of Thermodynamics D) The Third Law of Thermodynamics

B) The Second Law of Thermodynamics

(Ch, 4) The nucleus has a double membrane that encloses the DNA. Inside the nucleus, the DNA acts as the template to produce mRNA and ribosomes. To exit the nucleus, these molecules must A) diffuse through the double membrane into the cytoplasm B) pass through carrier proteins which use ATP to transport the molecules C) attach to carrier molecules that carry them through the membrane D) Pass through pores that span both membranes E) be transported across the two membranes by means of vesicles

D) Pass through pores that span both membranes

(Ch. 6) When an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, it is said to be: A) polarized B) energized C) oxidized D) reduced

D) reduced

(Ch. 5) If a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, the cell's condition is referred to as being A) hypotonic B) hydrophilic C) hypertonic D) hydrophobic E) isotonic

E) isotonic

(Ch. 5) The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with A) carbohydrates B) nucleotides C) sodium and potassium ions D) polymers E) proteins

E) proteins

(Ch, 4 EXTRA CREDIT) What are the three cells we focus on in this class?

1) Prokaryotic (in bacteria) 2) Plant cells (Eukaryotic) 3) Animal cells (Eukaryotic)

(Ch, 4 EXTRA CREDIT) Describe the endosymbiotic theory and list which organelles take part in this theory

A big cell engulfed a small cell through established symbiosis 2 Organelles: Mitochondria + chloroplast

(Ch, 4) Which of the following organelles would form a membrane-bound package, also known as a vesicle? A) Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) ribosomes E) chloroplasts

A) Golgi apparatus

(Ch, 4) Both the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane are composed of phospholipids A) True B) False

A) True

(Ch, 4) The hydrophilic parts of the plasma membrane are oriented towards both the outside of the cell and the cytoplasm. A) True B) False

A) True

(Ch. 5) In the process of diffusion, molecules move from areas where A) their concentration is higher to areas where their concentration is lower using energy from ATP B) their concentration is higher to areas where their concentration is lower until an equilibrium is reached C) their concentration is lower to areas where their concentration is higher thorough specific protein channels or carriers D) their concentration is lower to areas where their concentration is higher until an equilibrium is reached

B) their concentration is higher to areas where their concentration is lower until an equilibrium is reached

(Ch, 4) Which organelle modifies the contents within vesicles and then repackages them for export A) smooth ER B) rough ER C) Golgi apparatus D) ribosomes E) plasma membrane

C) Golgi apparatus

(Ch. 6) If the ΔG of a reaction was -31.45 kJoules you would know that: A) the products have more free energy than the reactants B) the reaction requires an energy input of 31.45 kJoules to proceed C) the reaction is spontaneous D) the reaction most likely leads to development of a more ordered system

C) the reaction is spontaneous

(Ch. 5) A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as A) Osmosis B) diffusion C) facilitated transport D) exocytosis E) active transport

E) active transport

(Ch. 5) The movement of substances form regions where their concentration is higher to regions where their concentration is lower is called A) active transport B) pumping C) exocytosis D) pinocytosis E) diffusion

E) diffusion

(Ch. 5) The type of movement of molecules that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use is A) active transport B) exocytosis C) osmosis D) endocytosis E) facilitated diffusion

E) facilitated diffusion

(Ch. 5) The process often referred to as "cellular eating" is A) osmosis B) pinocytosis C) diffusion D) active transport E) phagocytosis

E) phagocytosis

(Ch. 5 EXTRA CREDIT) What is the term for cell transporting bulk into the cell?

Endocytosis

(Ch. 6 EXTRA CREDIT) What is the term for the resulting structure of an enzyme and its substrate bound together?

Enzyme-substrate complex

(Ch. 5 EXTRA CREDIT) What term is used when a cell moves substances out of the cell?

Exocytosis

(Ch. 5 EXTRA CREDIT) Describe the fluid mosaic model

Fluid means plasma membrane is flexible and proteins can move around Mosaic refers to proteins sticking out of plasma membrane like boats in a pond.

(Ch. 5 EXTRA CREDIT) What type of proteins allow ions across the plasma membrane? Is this a passive or active transport?

Ionic channels allow flow of ions. It is a passive transport (diffusion)

(Ch. 6 EXTRA CREDIT) Describe the kinetic energy in terms of molecular activities in our cells.

Kinetic energy is released when bonds are broken through digestion.

(Ch, 4 EXTRA CREDIT) Describe 3 differences between two eukaryotic cells we learned about in this chapter.

Plant vs. Animal 1) Plants have vacuole 2) Plants have chloroplast 3) Animals have centrioles and lysosomes (plants don't) Plant has a cell wall, Animals don't

(Ch. 6 EXTRA CREDIT) Describe the potential energy in terms of the macro molecules we eat.

Potential energy is stored in the bonds of macromolecules we eat (eg. carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, fats) and when we digested, we break bonds for energy.

(Ch, 4 EXTRA CREDIT) Which are the two types of microscopes we will be using in this class?

Stereomicroscope (dissecting) microscope Compound (light) microscope

(Ch, 4) Which of the following is a correct matching of an organelle and its function? A) Golgi apparatus - protein synthesis B) mitochondrion - cellular respiration C) lysosome - transport D) vacuole - control center E) endoplasmic reticulum - houses DNA

B) mitochondrion - cellular respiration

(Ch, 4) Which of the following structures would NOT be found in a prokaryotic cell? A) cell membrane B) nucleus C) ribosomes D) flagella E) chromosomes

B) nucleus

(Ch. 6) RNA molecules that also act as enzymes are given the name A) riboenzymes B) coenzymes C) cofactors D) allosteric enzymes

A) riboenzymes

(Ch. 5) If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) osmosis D) hypertonic

B) hypotonic

(Ch, 4) The cell walls of bacteria cells and plant cells function in A) moving organelles throughout the cell B) maintaining cell shape C) producing the cytoskeleton D) containing DNA E) modifying lipids and proteins

B) maintaining cell shape

(Ch. 6) When the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly, leading to A) a greater supply of activation energy B) a greater range of possible catalytic activities C) more permanent binding through intimate total contact D) an induced fit E) more possible products of the reaction

D) an induced fit

(Ch. 6) In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called the A) coenzyme B) substrate C) catalyst D) product

B) substrate

(Ch. 5) How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment? A) The hydrophobic heads are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic tails are oriented toward the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid. B) The hydrophobic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented toward the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid. C) The hydrophilic heads are oriented toward each other and the hydrophobic tails are oriented toward the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid D) The hydrophilic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophobic heads are oriented toward the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.

B) The hydrophobic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented toward the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid.

(Ch. 6) Energy is defined as A) change B) the capacity to do work C) movement D) heat

B) the capacity to do work

(Ch. 6) Many metabolic pathways are ultimately concerned with ATP; either with the generation of ATP, or with the requirement of ATP for that pathway to function. Why is ATP so important to metabolism? A) ATP is a protein that serves as the energy currency of cells B) Hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive exergonic reactions C) The phsophate group of ATP are held together by unstable bonds that can be broken to release energy D) Hydrolysis of the bond between adenine and ribose in ATP is commonly used to release energy that can be used to drive other cellular reactions.

C) The phsophate group of ATP are held together by unstable bonds that can be broken to release energy

(Ch. 6) A drug binds to the active site of an enzyme. If it is bound to the active site of the enzyme, it prevents substrate binding. This drug would be considered a(n) A) allosteric inhibitor B) noncompetitive inhibitor C) allosteric activator D) competitive inhibitor

D) competitive inhibitor

(Ch, 4) Which of the following is a correct match? A) ribosomes - lipid synthesis B) Golgi apparatus - production of cellular ATP C) mitochondria - protein alteration and packaging D) lysosomes - cellular digestion E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum - storage of water

D) lysosomes - cellular digestion

(Ch. 5) Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the _____. A) membranes B) cells C) compartments D) solutes

D) solutes