BIOL2026 exam 2 Connect
the number of pairs of spinal nerves in the coccygeal
1
In what sequence does excitation and contraction of muscle fiber take place?
1. impulse travels through transverse tubules 2. calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm 3. calcium ions bind to troponin 4. binding sites of actin become exposed 5. cross-bridges form between the actin and myosin filaments
A total of ______ pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain and brainstem.
12
the number of pairs of spinal nerves in the thoracic
12
A single somatic motor neuron may control from 3 to ______ muscle fibers.
2000
Arrange these events leading to the conduction of an action potential. Instructions Choice 1 of 4. Sodium enters Choice 2 of 4. With a threshold stimulus voltage gated sodium channels open Choice 3 of 4. Voltage gated potassium channels open Choice 4 of 4. Potassium diffuses out
2134
How many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord?
31
How many basic tastes are currently recognized?
5
the number of pairs of spinal nerves in the sacral
5 lower pairs
the number of pairs of spinal nerves in the lumbar
5 upper pairs
the number of pairs of spinal nerves in the cervical
8
The darker staining striation is called the ______ band.
A
What is a baroreceptor?
A receptor that detects changes in pressure in organs.
What is released by the somatic motor neuron to stimulate the muscle fiber?
ACh
Cellular respiration uses energy from nutrients and transfers it to the phosphate bonds of what molecule?
ATP
Select the regions of white matter in the spinal cord.
Anterior funiculus Posterior funiculus Lateral funiculus
The meninx that lies between the dura and pia mater is the _________ mater.
Arachnoid
What is an association area?
Area of the cerebral cortex that analyzes and interprets sensory experiences
Which of these are functions of astrocytes?
Assist in synaptic transmission Stimulate the growth of neurons
Select all items below that describe the pons.
Assists the medulla oblongata with control of breathing Transverse axons connect with the cerebellum Longitudinal axons connect lower and higher brain centers
What structure equalizes pressure in the ear and may cause you ears to "pop"?
Auditory tube
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary control of cardiac striated muscle, smooth muscle tissue, adipose tissue, and glands?
Autonomic division
Identify the common structures and/or properties of a neuron.
Axon Dendrite Cell body
What functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system?
Breathing rate Blood pressure Heart rate Body temperature
Once the acetylcholine binds to the receptors on the sarcolemma it triggers the release of ______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Ca2+
Select all substances involved in excitation and contraction of skeletal striated muscle tissue.
Calcium ATP
The subarachnoid space contains the clear, watery fluid called the ______ fluid.
Cerebrospinal
common integrative area
Choice Multiple lobes Interpretation of complex sensory experiences
The mucous membrane of the inner eyelids is called the _______.
Conjunctiva
Select all of the common features of the various types of neurons.
Dendrites Axon Cell body
Name the muscles that are involved in breathing.
Diaphragm Internal intercostals External intercostals
Aerobic respiration supplies skeletal muscle with sufficient oxygen under which two conditions?
During light exercise At rest
Which of these fluids is found in the membranous labyrinth of inner ear?
Endolymph
Name the action of the flexor carpi radialis muscle.
Flexion and abduction of wrist
Which muscle plantar flexes the foot and can also flex the leg?
Gastrocnemius
Which of the following include chemoreceptor senses?
Gustation Olfaction
What is the proximal attachment of the iliacus?
Iliac fossa of ilium
Which are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?
Increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2. Increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF.
What is multiple wave summation?
Increased force of contraction due to high frequency of stimulation to a muscle
Select the two unique functional characteristics of neurons.
Irritability Conductivity
What is a characteristic of the optic disc?
It is the area of the retina lacking photoreceptors.
Select all of the statements that are TRUE about the pia mater.
It penetrates into each groove of the brain, It is attached directly to the spinal cord. It is firmly adhered to the surface of the brain.
The vitreous chamber is the largest compartment of the eye and is bordered by what three structures?
Lens Ciliary body Retina
Select the characteristics used as criteria for naming skeletal muscles.
Location Shape Function
The structure in the middle of the thick myofilaments is the ______.
M line
Which of the following are functions of the muscular system?
Maintain muscle tone Movement Body heat production
what is static equilibrium?
Maintaining stability and posture when the head and body are still
The type of receptor that senses changes in pressure or movement is a ________.
Mechanoreceptor
Which brain region connects directly to the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Which muscle pulls the scalp backwards?
Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
______ impulses may result when an odorant molecule stimulates a distinct set of receptor cells.
Olfactory
Glial cells which myelinate axons in the brain and spinal cord are the ________.
Oligodendrocytes
Where in the visual pathway does information cross sides?
Optic chiasm
What powers the pivoting of the myosin head?
Phosphate detachment
Name the action of the gastrocnemius.
Plantar flexes foot; flexes leg
What is the function of neuroglia?
Provide support and protection for neurons
Select the terms used to describe muscle attachments of limb muscles.
Proximal attachment Distal attachment
What is the role of the parasympathetic part of the nervous system?
Regulates body functions while in restful situations; "resting and digesting" response
What is the name of the network of membranous channels that surrounds each myofibril?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Identify the three chambers of the cochlea.
Scala tympani Cochlear duct Scala vestibuli
The neuroglia that produce the myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system are the ______.
Schwann cells
Select all of the classifications of reflexes.
Somatic reflex Cranial reflex Autonomic reflex Spinal reflex
Select the functions of the spinal cord.
Spinal reflexes Information transmittal to and from the brain
Which muscle has an inferior attachment on the manubrium and clavicle?
Sternocleidomastoid
Which of these is the receptor for fine touch which are abundant in superficial hairless portions of the skin?
Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles
Select the sensations the thalamus is able to provide general information about.
Temperature Pain Touch Pressure
Identify structures found in the diencephalon.
Thalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus
What is sensory adaptation?
The ability of the nervous system to become unresponsive to a maintained stimulus
What are the origins of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?
The brainstem and the sacral regions of spinal cord
Select the four proteins that play a role in muscle contraction.
Troponin Myosin Actin Tropomyosin
posterior language area
Usually only in left hemisphere Processes spoken and written language
What space does the spinal cord fill?
Vertebral canal
Select the three major parts of the internal ear.
Vestibule Semicircular canals Cochlea
What are the functions of the ear?
What are the functions of the ear?
Which of the following are characteristics of pain receptors?
Widely distributed in the body, except in the brain Sensitive to tissue damage
A synapse is the point where an axon meets ______.
a muscle cell a dendrite another axon a gland
what is sensory projection?
a process by which a person can pinpoint the region of stimulation
The process of focusing light rays on the retina is called ______.
accommodation
Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter called ____.
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter ______ is released by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter stored in the synaptic vesicles of the somatic motor neuron axon is ______.
acetylcholine
The thin myofilaments are composed mostly of the protein _______ and the thick myofilaments are composed mostly of _________.
actin myosin
Myofibrils are composed of which of the following proteins?
actin and myosin
Neurons generate ______ to communicate with each other and other cells.
action potentials
Sensory ______ is the ability the brain has to prioritize the sensory input it receives and to ignore unimportant stimuli.
adaptation
The biceps brachii is the forearm flexion ______.
agonist
Muscles or groups of muscles that produce a specific action upon contraction are collectively referred to as ______.
agonists
A neuron will produce an action potential of full strength every time it receives a threshold stimulus or greater because of a property known as the ______ response.
all or none
Muscle tone does not cause fatigue because multiple motor units ______ contractions.
alternate
The quadriceps extend the leg and the hamstrings flex the leg. These two muscle groups are ______.
antagonists
The aqueous humor is located in the ______ chamber of the eye.
anterior
The spinal nerve fibers connect to the spinal cord via _______ and ________ roots.
anterior posterior
The fluid of the anterior chamber and posterior chamber of the eye is called?
aqueous humor
The middle layer of the meninges is the ______ mater.
arachnoid
Which neuroglial cell promotes the formation of the blood brain barrier?
astrocyte
Which type of neuroglia can contribute to synaptic transmission?
astrocyte
A muscle decrease in size due to lack of use is called
atrophy
The following are components of the external ear:
auricle, tympanic membrane, external acoustic meatus
Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers form the motor pathways for the ______ division.
autonomic
The division of the PNS that regulates visceral activities and maintains homeostasis is called the ______ nervous system.
autonomic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic parts belong to the _____ division.
autonomic
Action potentials are carried from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle fiber by _______ the of a motor neuron.
axon
The part of a motor neuron that leads to a muscle fiber is the:
axon
Which type of receptor is involved in visceral reflexes?
baroreceptors
While the surface grey matter is the cerebral cortex there are also other clusters of grey matter deep in the cerebrum called ______ that are involved in coordination of subconscious control of skeletal muscles.
basal nuclei
The five primary taste sensations are sweet, umami, sour, salty, and ______.
bitter
Dendrites and axons are connected to the rounded area of a neuron called the nerve cell ___________.
body
The musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, radial and axillary nerves are major branches of the ______ plexus.
brachial
The nerve plexus that gives rise to nerves including the axillary, radial and ulnar nerves is the _______ plexus.
brachial
The central nervous system is made up of the ________ and spinal cord.
brain
The largest and most complex component of the entire nervous system is the ______.
brain
The pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain are subparts of what part of the brain?
brainstem
The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic part emerge from the ______ and from the ______ region of the spinal cord.
brainstem sacral
Nearly all the rhodopsin in the rods of the retina decomposes in ______ light.
bright
The extension of spinal nerves into the space in the vertebral canal below the end of the spinal cord is the ______.
cauda equina
A muscle fiber is another term for a skeletal muscle ________
cell
ATP needed for muscle contraction is produced primarily by the cellular process called ______.
cellular respiration
What division of the nervous system is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord?
central nervous system
The part of the brain that consists of two hemispheres connected by a vermis is the ______.
cerebellum
The portion of the brain that performs brain functions involved with sensations, voluntary actions, reasoning, planning, and problem solving is the ______.
cerebrum
The whole brain can be divided into four major portions: the _______, the _______, the ________, and the brainstem.
cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon
Which plexus does the phrenic nerve arise from?
cervical plexus
The main purpose of the nervous system is to detect, analyze, and respond to ______.
changes
Autonomic neurons that secrete acetylcholine are called ______ neurons.
cholinergic
Which part of the middle layer of the eye is composed blood vessels and melanin?
choroid
The middle layer of the eye is composed of the ______.
choroid ciliary body iris
The part of the inner ear that functions in hearing is the ______.
cochlea
Injury to the reticular formation can result in ______.
coma unconsciousness
what is the stimulus for chemoreceptors?
concentrations of chemicals
The ability to transmit an action potential is ______.
conductivity
Which photoreceptor is shorter and thicker?
cones
The iris is composed mostly of ______.
connective tissue smooth muscle
A myogram is a tracing of ______ activity.
contractile
Muscle tissue is the only tissue in the body specialized for
contraction/movement
The anterior window of the eye is the transparent ______, which is located anterior to the aqueous humor and lens and helps to focus entering light rays.
cornea
The most refraction is caused by the ______.
cornea
The portion of the fibrous layer of the eye that allows light to pass is the ______.
cornea
The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a broad, flat bundle of axons called the ______.
corpus callosum
An organic compound that transfers a high energy phosphate for the production of ATP is:
creatine phosphate
What is the name of a high energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to re-synthesize ATP immediately?
creatine phosphate
fissure
deep groove
The large dome-like muscle over the shoulder is the _____.
deltoid
The cell bodies and _________ of a motor neuron are located within the CNS while its ________ is/are located in the PNS.
dendrites axon
What is the primary breathing muscle?
diaphragm
The region of the brain that is located above the midbrain, below the corpus callosum, and between the two cerebral hemispheres is the _________.
diencephalon
Which part of the brain is located centrally between all other areas of the brain?
diencephalon
Regeneration of rhodopsin takes place in ______ light.
dim
List the meninges in order from superficial to deep.
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
Maintaining balance with sudden movement or rotation of the head and body is called ______ equilibrium.
dynamic
The organ of hearing and equilibrium is the ______.
ear
The trapezius adducts the scapula and _______ the clavicle.
elevates
Name the action of the levator scapulae.
elevates scapula
The large sheet of connective tissue that connects the frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis is called the ______.
epicranial aponeurosis
Taste buds contain modified ______ cells which function as receptor cells.
epithelial
A neurotransmitter that brings the postsynaptic membrane closer to threshold and thus more likely to fire an action potential is an ______ neurotransmitter.
excitatory
Depolarization
excitatory neurotransmitter
The quadriceps femoris muscles function to ______ the leg.
extend
The upper portion of the trapezius can ______ the head.
extend
Name the action of the quadriceps femoris muscles.
extends knee
Which of the listed actions is the function of the gluteus maximus?
extends thigh
The muscle that extends wrist and abducts hand is the ______.
extensor carpi radialis longus
The lateral portion of the ear that includes the auricle and the external acoustic meatus is the ______ ear.
external
The three sections of the ear are: ______ ear, ______ ear and ______ ear.
external middle internal
Put the listed abdominal muscles in order from most superficial to deepest.
external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
T/F: A superior attachment is stationary and can be called the origin as well.
false
T/F: Muscle fibers store a lot of ATP.
false
True or false: The area of the retina that produces the sharpest vision is the optic disc
false
sympathetic division
fight or flight
The prefix sarco- means ______.
flesh
The quadriceps femoris muscles function to:
flex the leg
A secondary action of the quadriceps femoris, performed by the rectus femoris, is ______ of the thigh.
flexion
gyrus
fold or ridge
There are _____ ventricles within the brain.
four
The slightly depressed center region of the macula that produces the sharpest vision is known as the ______.
fovea centralis
The simplest touch receptors which are located between epithelial cells of the epidermis and are widely distributed in internal organs are ______.
free nerve endings
Which type of receptor may be associated with hair follicles?
free nerve endings
Cranial nerve I (CN I) is closest to the ______ of the brain.
front
The primary motor areas of the cerebrum are located in the ______ lobes.
frontal
Specialized masses (swellings) of nerve tissue formed by cell bodies of neurons and are located outside of the brain and spinal cord are ______.
ganglia
The muscle that forms the buttocks is the ______.
gluteus maximus
Which of the following muscles are named for their location and size?
gluteus maximus
What is the main type of anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers?
glycolysis
Varying degrees of contraction in muscles are called ________ responses.
graded
Whole muscles exhibit varying degrees of contraction called ______.
graded responses
what type of movement does static equilibrium sense?
gravity
The cerebral cortex is made up of ______ matter.
grey
What is the general name for the ridges or folds seen on the surface of the cerebrum?
gyri
At resting membrane potential, potassium ion (K+) concentration inside the cell is ______ than outside the cell.
higher
Poor vision is usually caused by ______.
improper focus of light
The cerebrum is ______.
in control of voluntary actions the largest portion of the brain
hyperpolarization
inhibitory neurotransmitter
The retina is the ______ layer of the eye.
inner
Which cerebral lobe of the brain can not be seen superficially and is not named for a skull bone?
insula
Neurons that are always found between other neurons, linking them, are called ______.
interneurons
______ can be defined as a sensitivity to changes in the environment (stimuli) which results in the formation of an impulse.
irritability
The hamstrings are primarily ______ in addition to serving as hip extensors.
knee flexors
The accessory organ of the eye that produces tears is the ______.
lacrimal gland
During heavy aerobic exercise, the body cannot provide oxygen to the cells fast enough and therefore pyruvic acid gets transformed to ________ acid.
lactic
In muscle cells, most of the ______ acid gets carried by the blood to the liver, where it then gets converted back to glucose.
lactic
What is the organic acid that would be broken down by aerobic respiration before it may be converted back into glucose?
lactic acid
Rapidly adapting receptors used to detect deep pressure and stretch are ______.
lamellar corpuscles
In most persons, the left hemisphere is dominant for ______.
language-related functions analytical skills
The nerve cell body is the ______ of the neuron.
largest part
The brief time after stimulation but before tension is generated is called the ______ phase.
latent
The largest ventricles are the ______ ventricles, which are located within the cerebral hemispheres.
lateral
The six extrinsic eye muscles are the ______.
lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
In addition to extending the thigh, the gluteus maximus can also _____ rotate the thigh.
laterally
The transparent, elastic structure of the eye which changes shape in response to contraction by ciliary muscles is the ______.
lens
What is the distal attachment of the iliacus?
lesser trochanter
An inability to regenerate rhodopsin will lead to ______.
light blindness
what is the stimulus for photoreceptors?
light energy
The "part" of the brain that is not a distinct structure, but it includes parts of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and the basal nuclei is the ______.
limbic system
The part of the brain that receives input from many areas of the brain and produces our emotional feelings is the ______.
limbic system
Which of these is a set of brain structures associated with emotion and memory?
limbic system
The muscles of the abdominopelvic wall merge at the anterior midline to form the:
linea alba
Taste buds are located on bumps of the tongue called ______
lingual papillae
The cerebrum is subdivided into 5 regions called ________, and 4 of these are named after the cranial bone under which they lie.
lobes
Projection allows you to understand the ______ of stimulation.
location
Muscles are often named based on several criteria. For example, the biceps brachii is named for its ______.
location and number of heads
The cerebral right and left hemispheres are separated by a deep groove called the ______.
longitudinal fissure
The ______, ______ and ______ spinal nerve roots extend inferiorly within the vertebral canal to form the cauda equina.
lumbar sacral coccygeal
Name in order starting from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the oval window, the three auditory ossicles.
malleus incus stapes
Cochlear hair cells turn movement into an electrical signal that encodes sound. Therefore, cochlear hair cells are classified as ______.
mechanoreceptors
Pressure, touch, and stretch receptors are ______.
mechanoreceptors
The most inferior portion of the brainstem (and therefore the brain too) is the ______ _______.
medulla oblongata
The spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, it descends from the ______.
medulla oblongata
Which brainstem region is the major location of axon crossover that allows each side of the brain to control the opposite side of the body?
medulla oblongata
The three layers of membranes surrounding most of the CNS are collectively called the _______.
meninges
The air-filled space that houses the three auditory ossicles is the _____ ear.
middle
The deeper pectoralis muscle is pectoralis ______.
minor
Spinal nerves are ______ nerves that provide two-way communications.
mixed
Multipolar neurons called ______ neurons send signals from the central nervous system to effectors, such as muscles and glands.
motor
The division of the nervous system that is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems is the ________ division.
motor
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the ______.
motor division
Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors. This fact makes the inclusion of ______ glands in the olfactory epithelium particularly important.
mucus
Interneurons are structurally classified as ______ neurons.
multipolar
Which type of neurons are most commonly found in the brain and spinal cord?
multipolar
The root word myo- means ______.
muscle
Which part of a muscle is surrounded by loose connective tissue?
muscle fiber
Tendons attach ______.
muscle to bone
Schwann cells produce the components of the electrical insulator called the _______ sheath.
myelin
The contractile elements in muscle fibers are:
myofibrils
In muscle cells, oxygen needed for cellular respiration is stored by ______.
myoglobin
A recorded tracing of muscle contraction is a(n):
myogram
The force that shortens the sarcomeres to bring about muscle contraction comes from ______.
myosin cross-bridges pulling on the thin myofilaments
The lacrimal apparatus drains tears into the ______.
nasal cavity
The negative RMP indicates that the cytosol-side of the plasma membrane is more ______ than the ECF-side.
negative
Impulses from stimulated olfactory receptors travel along their axons, which makeup the olfactory ______, then to olfactory ______ and finally to the ______.
nerves; bulbs; tracts
Feeling, thinking and moving are functions of which organ system?
nervous
A chemoreceptor may be defined as ______.
neurons which bind and respond to chemicals
In a neuron, a stimulus that is weaker than the threshold stimulus will ______.
not produce an action potential
Visual nerve pathways bring action potentials from the retina to the visual centers in the ______ lobe of the brain.
occipital
Neurons in the nasal cavity supported by columnar epithelial cells are called ______.
olfactory receptors
The cells that form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system are the ______.
oligodendrocytes
Which area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the "blind spot"?
optic disc
The crystals involved in static equilibrium are called ______.
otoliths
During times of muscle inactivity the molecule ______ is stored by myoglobin and released later for cellular respiration.
oxygen
Sensory receptors for the sense of ________ are free nerve endings that are widely distributed throughout the skin and internal tissues, except in the nervous tissue of the brain.
pain
Sensations of general senses include ______.
pain temperature touch and pressure
Free nerve endings function to detect ______
pain, touch, itch and temperature
Which part of the autonomic division has preganglionic neurons that begin in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord?
parasympathetic
The fluid within the bony labyrinth is the _______.
perilymph
Ganglia are part of the ______ nervous system.
peripheral
The cranial nerves and spinal nerves make up the ______ nervous system.
peripheral
The nerve that extends from the cervical plexus and serves the diaphragm is the ______ nerve.
phrenic
The meninx directly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the ________ mater.
pia
Which meninx is the deepest, and attached directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord?
pia mater
The components of the brainstem are the ______.
pons medulla oblongata midbrain
The special areas of the parietal lobes involved in sensations from the skin are the ______ gyri.
postcentral
Repolarization is due to the movement of ______ ions out of the neuron.
potassium
The structures of the frontal lobes that makes up the primary motor areas are the ______ gyri.
precentral
An autonomic motor pathway consists of ____________.
preganglionic neuron postganglionic neuron
The opening in the middle of the iris that allows light to pass into the eye is the ______.
pupil
The first part of a reflex arc is the ______, which generates action potentials which move along the sensory, or afferent, neuron.
receptor
Gustatory epithelial cells are the taste ______.
receptors
Creatine phosphate is generated when a muscles is ______.
relaxed
What immediately follows depolarization?
repolarization
Soon after depolarization, voltage-sensitive potassium channels open and potassium diffuses out causing the membrane to ______.
repolarize
parasympathetic division
rest and digest
The functional structure of the brain that plays a central role in states of consciousness such as wakefulness and sleep is the ______ _______.
reticular formation
Light waves are primarily refracted by the cornea, lens, and fluids in the eye chambers and focused upon the ______ located at the back of the eye.
retina
The image formed on the ______ is upside down and reversed from left to right.
retina
The inner layer of the eye which contains the visual receptor cells is called the _________.
retina
The proximal attachment of the serratus anterior is the lateral surfaces of upper _______.
ribs
Name the proximal attachments of the serratus anterior.
ribs 1-8
In most people, the _______ hemisphere is dominant for musical and artistic inclination, spatial awareness, and imagination.
right
Which type of photoreceptor provides black/white/gray vision?
rods
The fibers of each spinal nerve connect to the spinal cord via anterior and posterior ______.
roots
what type of movement does dynamic equilibrium sense?
rotation
The neuromuscular junction is a connection between the terminal branches of an axon and the __________ of a muscle fiber.
sarcolemma
What region of a myofibril is bounded by two successive Z lines?
sarcomere
In skeletal muscle, the organelle known as the _______ reticulum, corresponds to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.
sarcoplasmic
What releases calcium into the sarcoplasm?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The distal attachment of the serratus anterior is the medial border of the ______.
scapula
The protective, posterior outer layer of the eye is the ______.
sclera
Receptors are associated with the dendrites of ______ neurons.
sensory
Sensory receptors are associated with the dendrites of ________ neurons.
sensory
The areas of the cerebrum function to interpret input from receptors producing sensations are called _______ areas.
sensory
Sulcus
shallow groove
Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers only for ______ striated muscle tissue.
skeletal
Fibers in _______ striated muscle tissue are long and have parallel arrangement while cells of ________ striated muscle tissue are short, branching and have intercalated discs which join fibers end to end.
skeletal cardiac
Striations and multiple nuclei are found in _________ striated muscle tissue, whereas a lack of striations and only one single nucleus is found in ___________ muscle tissue.
skeletal smooth
The specific cell that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber to contract is called a ______ motor neuron.
somatic
Senses that have specialized receptors and are confined to structures in the head such as the eyes and ears are ________ senses.
special
The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and _______ nerves.
spinal
Action potentials are transmitted to and from the brain by the ______ _______.
spinal cord
The brainstem connects distally (caudal) to the ______.
spinal cord
The structure that contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea is the ______ organ.
spiral
Vibration of the ________ (auditory ossicle) at the oval window stimulates the hearing receptors.
stapes
Each type of sensory receptors is sensitive to one type of ______.
stimulus
The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called the ______ space.
subarachnoid
The autonomic division is subdivided into the ______ part and the parasympathetic part.
sympathetic
What is the space between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell called?
synaptic cleft
Receptors that respond to the motion of objects or sensation of light touch are ______.
tactile corpuscles
Taste cells have tiny surface projections called ______ which protrude through openings in the taste bud.
taste hairs
The middle ear is located within the ______ bone.
temporal
Identify the structure that attaches muscle to a bone.
tendon
What is summation without relaxation called?
tetany
Often referred to as the "gateway to the cerebral cortex," the ______ relays sensory impulses from lower regions of the brain and spinal cord to the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
The _______, __________, and the _______ are the three major components of the diencephalon.
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
What is the name of the type of receptor sensitive to temperature changes?
thermoreceptor
As a result of linkages formed between the ______ and _______ filaments, the muscle fiber contracts.
thick thin
the two kinds of myofilaments that produce muscle contractions.
thick and thin
In a muscle contraction, the force that shortens the sarcomeres comes from the myosin cross-bridges pulling on the _______ myofilaments.
thin/actin
The minimum strength of stimulus necessary to generate a muscle contraction is a _________ stimulus.
threshold
When the trigger zone of a neuron reaches ________ stimulus it will send an action potential.
threshold
What is the name for the minimum strength of stimulus necessary to generate a muscle contraction?
threshold stimulus
What technically stimulates pain receptors?
tissue damage
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum ______.
to the second lumbar vertebra
A sustained partial contraction of a muscle at rest is called muscle ______.
tone
Partial contraction that is particularly important in maintaining posture is muscle ________.
tone
what are the three general senses?
touch, pain, temperature
The funiculi of the white matter in the spinal cord contain nerve _______.
tracts
When Ca2+ binds to __________, it exposes the myosin binding sites on actin molecules.
troponin
True or false: An inhibitory neurotransmitter will make the postsynaptic membrane less likely to reach threshold and thus less likely to fire an action potential.
true
True or false: In the central nervous system, there are more neuroglial cells than neurons.
true
True or false: The arachnoid mater is an avascular layer of the meninges.
true
True or false: The contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muscle impulse is called a twitch.
true
Flexion and adduction of the hand is accomplished by flexor carpi _____
ulnaris
A somatic motor neuron and the muscle fiber that it controls constitute a motor _____.
unit
The cerebral cortex is composed of ______.
unmyelinated fibers grey matter neuron cell bodies
A structure called the ______ connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.
vermis
The spiral organ sends signals to the brain using the ______ nerve.
vestibulocochlear
what are the three special senses?
vision, smell, taste
The transparent, jellylike fluid that fills the majority of the eye is called?
vitreous humor
Myelinated axons makes up ______ matter.
white
The outer portion of the spinal cord is ______ matter.
white
Which is the muscle that pulls the angle of the mouth upward such as when you smile?
zygomaticus
