Biological Psychology Kalat 11th Ed Final
Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ___ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ___ side
contralateral; contralateral
Central pattern generators____.
contribute to rhythmic patters of movement
The percentral gyrus is essential for the
control of fine movement
Glucagon stimulates the liver to ___.
convert glycogen to glucose
Which of the following hormones is released by the adrenal gland during stress?
cortisol
A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to
cushion the brain
After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically:
cycles back through stages 3 and 2
Given a very faint odor of air freshener, who is most likely to detect it?
cycling female
In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called ___.
cytokines
Hypovolemia induces thirst by inducing production of which hormone? a. CCK b. Insulin c. Prolactin d. Angiotensin II
d. Angiotensin II
When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone? a. Prolactin b. Aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. Cholecystokinin
d. Cholecystokinin
Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells? a. CCK b. Aldosterone c. Glucagon d. Insulin
d. Insulin
What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure? a. substantia nigra b. red nucleus c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. OVLT and subfornical organ
d. OVLT and subfornical organ
The areas important for detecting osmotic pressure and the salt content of the blood include: a. substantia nigra. b. red nucleus. c. ventromedial hypothalamus. d. OVLT and subfornical organ.
d. OVLT and subfornical organ.
What is narcolepsy? a. Sleepwalking b. The inability to breathe while sleeping c. Involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping d. Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
d. Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
After damage to the floor of the pons, what happens during a cat's REM sleep? a. The eyes move vertically instead of horizontally. b. Heart rate becomes steadier. c. Breathing rate decreases. d. The cat's muscles are not relaxed.
d. The cat's muscles are not relaxed.
What happens when insulin levels are high upon completing a meal? a. Fat supplies are converted to glucose which enters the blood. b. Glucose entry into the cells decreases. c. Blood glucose levels increase. d. The individual feels hungry again soon after the meal.
d. The individual feels hungry again soon after the meal.
An astronaut orbiting earth experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45-minutes of darkness. What is likely to happen? a. The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development. b. They are fully alert during wakeful periods. c. They are able to sleep during rest periods. d. They sleep poorly during rest periods.
d. They sleep poorly during rest periods.
What is one reason why animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus overeat? a. They have low levels of insulin. b. Their stomach emptying rate is slow compared to other animals. c. They have excessively high levels of the hormone CCK. d. They store too much of each meal as fat.
d. They store too much of each meal as fat.
The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from: a. visual feedback. b. the hormone angiotensin. c. sensory receptors on the skin of the abdomen. d. activity of the vagus nerve.
d. activity of the vagus nerve.
Damage to the preoptic area causes an animal to: a. eat a great deal and gain weight. b. stop eating. c. fail to sweat when overheating, but still shiver when cold. d. fail to shiver and sweat sufficiently.
d. fail to shiver and sweat sufficiently.
After damage to the preoptic area, an animal: a. eats a great deal and gains weight. b. stops eating. c. fails to sweat when overheating, but still shivers when cold. d. fails to shiver and sweat sufficiently.
d. fails to shiver and sweat sufficiently.
Aside from the problems with failing to breathe at times during the night, people with sleep apnea are also found to have: a. enlarged hearts. b. overactive bladders. c. desynchronized temperature rhythms. d. fewer neurons in certain brain areas.
d. fewer neurons in certain brain areas.
A rat with damage to its lateral preoptic area: a. drinks a lot of water. b. drinks only to wash down its food. c. has normal osmotic thirst but impaired hypovolemic thirst. d. has impaired osmotic thirst.
d. has impaired osmotic thirst.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the: a. substantia nigra. b. caudate nucleus. c. thalamus. d. hypothalamus.
d. hypothalamus.
Research found that during REM sleep, activity: a. decreased in the pons, while it increased in the limbic system. b. increased in the pons, while it decreased in the limbic system. c. decreased in both the pons and the limbic system. d. increased in both the pons and the limbic system.
d. increased in both the pons and the limbic system.
Sleep spindles originate from: a. PGO waves. b. sudden stimuli. c. SCN neurons. d. interactions between the thalamus and cortex.
d. interactions between the thalamus and cortex.
What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"? a. long, slow waves of large amplitude b. short, rapid waves of large amplitude c. regular alternation between waves of large amplitude and waves of small amplitude d. irregular waves with low amplitude
d. irregular waves with low amplitude
During REM sleep, the EEG shows: a. regular, high-voltage slow waves. b. irregular, high-voltage slow waves. c. regular, low-voltage slow waves. d. irregular, low-voltage fast waves.
d. irregular, low-voltage fast waves.
Fat cells produce: a. CCK. b. insulin. c. neuropeptide Y. d. leptin.
d. leptin.
When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them. a. leptin b. cholecystokinin c. cytokines d. leukocytes
d. leukocytes
The retinohypothalamic path to the SCN comes from a special population of retinal ganglion cells that have their own photopigment, called: a. circaopsin. b. photopsin c. rodopsin. d. melanopsin.
d. melanopsin.
Huntington's disease may also affect orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus, leading to symptoms similar to: a. sleep apnea. b. periodic limb movement disorder. c. REM behavior disorder. d. narcolepsy.
d. narcolepsy.
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to eating: a. the same, but drinking less than normal amounts. b. the same large amount each meal, regardless of the taste. c. less. d. normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently.
d. normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently.
REM behavior disorder occurs mostly in: a. adults. b. young adults. c. children. d. older people.
d. older people.
Which area of the hypothalamus seems to be critical for the ending of meals? a. lateral hypothalamus b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. preoptic area d. paraventricular nucleus
d. paraventricular nucleus
How do sleep stages 3 and 4 differ? a. body position b. percentage of REM c. percentage of serotonin that is released d. percentage of slow, low amplitude waves
d. percentage of slow, low amplitude waves
Orlistat (Xenical) can reduce body weight by: a. increasing CCK release. b. increasing stomach distention. c. blocking serotonin reuptake. d. preventing absorption of fats.
d. preventing absorption of fats.
During REM sleep, neuronal activity decreases in the: a. entire brain. b. pons. c. limbic system. d. primary visual cortex and the motor cortex.
d. primary visual cortex and the motor cortex.
Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for: a. getting to sleep. b. waking up. c. raising body temperature. d. staying awake.
d. staying awake.
A key area of the hypothalamus, particularly important in the regulation of the biological clock, is the: a. substantia nigra. b. caudate nucleus. c. lateral hypothalamus. d. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the: a. substantia nigra. b. caudate nucleus. c. lateral hypothalamus. d. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
When the PER and TIM levels are low, they result in: a. narcolepsy. b. insomnia. c. sleepiness. d. wakefulness.
d. wakefulness.
What is activated by the reticular formation? a. the spinal cord b. only those portions of the cerebral cortex involved in processing sensory information c. only subcortical structures in the brain stem and midbrain d. wide regions of the entire cerebral cortex
d. wide regions of the entire cerebral cortex
A drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors would most likely___.
decrease meal size
In congenital adrenal hypertrophy, the hypothalamus directs the pituitary to increase production of a hormone that in turn causes the adrenal gland to:
decrease production of cortisol
At the end of the menstrual cycle in women, the levels of LH and FSH ___; the levels of estradiol and progesterone___
decrease; decrease
Damage to the medial pre optic areas of the hypothalamus in rats would most likely result in:
decreased sexual activity
Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.
decreased; left
Most depressed people show___ activity in the ___ prefrontal cortex.
decreased; left
3. The amino acid, glycine, provides a possible co-treatment for schizophrenia because it:
decreases the effectiveness of glutamate
The primary symptoms of autism spectrum disorder include___
deficits in social exchanges
An axon that does not receive enough neurotrophins from a target cell will____
degenerate and die
The branching fibers that form the information-receiving pole of the nerve cells are called:
dendrites
Some dendrites contain additional short outgrowths. What are these outgrowths called?
dendritic spines
Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as ____.
denervation supersensitivity
1. What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential is something closer to zerol?
depolarization
If GABA is necessary for the proper onset of the critical period for vision, this suggests that:
depriving the cortex of GABA woudl prevent the onset of the critical period
The funciton of the semicircular canals is to
detect movement of the head
3. If you expose a female to much testosterone early in life, it will cause her hypothalamus to:
develop more like a typical male hypothalamus (noncyclic)
If you expose a female to testosterone early in life, it will cause her hypothalamus to:
develop more like a typical male hypothalamus (noncyclic)
Immature neurons experimentally transplanted form one part of the developing cortex to another ____.
develop the properties characteristic of their new location
2. A lesion in the hypothalamus can lead to decreased activity in the cerebal cortex, even though the cerebal cortex is undamaged. The decreased activity in the cortex because of the loss of incoming neurons is called:
diaschisis
Most Native American Pimas are overweight now than in the early 1900s because of a change in which aspect of their lives?
diet
Along each strip of somatosensory cortex, different sub-areas respond to:
different areas of the body.
What is the process called when a primitive neuron beings to develop dendrites and an axon?
differentiation
Following damage to the hippocampus and neighboring areas, the patient H.M. experiences:
difficulty in forming new long term memories.
Which is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
difficulty initiating movements
The small intestine____.
digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Individuals with amnesia who play video games such as Tetris:
don't remember playing the game, but improve their performance.
A key gene in addiction control COMT, an enzyme that breaks down____ after its release:
dopamine
In normal male rats, the medial pre optic area neutrons strongly release which of the following during sexual activity?
dopamine
Male sexual behavior depends heavily on neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus releasing which substance?
dopamine
Most habit-forming drugs activate which type of synpase?
dopamine
Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol) prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmitter:
dopamine
What type of pathway in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
what type of neurons in teh substantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol) prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmitter:
dopamine.
After maturity, the apoptotic mechanism becomes:
dormant
The cell bodies of sensory neutrons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called
dorsal root ganglia
The cell bodies of sensory neutrons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called ____.
dorsal root ganglia
Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the_____.
dorsomedial thalamus
3. Research on rats has demonstrated similarities between bulimia and:
drug addiction
1. The notion that the mind and body are different in substance is called ______?
dualism
Nearly all neuroscientists and philosophers support the position of____
dualism
When does sleep walking occur?
during both stages 3 and 4 sleep
The supplementary motor cortex becomes active___
during the second or two prior to a movement
A combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol should be avoided because:
each magnifies the effects of the other.
Which of the following is consistent with the labeled-line theory of taste?
each receptor carries information about just one primary taste
Research suggests that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenics develop:
early and then remain fairly steady.
If all of the neuron's dendrites or cons were contained within the spinal cord, it would be considered a(n) ___ neuron.
efferent **
What does a coral goby fish do if its mate dies after eggs have been laid?
either sex will care for the eggs and if necessary, change sex to form a new mating pair
The limbic system is strongly involved in ____.
emotional behaviours
Which factor appears to be particularly important for branching of neutrons during brain development?
engaging in physical activity
A "zeitgeber" is a(n):
environmental cue that resets a biological clock
A condition in which brain neurons have repeated episodes of excessive, synchronized activity is called:
epilepsy
The catecholamines include___.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
Wich type of memory is MOST impaired by damage to the hippocampus?
episodic memory
Before testosterone can masculinize the development of the hypothalamus of an infant mammal, it must first be converted into:
estradiol
Women are more likely to initiate sexual activity when:
estrogen levels are high
In operant conditioning, punishment is a(n)___.
event that decreases the future probability of a response.
1. Explaining dwarf hamsters' love of alcohol solutions as a function of the fact that they are related to Syrian hamsters (who also love alcohol) an example of a(n) _____ explanation
evolutionary
Which type of explanation might describe the presence of behaviour in a particular species by showing how that behaviour increased the reproductive success of the species?
evolutionary
which statement is TRUE with respect to evolution?
evolutionary success is assess by the number of one's offspring surviving to reproduce
Damage to the corpus callosum prevents:
exchange of information between the two hemispheres.
1. Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are
exerted into the synaptic cleft
The field of epigenetic deals with how
experiences can turn genes on or off
Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through:
exposure of the eyes to light
What would cause a mamal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?
exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____.
extracellular fluid
3. If neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels were very very high the effect would be:
extreme overeating
2. Focal hand dystonia, sometimes called "musician's cramp", is caused by?
extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers
The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because:
eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibres to axons
What technique is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules?
fMRI
Which technique is depends upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules?
fMRI
2. The area of the cortex that receives input from the face is adjacent to the area of the cortex that receives inpput from the foot. After amputation of the foot, it is possible that phantom limb sensation will be felt whenever the:
face is touched
Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by___.
failing to trigger satiety
Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?
fast-twitch muscles
Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?
fast-twitch muscles
Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy:
female
The overall mechanism of early sexual differentation has been described by saying that nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal:
female
Mullerian ducts are found in:
female and male fetuses early in development
Wolffian ducts are found in:
female and male fetuses early in development
What develops from the Mullerian ducts?
female reproductive structures
What condition would be suspected if a young child shows decreased alertness, hyperactivity, mental retardation, motor problems, a heart defect, and abnormal facial features?
fetal alcohol syndrome
In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) _____
flock the repute of only serotonin
One explanation for the difficulty that people with amygdala damage have with recognizing fearful faces is that they ____.
focus their attention on the nose and mouth of faces instead of the eyes.
Mammals have circadian rhythms:
for a variety of activities, including sleep
The choroid plexus
forms the cerebrospinal fluid
Within the primary auditory cortex, most cells respond selectively to a particular
frequency
The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is probematic for which of the following?
frequency theory
Which lobe contains the precentral gyrus?
frontal
1. Explaining dwarf hamsters' love of alcohol solutions as a function of fermentation occurring in the grains they hoard in the wild is an example of a(n) _______ explanation.
functional
2. As you become more familiar with aliens in the movies and are better able to recognize them when a sequel to the movie is released, it is likely that the activity of the ____ is ____.
fusiform gyrus, increased
3. The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for the shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from:
ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods
where are the nodes of Ranvier?
gaps in the myelin sheath
In what way are people with androgen insensitivity most like a normal male?
genetically
How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?
genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Mullerian structures
Which treatment would be most likely to help a patient starting it several days after a stroke?
giving stimulant drugs combined with physical therapy
Alcohol suppresses the release of ____, the brain's main excitatory transmitter.
glutamate
As compared to males, females tend to have:
greater density of neurons in part of the temporal lobe that is important for language
Aged people with the highest cortisol levels tend to be those with the:
greatest memory problems.
After staring at your instructor's red shirt for an entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be:
green
Radial glia ___.
guide the integrating of neutrons during embryonic development
Radial glia
guide the migration of mourns during embryonic development
1. According to David Chalmers, knowing why and how brain activity is associated with
hard problems
2. A deafferented limb:
has lost its sensory input
Individuals with parietal lobe damage
have difficulty binding the different aspects of perception
3. If a monkey with low serotonin turnover survives, they are more likely to:
have dominant atatus
One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to:
have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb.
2. Parkinson's disease patients, who usually have trouble walking, can walk surprisingly well when they:
have their eyes closed
Which os the following increases probability that someone will develop schizophrenia?
having an older than average father
3. The result of the sex reassignment in the case of the infant whose penis was accidentally removed was that:
he decided to adopt a male gender identity during adolescence
3. What is the best sign that your dog is happy to see you?
he wags his tail to the right of his body
2. Which two factors determine whether or not there will be a "sound shadow"?
head size and frequency
Besides reading difficulties, dyslexics also have more difficulty:
hearing the correct temporal order of sounds.
People whose sexual development is intermediate or ambiguous are called:
hermaphrodites
REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
high level of brain activity
Which structure consists of the medulla, pons and cerebellum
hindbrain
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the
hippocampus
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the ___.
hippocampus
The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following surgical operations that removed the ____.
hippocampus
Itching is primarily the result of:
histamine release
A person with two recessive genes is considered to be ___ for that trait
homozygous
How many kinds of olfactory receptors do we have?
hundreds
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
hynoagogic hallucinations
the one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells don't is
hypercomplex cells have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field
What occurs when a stimulus shifts the potentials inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential?
hyperpolarization
An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggest possible damage to which brain structure?
hypothalamus
Sodium-specifc hunger is closely associated with____.
hypovolemic thirst
an individual has difficultiy remembering certain things after brain damage, but al memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the
hyppocampus
Which of the following would be considered a tricyclics antidepressant?
imipramine (Tofranil)
2. Miracle berries cause sour substances to be represented:
in a more dorsal region than normal
Under what circumstance do the criminal behaviours of monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins?
in adulthood
1. Vesicles are located
in presynaptic terminals
3. A typical, healthy human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually lowest:
in the middle of the night
When describing spatial relationships, such as giving directions to a football stadium, females are more likely than males to:
include descriptions of landmarks along the way
Saltatory conditions__ the velocity of action potentials and ___ the amount of energy used by the neuron
increase and decrease
The most likely cause of the brain damage typical of Alzheimer's disease is due to a:
increase in amyloid-B proteins.
The most likely cause of the brain damage typical of Alzheimer's disease is due to a_____.
increase in amyloid-beta proteins
The behavioural inhibition system is associated with___.
increased attention and arousal, decreased action, and fear or disgust
Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote___.
increased blood pressure
2. Denervation supersensitivity and disuse supersensitivity are similar in that they both depend on:
increased number and effectiveness of post-synaptic receptors
A Golgi tendon organ responds to ___.
increases in muscle tension.
L-dopa a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that___
increases the brain's production of dopamine
The raphe system:
increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli
3. Prolonged use of antidepressants not only increases the availability of neurotransmitters in the synapse but also:
increases the release of neurotrophins
Sildenafil (viagra) works by:
increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis
One way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by:
increasing the sensitiviy of nerves in the pubic area.
Which of the following has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?
inferior temporal cortex
PCP which can produce psychotic symptoms resembling schizophrenia has which effect?
inhibits the NMDA glutamine
2. The primary taste cortex is known as the:
insular cortex
The primary taste cortex is known as the:
insular cortex
Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?
insulin
3. Sleep spindles originate from:
interactions between the thalamus and cortex
The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones
into the bloodstream
When a neurones membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ___ the cell and the electrical gradiant tends to move it ___ the cell.
into; into **
What modern day practice helps prevent an inadequate production of thyroid hormones?
iodized salt
Apoptosis ___
is a programmed mechanism of cell death
The premotor cortex ____.
is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself
Korsakoff's syndrome____.
is due to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier **
The main advantage of psychotherapy over drug-therapy in the treatment of depression is that psychotherapy:
is more likely to produce longer-lasting effects.
A fever__.
is part of the body's defence against an illness
What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase?
it blocks further release of the transmitter acetylcholine **
What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?
it is taken back into the presynaptic neuron **
What is the effect of MPTP?
it kills the neurons that release dopamine
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as____.
jetlag
Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be:
just over 24 hours
At this point, the conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are:
lacking the scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them
3. The anterior commissure, on the average, is:
larger in heterosexual women than heterosexual men
The anterior commissure, on the average, is:
larger in heterosexual women than heterosexual men
The platinum temporale is slightly ___ in the ____ temporal lobe of schizophrenics as compared to most other people.
larger; right
2. The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object (as seen in Mach bands) is the result of:
lateral inhibition in the retina
In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits, Thompson and his colleagues have demonstrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the ____.
lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum
The fact that each person's pinna is shaped differently from anyone else's suggests that much of sound localization is:
learned
Damage to the amygdala impairs:
learned fears.
Similar to the effects of sleep apnea, rats that are repeatedly oxygen-deprived lose neurons throughout the cortex and hippocampus, causing impairments in:
learning and memory.
Damage to the human left optic nerve before it crosses the optic chiasm would result in the loss of vision in the:
left eye.
Brain-intact people are more likely to have increased activity in the ___ hemisphere when identifying the small letters (A) and increased activity in the ___ when identifying the overall pattern (X).
left; right
3. What is the principle Zeitgeber for land animals?
light
What is the principle zeitgeber for land animals?
light
2. The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the:
limbic system
A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What is the name given to this group of structures?
limbic system
The amygdala is part of the ___.
limbic system
According to the PsychFiles videos product found in the course notes, fMRI can be used to____.
localize complex traits such as extroversion.
2. In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is spectialized for detecting _____. and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting _____?
location/shape
If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should:
look slighly to one side.
1. Suppose a virus damaged only the ventral roots of the spinal cord, but not the dorsal roots. What would happen to the sensory and motor abilities of the affected area?
loss of motor control, but preserved sensation
Damage to the thalamus would most likely result in
loss of sensory input to the cortex
Damage to the thalamus would most likely result in:
loss of sensory input to the cortex.
What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called?
loudness
What causes hypovolemic thirst?
low blood volume
Which of the following has been associated with an increased probability of suicide attempts?
low serotonin turnover
2. The frequency theory of pitch perception works well for ____ frequencies, while the place theory works well for perception of _____ frequencies.
low, high
Which of the following seems to be most strongly related to PMS?
lower than normal levels of allopregnanolone
The temperature required by reproductive cells of birds and most mammals is__.
lower than the rest of the body
Humans expend most of their energy on what activity?
maintaining basal metabolism
What develops from the Wolffian ducts?
male reproductive structures
Homeothermic organisms include___.
mammals and birds
Which of the following is most likely an example of the organizing effects of sex hormones?
masculinization of the brain
Stimuli that are below the level of conscious detection:
may produce changes in autonomic responses that account for "gut feelings."
___ memories are more likely to be consolidated.
meaningful
As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
medulla
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
medulla
Breathing, heart, rate, vomiting, coughing and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
medulla
The hindbrain consists of the ___.
medulla, pons and cerebellum
The pineal gland releases the___hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.
melatonin
The hippocampus plays a major role in:
memory
The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is____
memory loss
Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called
meninges
Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?
metabolizing the sugar in milk
Most young mammals stop nursing, atlas partly, due to the loss of what ability?
metabolizing the sugar in milk
Which drug is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day?
methodone
1. In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?
midbrain
In which area of the brai woudl one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?
midbrain
The nuclei for cranial nerves I through IV are located in the
midbrain and forebrain
People with motion blindness probably have suffered damage to the
middle temporal cortex
after cells have differentiated as neurons, or glia, they
migrate
Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to pain by:
mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses.
Watching another person shoot a basketball is more likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.
mirror
In one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were:
more masculine in appearance
2. While focusing on the car in front of you, you suddenly notice another car in your peripheral vision. You will probably have a difficult time describing the details of the second car because:
more receptors converge their inputs in the periphery
Repeated exposure to male pheremones may be associated with ___ in young women who are not sexually active
more regular periods
2. A loss of dopamine activity leads to _____ inhibition of the motor cortex and _____ onset of movements.
more; slower
A person with damage to V1, but not V4, woudl be able to percieve:
motion, but not shape or color
What is the first point int he digestive system where enzymes begin to break down food?
mouth
People with REM behaviour disorder___.
move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams
Cells in V5 and the medial superior temporal cortex slectively respond to which characteristic of visual stimuli?
movement
Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely cause problems with
movement
The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function
movement
the cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
movement
A motor program is a ____.
movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion
Dissociative identity disorder was previously known as ____
multiple personality disorder
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a set of receptors located:
near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
The resting potential is mainly the result of
negatively charged proteins inside the cell
The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as:
neural Darwinism
2. What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?
neuromuscular junction
What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axons meets a muscle finer?
neuromuscular junction
Santiago Ramon y Cajal demonstrated that
neurons are separate from one another
Which specialist its most likely to work with people with brain damage?
neuropsychologist
Reuptake is the absorption of:
neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron
____ steer new axonal branches and synopsis in the right direction
neurotrophins
In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.
norepinephrine
Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ___
norepinephrine; acetylcholine
Women who suffer from PMS have:
normal levels of estrogen and progesterone
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to eating____.
normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently
The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system. Technically,k the basal ganglia should have been named the basal
nuclei
1. The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the:
nucleus accumbens
The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the___.
nucleus accumbens
The taste nerves initially project to the:
nucleus of the tractus solitarus
2. If two voices differ in their frequency, this means they differ in their:
number of waves per second
Which of the following groups of people would most likely benefit from taking leptin?
obese people who fail to produce leptin
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?
occipital
Axons form the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the crebral cortex?
occipital lobe
Investigators have found that individuals who suffer prefrontal cortex damage:
often make bad decisions.
1. Relative to the size of its other brain structures, a polar bear's _______ are remarkably lage.
oldfactory bulbs
Olfactory receptors carry their message to the:
olfactory bulb
2. As a rule, all vertebrate neurons develop during an embryological stage. Among the few types of neurons that can develop in adulthood are:
olfactory receptors
1. What type of glial cells myelinate axons in the central nervous system?
oligodendrocytes
An autosomal gene is a gene ____.
on any chromosome other than the X or Y chromosome
Olfactory receptor cites are located:
on cilia
2. Where are the auditory receptor cells located?
on the basilar membrane
Someone who has suffered damage to the sensory component of one spinal nerve would lose sensation from:
one dermatome
The pons acts as a bridge between
one side of the nervous system and the other
2. If a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to:
only the eye that has been active
Understanding how genes, nutrition, and experience work together to produce a tendency toward a particular sexual orientation is an example of
ontogenetic
Which explanation of human behaviour focuses most on learning through experiences?
ontogenetic
The two types of thirst are ___ and ___.
osmotic thirst; hypovolemic thirst
3. Consuming to much salt will trigger ______ thirst. Bleeding or heavy sweating will trigger ______ thirst.
osmotic, hypovolemic
People typically experience a state of complete relation shortly after orgasms; this occurs due to the release of ____.
oxytocin
What hormone more than triples in concentration in the blood of human males during orgasm, and has been tentatively linked to sexual pleasure?
oxytocin
Which of the following is characterized by an extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal?
panic attack
Which of the following is characterized by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal?
panic disorder
The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the
parietal cortex
Which part of the cerebral cortex most important for sense of touch?
parietal lobe
2. Small receptive fields are to _____ cells as large receptive fields are to ____ cells.
parvocellular, magnocellular
What is one important difference between people who are blind because of cortical blindness and others who are blind because of problems with their eyes?
people with damage to their eyes can still imagine visual scenes
which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?
periods without breathing during sleeping
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ___ nervous system.
peripheral
A contributing sensation of an amputated body part is called
phantom limb
Concerning temperature cycles, SAD patients are to _____ as other depressed patients are to ______.
phase-delayed cycles; phase-advanced cycles
Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called:
photopigments
The study of relating skull anatomy (bumps and depressions) to behavior is known as
phrenology
1. Explaining dwarf hamsters' love of alcohol solutions as a function of the fact that they metabolize the drug quickly and avoid getting ill is an example of a(n) _______ explanation.
physiological
Which of the following are presented in teh correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel through as they pass from the outer ear to the inner ear?
pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea
What occurs to a tone as the frequency increases?
pitch gets higher
During the menstrual cycle, estradiol and progesterone levels increase and decrease under the influence of hormones released by which gland?
pituitary
A stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for___
placing an electrode in the brain
Amyloid is to ___ as tau is to__.
plaques; tangles
The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits, is known as:
plasticity
After damage to the somatosensory cortex, a person would have the most difficulty with:
pointing to their own body parts
The onset of REM sleep begins with activity in the:
pons
What is the primary target area on the cerebral cortex for touch and other skin sensations?
postcentral gyrus
A person showers with his clothes on and pours water on the tube of toothpast instead of on the toothbrush. He probably suffers from damage to the
prefrontal cortex
Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the ____
prefrontal cortex
Parts of the ___ are important for learning about reads and punishments.
prefrontal cortex
Research on Aplysia shows us that at lease one physiological basis for learning involves which of the following?
presynaptic changes
The role of the Golgi tendons organs is to___
prevent extreme muscle contractions
2. One effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to:
prevent the release of BDNF
2. With experience, the motor skills required to drive a car become more automatic over time mostly because of changes in the:
primary motor cortex
What is the primary target area in the cortex for information regarding muscle-stretch and joint receptors?
primary somatosensory cortex
When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it___.
produces extreme overeating
2. Proliferation is the:
production of new cells
Proliferation is the ___.
production of new cells
The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering___.
production proteins.
The hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy is:
progesterone
Viagra facilitates sexual arousal in males by:
prolonging the effects of nitric oxide
Alcohol decreases anxiety by ___.
promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex.
Joe has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is Joe's condition?
propagnosia
A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of___
proprioception
2. Joe has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is Joe's condition?
prosopagnosia
Small charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through
protein channels
small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through___
protein channels
Beyond about 40 degrees or 41 degrees,___ begin o break their bonds and lose their useful properties.
proteins
1. At the peak of the action potential, the electrical gradient of potassium
pushes potassium out of the cell
2. Researchers produced a kitten that could see stationary objects, but was blind to moving stimuli, by:
raising the kitten in an environment immulated only by a strobe light
Ionotropic effects are characterized by____.
rapid and short-lived effects
2. Pacinian corpuscles respond best to:
rapid mechanical pressure
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to
rapid mechanical pressure
Damage to the cerebellum is more likely to interfere with____
rapid movements that require timing
Which patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in action potential?
rapid sequence of EPSPs
Organisms that help those they recognize as capable of returning the factor are deploying
reciprocal altruism
A person with visual agnosia is unable to:
recognize visual objects
A fish will adjust to lower water temperature by____.
recruiting different muscle fibers
Drugs that, in some cases, have reduced the frequency of sexual offenders work by:
reducing testosterone levels.
Sherrington studied___, which are automatic muscular responses to stimuli.
reflexes
Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the eye by 180 degrees, each axon
regenerated to the area where it had originally been.
Taste perception in the brain depends on:
relative activity of different taste neurons
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:
relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths.
The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to ___.
relax
one function of the thalamus is to ___
relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
The term "serotonin turnovers" refers to the amount of serotonin that is____.
released at synopsis and resynthesized.
suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch, without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would:
remain relatively stable
In addition to the neurotransmitter glutamate, in order to activate the NMDA receptors, the neuron requires____.
removal of magnesium ions from sodium and calcium channels
The CCAC's three R's are
replacement, reduction and refinement
The field biological psychology presents a range of career options in __ and ___
research and therapy
3. Which of the following is NOT a reason to avoid artificial sweeteners?
research with guinea pigs has linked artificial sweeteners to schizophrenia
The retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the:
retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light
You have just become a neurologist. Your first patient consistently neglects the left side of his body. You should suspect that he has suffered damage to the:
right parietal lobe.
Which event is the most common cause of a stroke?
schema from an obstruction of an artery
Which disorder is characterized by deteriorating ability to function everyday life and some combination of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behaviour?
schizophrenia
Increasing prevalence of obesity obviously relates to the increased availability if our diet and ___.
sedentary lifestyle
Of the following, which one would be most closely associated with experiencing synesthesia?
seeing colors of letter or words
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
semicircular canals and otolith organs
After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
sensation from the affected body area
In comparison to the rods, cones are more:
sensitive to detail.
After a series of electrical shocks, a person becomes over responsive to lights and noises. This exemplifies_____
sensitization
1. All of the following are chatecholamines EXCEPT
serotonin
1. The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to
serotonin
Which statement best explains why males can grow breasts under certain hormonal conditions?
sex-limited genes become activated
Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory and he called them:
short-term and long-term.
What anatomical difference, other than sex organs, is reliably seen between males and females, even at an early age?
size of parts of the hypothalamus
H.M/ was able to learn and remember____.
skills like mazes and puzzles
H.M. was able to learn and remember:
skills like mazes and puzzles.
Based on reserach done to date, which sensory modality seems to have the widest variety of receptor types?
smell
After the peak of an action potential, what prevents sodium ions from continuing to enter the cell?
sodium gates in the membrane close
2. What causes excitation of the taste receptors that respond to salty tastes?
sodium ions crossing the membrane of the receptor
What causes excitation of the taste receptors that respond to salty tastes?
sodium ions crossing the membrane of the receptor
which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that deliver messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system?
somatic
When someone tickles you, the tickling sensation will be carried by neurons that are part of the
somatic nervous system
what kind of receptors detect pain, warmth and cold?
somatosensory
2. The sensory aspect of pain activates the _____ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the _____ cortex.
somatosensory, cingulate
2. The miracle of miracle berries is that after eating them:
sour substances can taste sweet
Taste receptors which operate by closing potassium channels are those signaling:
sour tastes
There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.
spatial
A person's circadian activity cycle would most likely drift out of phase with the activity of other people if the person ____.
spends a period of time in seclusion, away from sunlight
Typically, a person who falls asleep enter ___.
stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2,3 and 4 in order
What is also known as the slow-wave sleep?
stages 3 and 4
Brain cells that are neither neuron nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called ____.
stem cells
Children with strabismus fail to develop:
stereoscopic depth perception
After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body:
still has rhythms, but they are less consistent
Ghrelin is associated with ___ in the periphery and ___ in the brain.
stomach contractions, excitation of the arcuate nucleus
Anterograde amnesia is to ___ as retrograde amnesia is to ___.
storing new memories; memories of the past
Slow and continuous stretching exercises could relax a muslce by:
stretching the muscle spindle organs
2. What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?
substance P
What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?
substance P
3. Someone shows symptoms resembling schizophrenia, especially the positive symptoms schizophrenic. Which of the following disorders is most likely?
substance-induced psychotic disorder
In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?
substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
What is narcolepsy?
sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ___ prepare for a movement sending messages to the primary motor cortex.
supplementary motor cortex
Many femal mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden:
surge in prolactin and oxytocin.
which part of nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight activities?
sympathetic
3. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for intense, vigorous, emergency activity is the:
sympathetic nervous system
You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your ___.
sympathetic nervous system
Specialized junctions between nuerons are called:
synapses
A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation o the middle finger. After amputation of that finger, it begins responding to the second and fourth finger, which action is most likely to account for this?
synaptic reorganization
One currently popular hypothesis about the binding problem is that binding depends on
synchronized activity in different brain areas
1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of chemical events at a synapse?
synthesis, transport, release, reuptake
whcih lobe seems to be especially involved int eh comprehension of spoken language in humans?
temporal
Male aggressive behaviour depends heavily on ___.
testosterone
When woman think about sex or anticipate having sex, their ___ levels increase temporarily.
testosterone
2. The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the:
thalamus
If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:
that segment and all segments below it.
Neurons sodium gates are firmly closed and membrane cannot produce an action potential during
the absolute refractory period
1. What determines the effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic neurons
the actions of receptors of the postsynaptic membrane
2. The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also:
the approximate age of onset
1. An electroencephalograph measures
the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain
An electroencephalograph measures___
the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain
which part of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?
the caudate nucleus, putamen and globes pallidus
Which part of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's Disease?
the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallidus
2. Suppose light strikes a row of visual receptors, cells 1-20. Of the bipolar cells connected to those 20 cells, the ones that will experience the LEAST lateral inhibition are those connected to:
the cells on the edges (1 and 20)
An animal that eats an unfamiliar food and then becomes ill develops a conditioned taste aversion. One feature of this type of learning that sets it apart from many other examples of learning is that:
the conditioning occurs even if the illness comes hours after the food.
Most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain?
the contralateral side
Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on____.
the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objets are continuously changed.
According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on:
the hypothalamus.
After damage to the cerebellar cortext, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test?
the initial rapid movement to the nose
What structure is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another?
the membrane
Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because:
the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic.
Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of___
the occipital cortex
Which of the following is gray matter?
the outer surfaces of the cerebral cortex.
Lashley's term "engram" refers to ____.
the physical representation of learning
According to research on visual development in animals, probably the best way to treat amblypia is to cover:
the strong eye for a period of time early in life
What is meant by "suppressed vision during eye movements"?
the visual cortex actually "shuts down" while the eyes are moving
2. Brain imaging studies of blind people suggest that they have greater attention to touch and auditory stimulation because:
their visual cortex is used for touch and verbal tasks
Which of the following would a person with conductive deafness be able to hear better than a person with nerve deafness?
themselves talking
Why do humans suffer from sleepiness, decreased muscles activity and decreased sex drive during illness?
they are useful ways of conserving energy while the body is attacking the illness
What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?
they block the synthesis of arachidonic acid
What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?
they both connect the two hemispheres
corpus collasum and anterior commissure common?
they both connect the two hemispheres
You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because:
they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron.
The following is NOT true about astrocytes (they wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons, they help synchronize the activity of aeons, they remove waste material)
they make up the myelin sheaths in the periphery body
What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome?
thiamine
2. Which axons will regenerate will regenerate to a significant degree if cut or crushed?
those in the peripheral nervous system but not in the central nervous system
The sodium potassium pump repeatedly transport___ sodium ions out of the cell while drawing__ potassium ions into it
three, two
How is it possible to prevent intellectual disabilities that are generally associated with PKU?
through diet
Cerebellum it to ___ as basal ganglia is to ___
timing; voluntary movements
2. In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages:
to bipolar cells within the retina
If you stare at a waterfall long enough to fatigue feature-detector neurons resonsive to downward motion, then look at the rocks and trees next to the waterfall, how will the rocks and trees appear?
to move upward
A recent hypothesis proposed that the role of REM is:
to shake the eyeballs back and forth in order to get sufficient oxygen to the corneas of the eyes
If a cell in a given column responds to touch on the person's right toe, then another cell in the same column would respond to:
touch on the right toe
1. Prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in the U.S. in an attempt to
treat severe psychiatric disorders
Prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in the United States in an attempt to:
treat severe psychiatric disorders.
3. Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by preventing the PREsynaptic neuron from reabsorbing serotonin and catecholamines after releasing them?
tricyclics
2. Parkinson's symptoms usually don't appear until at least 70-80% of the substantia nigra neurons have died. (true or false)
true
The eardrum is also known as the:
tympanic membrane
A delusion is a (n)
unfounded belief
How much alcohol can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects in her child?
unknown, and therefore abstention is recommended
What is steroscopic depth perception?
using differences in what each eye sees to asses distance
Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?
vasopressin
2. Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?
ventromedial
Animals eat more frequent (but normal size) meals after damage to the ___. They eat larger meals (but at normal frequency) after damage to the ___.
ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus
2. Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?
ventromedial tract
The presynaptic terminal stores high concentration of neurotransmitter molecules in_____.
vesicles
An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:
visual agnosia
2. Which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses?
visually tracking an object while dancing
Mirror neutrons are active when
watching others perform movements
Which chemicals flow most freely across a cell membrane?
water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Symptoms of myasthenia gravis inclue:
weakness and rapid fatigue of skeletal movements.
When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in humans?
well before birth
A normal, healthy animal never contracts the flexor muscles and the extensor muscles of the same leg at the same time. Why not?
when the interneuron sends excitatory messages to one, inhibitory messages go in the other
1. In a brain lesion study, the dependent variable would be:
whether the lesion affects behavior or not
Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder differ with respect to:
whether they include full-blown manic phases
People with posterior parietal damage:
will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it.
Which of the following statements about nerve deafness is FALSE?
with surgical treatment it is possible to regain normal hearing
Computerized axial tomography creates an image from ____.
x-rays
Which of the following is an example of a motor program in a human?
yawning
If you are a supertaster, then:
you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes
If you are a supertaster, then:
you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes.
Which of the following mate-selection preferences is stronger for men than for women?
youthfulness
What is one impediment to the regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system?
(large amount of scar tissues) glia releasing chemicals that inhibit axon growth
During an early sensitive period, a mammal is expose to only low levels of both androgen (such as testosterone) and estrogen (such as estradiol). How will its external genital anatomy appear?
- about like that of a normal female
1. As discussed in lecture, the heritability score for having two legs (in humans) is ______ in many groups of individuals
0
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
12
3. Which of the following people would be most alert when watching a late-night movie?
20 year old
The concordance rate for schizophrenia is around ___ percent for monozygotic twins.
50
3. The concordance rate for schizophrenia is around ______ percent for monozygotic twins.
50%
1. What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?
75%
2. Having a song that you repeatedly sing to yourself through out the day is most likely to activate which of the following brain areas?
A 1
2. What is apoptosis?
A program of "suicide" by a neuron
If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop:
Alzheimer's disease.
What is the intensity of a sound wave called?
Amplitude
Why is the Aplasia such a popular animal of single-cell studies of learning?
Aplysia have neurons that are virtually identical from one individual to another.
Through what mechanism does insulin affect appetite? A It enables stored nutrients to enter the blood stream. B It enables glucose in the blood stream to enter the cells. C It converts other nutrients into glucose. D It converts glucose into other nutrients.
B It enables glucose in the blood stream to enter the cells.
Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruder's antigen?
B cell
What deficits does a person suffer after damage to the striate cortex in the occipital lobe?
Blindness
1. Why do cocaine and amphetamine produce similar effects?
Both increase the presence of dopamine in the synapses
An animal refuses food and loses weight after damage to which part of the hypothalamus? A suprachiasmatic nucleus B ventromedial hypothalamus C lateral hypothalamus D paraventricular nucleus.
C lateral hypothalamus
3. When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?
CCK
Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in one nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the "master area" for control of appetite. That area is the: A suprachiasmatic nucleus. B sexually dimorphic nucleus. C solitary nucleus D arcuate nucleus
D arcuate nucleus
During sleep, what happens in the brain? A cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons B increased firing by dopamine neurons C decreased firing by dopamine neurons D increased firing by GABA neurons
D increased firing by GABA neurons
For most obese individuals, giving them leptin would: A decrease appetite. B increase appetite. C increase sensitivity to leptin. D produce little effect.
D produce little effect.
Ordinarily, which of the following is the most important mechanism for ending a meal? A the amount of glucose in the blood B the amount of leptin reaching the brain C the amount of insulin reaching the brain D sensations from the stomach
D sensations from the stomach
Evoked potentials in the brain are more likely to be detected by a(n)__
EEG
It is possible to determine a person's stage of sleep through which kinds of monitoring?
EEG and eye movements
1. According to biologist Ray Coppinger, dogs have smaller teeth than wolves because:
Early dogs relied more on human trash than killing for food
2. Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle. (true or false)
False
2. Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis. (true or false)
False
A person with prosopagnosia can not recognize voices. T/F
False
A species that has a high rod to cone ratio is more likely to be active during the day. T/F
False
Adaptation occurs quickly to pheromones. T/F
False
After surgery, split-brain patients have impaired intellece and motivation. T/F
False
Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment. T/F
False
Anorexia is a problem of lack of appetite. T/F
False
Brains of male homosexuals are completely identical to brains of female heterosexuals. T/F
False
Dyslexia is a problem with producing speech. T/F
False
In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time. T/F
False
Most chemicals can easily cross the cell membrance of a neuron T/F
False
Once the brain is fully developed, the anatomy of the brain is unchanging. T/F
False
Opiates work at the pain receptors in the skin. T/F
False
Shapes are more easily identified with peripheral vision than foveal vision. T/F
False
The developing infant brain is highly resistant to damage. T/F
False
The number of neurons in the brain is continually increasing throughout life. T/F
False
The pattern of physiological reactions for each emotion are easily distinguishable by the person who is experiencing them. T/F
False
3. Children with a rare condition called ______ are unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile.
Fregoli syndrome
2. Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases?
GABA
2. The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
Ganglion cells
2. Alcohol suppresses the release of ______, the brain's main excitatory transmitter.
Glutamate
Stress activates two systems. One is the ___.
HPA axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors.
How do the retinas of predatory birds, such as hawks, differ from the retinas of prey species, such as rat?
Hawks have greater density of receptors on the top half of their retinas than do rats.
1. For a group of individuals, the heritability score for a particular trait = .5. What can be said about the heredity of this trait?
Hereditary differences account for some of the observed differences for this group of individuals
2. What is a physiological explanation for why most of us are good at recognizing faces?
Humans have a specialized part of the ventral stream just for faces
2. Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?
If a neuron does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies.
In what way does infant vision differ from adult vision?
Infants have trouble shifting their attention away from visual stimui
2. If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?
It could chase prey only over short distances
What happens to a virus that manages to cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain?
It stays in the nervous system throughout the person's life.
Which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?
Keeping the room light when you need to stay awake
2. What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease?
L-dopa
What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease?
L-dopa
2. Which somatosensory receptor would be most useful for reading Braille?
Merkel's disks
A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ___.
Morris Water Maze
What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?
Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion
1. Which of the following methods is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure brain activity?
PET
REM sleep is associated with___.
PGO waves in the brain
Experiencing nightmares about a traumatic event, avoiding reminders of it, and exaggerated startle response are symptoms of:
PTSD.
2. The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of:
Parkinson's disease
____ prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
Progesterone
2. The function of neurotrophins is to:
Promote survival of axons
Research suggests that ___ sleep is most important for strengthening memories of motor skills.
REM
What is synonymous with paradoxical sleep?
REM sleep
2. In what order does visual information (as action potentials, not light) pass through the retina?
Receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
What type of glial cells myeline accords in the brain and spinal cord?
Schwann cells **
New neurons have been found to grow in olfactory receptros, the hippocampus of birds, the hippocampus of mammals, but not in the:
Spinal cord of mammals
Since 1968, all animal research in Canada has been governed by:
The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
2. If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?
The fibers grow back and attach to their original targets, resulting in normal in normal vision
3. Why will taking a melatonin pill in the evening have little effect on sleepiness?
The peineal gland produces melatonin at that time anyway
Why will taking a melatonin pill in the evening have little effect on sleepiness?
The pineal gland produces melatonin at that time anyway.
1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding Belyaev's domestication of the silver fox project?
The project failed to produce valuable fur foxes, because undesirable white spots appeared on tame foxes' coats.
2. "Blindsight" (according to one explanation) is apparently mediated by which structure?
The superior colliculus
1. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe?
The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron.
How is olfactory information coded in receptor cells?
There are hundreds of types of receptor molecules, each responsive to a different chemical
What is unusual about olfactory receptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?
They are replaceable when old neurons die
3. What do the drugs valproate and caramazepine share in common with lithium?
They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid
What do toothpaste, miracle berries, and Gymnema sylvestre have in common?
They modify taste perception
2. According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?
Three kinds of cones
Which one of Sherrington's inferences about the synapse was WRONG?
Transmission at the synapse is primarily an electrical process.
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as jet lag. T/F
True
A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is confabulation, in which patients guess to fill in memory gaps. T/F
True
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an antagonist. T/F
True
A study found that depressed people showed an increased response to facial expressions of fear, and a decreased response to happy expressions. T/F
True
According to the law of specific nerve energies, any stimulation of the auditory nerve is perceived as sound. T/F (Not: a single nerve can convey either auditory or visual information; each sensory system has a unique electrical charge; if one sensory system becomes inactive, others will compensate)
True
An efferent axon carries information away from a structure T/F
True
At synapses, the cell that delivers the message is called the presynaptic neuron. T/F
True
Auditory receptors are called hair cells. T/F
True
Axons are covered with an insulating material called a myelin sheath T/F
True
For more than 95% of right-handed people, the left hemisphere is strongly dominant for speech. T/F
True
In humans as in other species, the visual cortex is more plastic early in life. T/F
True
Most of the vigorous emotional behaviors we observe in animals fall into the categories of attack and escape. T/F
True
Narcolepsy is a condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepingess during the day. T/F
True
Neurons are distinguished from other cells by their shape T/F
True
Neurons receive information and transmit it to other cells T/F
True
Neurotransmitter levels in the brain can be affected by changes in diet. T/F
True
People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move. T/F
True
Proliferation is the production of new cells. T/F
True
Taste receptors are continually being replaced. T/F
True
The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity. T/F
True
The cingulate cortex becomes more reactive in response to the emotional aspect of pain. T/F
True
The most common cause of brain damage in children is closed head injury. T/F
True
The most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs are the benzodiazepines. T/F
True
The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus. T/F
True
The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of alcohol intoxication. T/F
True
2. Visual imagery is to _____, as auditory imagery is to _____.
V1, A1
One majore difference between olfaction and VNO receptors is that:
VNO receptors do not adapt
When a newborn baby is found to be intersexed, how have most authorities over the past few decades recommended raising the child?
When in doubt, call the child female.
Which of the following is a rare condition in which people are retarded in many ways, but yet are remarkably skilled in their use of language?
Williams syndrome
Which of the following statements about nerve deafness if FALSE? It can be caused by inadequate oxygen to the brain at birth; Hearing aids can compensate for some of the hearing loss; Prolonged exposure to loud noise is one of the most causes; With surgical treament it is possible to regain normal hearing.
With surgical treatment it is possible to regain normal hearing.
Which pair of sex chromosomes is found in a normal male mamma?
XY
Living in a submarine with constant faint light would most likely result in:
a circadian rhythm that is relatively constant and not reset by external cues.
3. A polysomnograph displays:
a combination of EEG and eye-movement records
A polysomnograph displays:
a combination of EEG and eye-movement records
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
What would cause a male mammal to develop an anatomy that looks like a female?
a deficit of testosterone during an early stage of development
Which behaviour is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?
a dog shaking itself to dry off
What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?
a high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
One possible cause of PMS relates to a problem with:
a hormone metabolite
3. One explanation for narcolepsy in humans is:
a loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus
2. A physician taps you just below the knee to check a reflex that is based on information from which kind of receptor?
a muscle spindle
2. A physician taps you just below the knee to check a reflex that is based on information from which kind of receptors?
a muscle spindle
All-or-none law
a neuron produces an action potential of maximal strength , or none at all
Which effect is likely to result from damage to the amygdala?
a normal startle response, but an absence of learned fear.
One effective technique that seems to help increase the reading skills of dyslexics is one involving the use of:
a special cutout sheet of paper to expose only one word at a time.
What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs? a. Both activate the brain's reinforcement areas. b. Starvation decreases their cravings. c. Both can be relieved with morphine. d. There is nothing in common.
a. Both activate the brain's reinforcement areas.
When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone? a. CCK b. Aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. Prolactin
a. CCK
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality? a. Hypnagogic hallucinations b. Idiopathic hallucinations c. Occipital illusions d. Pseudo-psychedelic visions
a. Hypnagogic hallucinations
Which of the following has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness? a. Narcolepsy b. Sleep apnea c. REM behavior disorder d. Somnambulism
a. Narcolepsy
An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus? a. Paraventricular b. Lateral c. Preoptic d. Ventromedial
a. Paraventricular
One explanation for narcolepsy in humans is: a. a loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus. b. a genetic loss of basal forebrain neurons. c. swollen tonsils. d. damage to the locus coeruleus.
a. a loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus.
Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in: a. an increase in food seeking behaviors. b. a decrease in food seeking behaviors. c. a decrease in chewing and other reflexes associated with eating. d. damage to dopamine-containing axons passing through it.
a. an increase in food seeking behaviors.
What is the hormone released by the posterior pituitary that causes your kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water? a. antidiuretic hormone b. insulin c. luteinizing hormone d. oxytocin
a. antidiuretic hormone
After cutting each of the individual tracts that enter the medulla and spinal cord, depriving the brain of almost all sensory input, an animal: a. continues to have periods of wakefulness and sleep. b. stops sleeping. c. goes into a coma. d. enters a prolonged state of sleep.
a. continues to have periods of wakefulness and sleep.
People with REM sleep disorder most likely have: a. damage in the pons and midbrain. b. damage to areas of the brain that normally produce movements during REM. c. restricted oxygen intake during sleep due to factors associated with obesity. d. abnormally high levels of serotonin in the brain.
a. damage in the pons and midbrain.
After a lesion to the lateral preoptic area, a rat would react to an increase in sodium levels by: a. drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine. b. drinking more and excreting a great deal of dilute urine. c. increasing its activity level without changing the amount it drinks. d. sweating profusely, but not drinking much.
a. drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine.
Animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus gain weight: a. even if they eat the same amount as a normal animal. b. in spite of high activity levels. c. only if they have access to unlimited water supplies. d. only if they eat a small number of very large meals per day.
a. even if they eat the same amount as a normal animal.
Which of the following behaviors would be most affected by damage to the cell bodies of the lateral hypothalamus? a. feeding behavior b. sexual behavior c. osmotic thirst d. memory
a. feeding behavior
In the lateral hypothalamus, cell bodies are to ____ as axons passing through are to ____. a. feeding; overall activity b. feeding; drinking c. overall arousal; feeding d. drinking; feeding
a. feeding; overall activity
Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH): a. if you are very thirsty. b. shortly after drinking a large glass of water. c. if you are very hungry. d. shortly after eating a large meal.
a. if you are very thirsty.
What is the result of inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by the transmitter neuropeptide Y? a. increased meal size b. decreased meal size c. finicky food selection d. cessation of drinking during meals
a. increased meal size
A couple of paths from the hypothalamus release histamine, thereby: a. increasing arousal. b. initiating sleep. c. shifting sleep from REM to NREM. d. slowing the circadian rhythm.
a. increasing arousal.
A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have: a. interrupted or shortened REM sleep. b. prolonged wakefulness. c. prolonged NREM sleep. d. enhanced dreaming.
a. interrupted or shortened REM sleep.
The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring: a. its own temperature. b. brain temperature. c. heart temperature. d. the temperature of the thalamus.
a. its own temperature.
Rats with damage to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) eat ____ compared to normal rats. a. larger meals b. more frequent meals c. more if the food tastes good and less if it tastes bad d. smaller meals
a. larger meals
In the control of appetite, CCK, leptin, and insulin converge their effects onto hypothalamic cells that release transmitters in the ____ family. a. melanocortin b. endorphin c. acetylcholine d. purine
a. melanocortin
One of the most promising hopes for appetite control drug researchers is the: a. melanocortin receptor. b. cortin receptor. c. melan receptor. d. agoutin receptor.
a. melanocortin receptor.
Axons from the locus coeruleus release ____ widely throughout the cortex. a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. dopamine d. serotonin
a. norepinephrine
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases: a. norepinephrine. b. acetylcholine. c. dopamine. d. serotonin.
a. norepinephrine.
After a period of sleep deprivation, PGO waves begin to: a. occur during sleep stages 2-4 and wakefulness. b. decrease in intensity. c. reverse their sequence of brain activity. d. cause sleep paralysis during waking.
a. occur during sleep stages 2-4 and wakefulness.
The SCN is located just above the: a. optic chiasm. b. thalamus. c. hypothalamus. d. visual cortex.
a. optic chiasm.
After damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus, animals are more likely to: a. overeat and gain weight. b. refuse food and lose weight. c. produce low levels of the hormone CCK. d. be slow in their digestion.
a. overeat and gain weight.
Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size. a. paraventricular nucleus b. lateral hypothalamus c. OVLT d. ventromedial hypothalamus
a. paraventricular nucleus
Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids. a. phenylalanine b. melatonin c. lactose d. glucose
a. phenylalanine
What are two reasons why animals with ventromedial hypothalamic damage overeat? a. rapid stomach emptying and high insulin levels b. high CCK levels and under-responsiveness to tastes c. decreased thirst and lack of facial muscle fatigue d. decreased body temperature and increased levels of digestive juices
a. rapid stomach emptying and high insulin levels
The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from: a. receptors around the third ventricle. b. the blood-brain barrier. c. the subfornical organ. d. thalamus.
a. receptors around the third ventricle.
The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain. a. reticular formation b. tectum c. tegmentum d. thalamus
a. reticular formation
The retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the: a. retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light. b. occipital cortex. c. SCN. d. LGN.
a. retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light.
The EEG record for REM sleep is most similar to which other sleep stage? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4
a. stage 1
Which of the following structures is NOT a brain structure of arousal and attention? a. suprachiasmatic nucleus b. reticular formation c. locus coeruleus d. raphe nuclei
a. suprachiasmatic nucleus
The splanchnic nerves convey information about: a. the nutrient contents of the stomach. b. discomfort in the stomach. c. satiety. d. thirst.
a. the nutrient contents of the stomach.
Specialized neurons for detecting osmotic pressure are found in the brain areas surrounding which structure? a. third ventricle b. nucleus dorsalis c. pituitary gland d. Hypothalamus
a. third ventricle
Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water? a. vasopressin b. prolactin c. thymosin d. ACTH
a. vasopressin
According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, schizophrenia develops as a result of:
abnormalities in prenatal or neonatal development.
At what point on the menstrual cycle, if any, are woman who are on birth-control most likely to initiate sexual activity?**
about midway between the two menstrual periods**
What will cause a muscle to relax?
absence of acetylcholine
The large intestine___.
absorbs water and minerals
1. Nicotine directly stimulates receptors in the central nervous system and at nerve-muscle junctions. These nicotine receptors are also receptors for which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
3. It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from:
acting out our dreams
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cords is to prevent us from:
acting out our dreams.
Suppose we applied a drug to a neuron that caused its sodium gates to suddenly open wide? What would happen?
action potential
3. Julie had her tomcat neutered in the hopes that this would prevent him from spraying her furniture with urine. She reasoned that marking his territory was related to testosterone. Fortunately for Julie, the urine marking stopped a few weeks after the surgery. Apparently, testosterone exerts _______ effects on territory marking in male cats (or at least in this particular cat).
activating
3. Those who favor chemical castration as a treatment for sex offenders apparently believe that testosterone exerts _______ effects on sexual desire.
activating
2. Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:
activating a protein which causes the relase of a second messenger
Sweetness, bitterness and umami receptors operate by:
activating a protein which causes the release of a second messenger
one reason why people with prefrontal cortex damage may act impulsively is that they have trouble
adjusting their behavior to different contexts
Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?
adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.
The presence of myelin and the diameter of the axon
affect the speed of an action potential
According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotions___.
after we experience autonomic arousal
A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n):
agonist
Many people with schizophrenia have signs of mild brain damage. However, it is uncertain how much of their damage is due to schizophrenia and how much is due to:
alcohol abuse
Studies of individuals at high risk of alcoholism show that___
alcohol decreases stress more for sons of alcoholics than it does for others
Who is most likely to suffer from a thiamine deficiency?
alcoholics
In sham-feeding, animals are____.
allowed to show and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach
With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is:
almost completely inactive-during sleep
An evolutionary psychologist would likely be most interested in studying___.
altruistic behaviour of meerkats
2. When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle is to:
always contract
2. Cells in the retina that provide connections with bipolar and ganglion cells are known as:
amacrine cells
The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are____.
amino acids
Studies on ___ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory.
amnesia
Thus far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with IQ in humans is the ___
amont of great matter
What is a dermatome?
an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
Why is it that every axon in an adult has a target cell (muscle cell or other neuron) with which it makes synaptic contact?
an axon will make contact with any kind of cell an adjust its function as necessary
What is "specific anosmia"?
an inability to smell a particular substance
Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in ____.
an increase i food seeking behaviours
3. Aldestrone triggers:
an increased preference for salty tastes
A startle relex occurs in response to____.
an unexpected loud noise
Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibres result in fatigue because the process is ___
anaerobic
Sex differences are to ___ as gender differences are to____.
anatomy; behaviour
"Male hormones" are referred to as:_____
androgens
Two major classes of sex hormones are:
androgens and estrogens
What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?
animal's activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n)____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n) _____.
antagonist; agonist
1. If a drug has high affinity and low efficacy, what effect does it have on the postsynaptic neuron?
antagonistic
The sexual dimorphic nucleus is part of the:
anterior hypothalamus
Follicle-stimulating hormone is released by the
anterior pituitary
Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attacking to one kind of antigen are____.
antibodies
Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are:
antibodies.
Startle responses are greater when a person is___.
anxious
A loss of language ability, in general, is referred to as:
aphasia
2. The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to:
apoptosis
Which of the following would produce a hyper polarization of a neuron?
applying a negative charge inside the huron with a micro electrode
Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the ___.
arcuate nucleus
Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the____.
arcuate nucleus
Dendrites
are branching fibres that get narrower near their ends
2. In hemorrhage, cells in the penumbra:
are flooded with excess oxygen
The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams:
are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep.
Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that____.
are the same as the temperature of their environments.
Lateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the ____.
arms, hands, and toes
The process of ___ changes testosterone into estradiol.
aromatization
3. The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak:
around the time of ovulation
The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak:
around the time of ovulation
Sympathetic is to ______ as parasympathetic is to______
arousal; relaxation
Childhood-onset schizophrenia is:
associated with identifiable genetic abnormalities.
It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for____.
associative learning
2. The human condition that corresponds closest to what kittens experience when raised in an environment of only horizontal or vertical lines is:
astigmatism
Astigmatism refers to the:
asymmetric curvature of eyes
2. Low frequencies tones produce maximum displacement:
at the apex of the basilar membrane
If a hamster in its home territory, attacks an intruder, what will the hamster do if a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?
attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously
The general function of working memory is to ____
attend to and operate on current information
The general function of working memory is to:
attend to and operate on current information.
The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for:
attention
The amount and duration of activation of V1 neurons is most closely associated with the
attention given to the stimulus
People with dyslexia have ____ problems.
auditory
The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex is the primary target for which kind of sensory information?
auditory
1. Together, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system make up the _____ nervous system.
autonomic
Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggests that:
autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion.
What does cataplexy involve? a. Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality b. An attack of muscle weakness while awake c. A lack of inhibition of movement during REM sleep d. Repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep
b. An attack of muscle weakness while awake
What is the result of electrical stimulation to the reticular formation? a. Sudden onset of sleep b. Increased alertness c. Coma d. Hallucinations
b. Increased alertness
During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles. a. wakefulness b. REM sleep c. NREM sleep d. transition from wakefulness to sleep or sleep to wakefulness
b. REM sleep
Which of the following is NOT true regarding hibernation and sleep? a. They conserve energy. b. They increase body temperature. c. They lower body temperature. d. They increase during times of food shortages.
b. They increase body temperature.
Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing: a. norepinephrine. b. acetylcholine. c. dopamine. d. serotonin.
b. acetylcholine.
Aldosterone triggers: a. conservation of water. b. an increased preference for salty tastes. c. excretion of sodium. d. a decreased preference for salty tastes.
b. an increased preference for salty tastes.
Variations in insulin level alter hunger by changing the: a. rate of emptying by the stomach. b. availability of glucose to the cells. c. sensitivity of the taste buds. d. ability of CCK to cross the blood-brain barrier.
b. availability of glucose to the cells.
"Fen-Phen", an appetite suppressant drug, acts by ____ serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. a. stimulating release of b. blocking reuptake of c. blocking receptors for d. breaking down
b. blocking reuptake of
Leptin is produced by: a. the paraventricular nucleus. b. body fat. c. neuropeptide Y. d. orexin A.
b. body fat.
A cycle of food-deprivation following by overeating characterizes: a. anorexia. b. bulimia. c. bipolar disorder. d. obesity.
b. bulimia.
What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have? a. increased storage of food as fat b. constriction of blood vessels c. decreased emptying of the stomach d. increased growth of the gonads
b. constriction of blood vessels
Which of the following would result in an increase in body weight? a. chronically low insulin levels b. damage to the paraventricular nucleus c. damage to the lateral hypothalamus d. stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus
b. damage to the paraventricular nucleus
The effect of an injection of a drug that blocks angiotensin II receptors would be: a. decreased hunger. b. decreased drinking. c. increased drinking. d. increased blood pressure.
b. decreased drinking.
Research on rats has demonstrated similarities between bulimia and: a. Parkinson's disease. b. drug addiction. c. bipolar disorder. d. epilepsy.
b. drug addiction.
On average, people with bulimia show a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including increased production of ____. a. insulin b. ghrelin c. dopamine d. orlistat
b. ghrelin
Drugs that are used to control narcolepsy also tend to produce what other effects? a. uncontrollable hand tremors and facial tics b. increased wakefulness c. reduction of sympathetic arousal d. relief from the symptoms of schizophrenia
b. increased wakefulness
Which hormonal levels fluctuate when people are eating, or getting ready to eat? a. insulin levels fall b. insulin levels rise c. CCK levels rise d. CCK levels fall
b. insulin levels rise
The ____ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion. a. occipital cortex b. lateral hypothalamus c. medial part of the hypothalamus d. pineal gland
b. lateral hypothalamus
An animal has trouble digesting its food after damage to the: a. occipital cortex. b. lateral hypothalamus. c. medial part of the hypothalamus. d. pineal gland.
b. lateral hypothalamus.
Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter often have been found in bulimics? a. lower-than-normal levels of peptide YY b. lower-than-normal levels of CCK c. higher-than-normal levels of serotonin d. increased receptor sensitivity for serotonin
b. lower-than-normal levels of CCK
Mice that lack orexin have difficulty: a. breathing at night. b. maintaining wakefulness. c. sleeping. d. waking up.
b. maintaining wakefulness.
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to: a. sleep apnea. b. narcolepsy. c. insomnia. d. periodic limb movement disorder.
b. narcolepsy.
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because: a. the EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases. b. neurons are becoming more synchronized. c. neurons are becoming more desynchronized. d. blood flow is increasing.
b. neurons are becoming more synchronized.
The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is: a. the single, critical system in arousing the cortex. b. only one of several systems involved in arousal. c. activated only by external stimuli. d. activated only by internal stimuli.
b. only one of several systems involved in arousal.
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the: a. tectomesencephalon b. pontomesencephalon c. corticomesencephalon d. rubromesencephalon
b. pontomesencephalon
The physiological changes that defend body temperature are mainly controlled by the: a. pineal body and preoptic area. b. preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus. c. parietal cortex and hypothalamus. d. preoptic area and posterior hypothalamus.
b. preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus.
Blood vessel constriction, shivering, and sweating are controlled by which area of the brain? a. pineal body b. preoptic area of the hypothalamus c. parietal cortex d. cerebellum
b. preoptic area of the hypothalamus
When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it: a. leads to extreme undereating. b. produces extreme overeating. c. depletes fat stores. d. interferes with digestion.
b. produces extreme overeating.
The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering: a. blood pressure. b. production of proteins. c. action potential velocity. d. axon myelination.
b. production of proteins.
One way by which food in the duodenum inhibits appetite is by: a. inhibiting the release of CCK. b. releasing CCK. c. breaking down CCK into inactive components. d. releasing glucagon.
b. releasing CCK.
The retinohypothalamic path extends directly from the: a. SCN to the hypothalamus. b. retina to the SCN. c. hypothalamus to the SCN. d. retina to the cortex.
b. retina to the SCN.
A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ extends directly from the retina to the SCN. a. opticthalamic path b. retinohypothalamic path c. opticretinal path d. retinothalamic path
b. retinohypothalamic path
CCK, insulin, and leptin provide input to the ____ neurons in the ____ nucleus. a. satiety-sensitive, paraventricular b. satiety-sensitive, arcuate c. hunger-sensitive, arcuate d. hunger-sensitive, paraventricular
b. satiety-sensitive, arcuate
Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to: a. hunger. b. satiety. c. thirst. d. overeating.
b. satiety.
Alteration of the per gene in humans is associated with: a. prolonged circadian rhythms. b. shortened circadian rhythms. c. absence of circadian rhythms. d. narcolepsy.
b. shortened circadian rhythms.
Another aspect of sleep's contribution to memory relates to: a. delta waves b. sleep spindles. c. alpha waves. d. PKO spikes.
b. sleep spindles.
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4
b. stage 2
The rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin is under the control of the: a. lateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus. b. supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. c. subfornical organ. d. thalamus.
b. supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
Neurons in the arcuate nucleus would be most excited by: a. bitter food. b. tasty food. c. leptin. d. CCK.
b. tasty food.
The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of: a. CCK. b. the liver. c. the thyroid gland. d. the gall bladder.
b. the liver.
Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of: a. renin. b. vasopressin. c. angiotensinogen. d. prostaglandins.
b. vasopressin.
Animals eat more frequent (but normal size) meals after damage to the ____. They eat larger meals (but at normal frequency) after damage to the ____. a. paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus b. ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus c. lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus d. paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus
b. ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus
Under what condition does orexin motivate animals to eat? a. right after a meal b. when approaching starvation c. in the mornings d. when insulin levels are high
b. when approaching starvation
What is the shape of the receptive field to whcih a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
bar in particular orientation
Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Hungington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?
basal ganglia
Many cells in the amygdala get input from sensory modalities, especially the ____ nuclei.
basolateral and central
Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with____.
behavioural activation
3. A person who has developed a tolerance to alcohol is likely to show a cross-tolerance to:
benzodiazepines
To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug:
binds to that receptor
Across species, it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to:
biologically useful stimuli
The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the:
blind spot
Damage to V1 produces ___ and damage to A1 produces___
blindness, deafness to complex sounds
Drugs which prevent testosterone from being aromatized to estradiol will:
block the organizing effects of testosterone on sexual development of the brain
2. The current view of how endorphins decrease the experience of pain is that they:
block the release of substance P
Which of the following is an effect of most antipsychotic drugs?
blockage of dopamine receptors
Leptin is produced by___.
body fat
Each spinal nerve has
both a sensory and a motor component
What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs?
both activate the brain's reinforcement areas
1. When a membrane is at rest, what attracts sodium ions to the inside of the cell?
both an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to ECT in that:
both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why.
2. Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that:
brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious decisions
What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
3. A search for the happiness center in the brain is unlikely to be successful because:
brain areas associated with particular emotions vary considerably
Much of the biological psychology concerns
brain functioning
In what way is a rat with damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus similar to a starving animal? a. Both will eat a large amount of whatever food is available, regardless of its taste. b. Both empty food out of their stomachs at a rate that is slower than normal. c. Both have low levels of fuel available to its cells. d. Both go through long periods of refusing to eat.
c. Both have low levels of fuel available to its cells.
What happens when insulin levels are high? a. Fat supplies are converted to glucose, which enters the blood. b. Fat supplies are depleted. c. Glucose entry into the cells increases. d. The sphincter muscle between the stomach and the duodenum opens.
c. Glucose entry into the cells increases.
____ signals the brain about the body's fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of whether meals have been too large or too small. a. Renin b. Insulin c. Leptin d. Glucagon
c. Leptin
Why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating? a. Glucose leaves the blood to be stored as fat. b. Fat supplies are being rapidly converted to glucose. c. Little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel. d. Activity of the taste buds is directly enhanced.
c. Little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel.
After isolating a neuron from the rest of the brain, you find that it has a moderately stable circadian rhythm. The most likely home of this neuron is in the: a. optic nerve. b. MPOA. c. SCN. d. pineal gland.
c. SCN.
What happens when blood levels of insulin are extremely low? a. Glucose leaves the blood to be stored as fat. b. Appetite is low. c. There is excess glucose in the blood, but it cannot enter the cells. d. The brain shifts to proteins as its main source of fuel.
c. There is excess glucose in the blood, but it cannot enter the cells.
What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little? a. They are constantly active and over-responsive to sensory stimuli. b. All the food they eat is immediately converted into fat storage. c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food. d. They have low levels of blood sugar.
c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food.
Dreams begin with arousing stimuli, whether generated from the external or internal environment, according to which hypothesis/theory? a. Freud's theory of dreams b. the repair and restoration theory c. a clinico-anatomical hypothesis d. the evolutionary theory
c. a clinico-anatomical hypothesis
By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach? a. Hormones b. activity of the vagus nerve c. activity of the splanchnic nerves d. the duodenum
c. activity of the splanchnic nerves
With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is: a. very active during sleep. b. active when the pontomesencephalon is not. c. almost completely inactive during sleep. d. instrumental in waking us up.
c. almost completely inactive during sleep.
Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the: a. paraventricular nucleus. b. ventromedial hypothalamus. c. arcuate nucleus. d. lateral preoptic area.
c. arcuate nucleus.
Sibutramine affects weight gain by: a. stimulating dopamine release. b. inhibiting dopamine release. c. blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. d. inhibiting serotonin and norepinephrine.
c. blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it: a. speeds up the digestive processes in the intestines. b. increases the rate at which glucose enters the cells of the body. c. causes the stomach to fill more quickly. d. facilitates the emptying of the stomach.
c. causes the stomach to fill more quickly.
Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by: a. lowering body temperature, increasing the need for nutrition. b. preventing glucose from entering the cells. c. causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat. d. directly altering the responses of the taste buds.
c. causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat.
The hormone aldosterone results in the: a. conservation of water. b. excretion of sodium. c. conservation of sodium. d. decreased preference for salty tastes.
c. conservation of sodium.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to: a. convert glucose to glycogen. b. store glucose. c. convert glycogen to glucose. d. decrease blood glucose levels.
c. convert glycogen to glucose.
In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called: a. leptin. b. cholecystokinin. c. cytokines. d. insulin.
c. cytokines.
A drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors would most likely: a. increase meal frequency. b. increase leptin production. c. decrease meal size. d. increase meal size.
c. decrease meal size.
An injection of CCK will: a. increase sodium preferences. b. lead to a preference for fatty foods. c. decrease the size of the next meal. d. cause increased storage of food as fats.
c. decrease the size of the next meal.
What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed? a. waking up frequently during the night b. having problems going to sleep after losing your job c. difficulty falling asleep d. not breathing during the night
c. difficulty falling asleep
The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control: a. CCK levels. b. hunger. c. drinking. d. vasopressin levels.
c. drinking.
The first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients is the: a. mouth. b. stomach. c. duodenum. d. vagus.
c. duodenum.
. When does sleep walking occur? a. only during REM sleep b. only during NREM sleep c. during both stage 3 and 4 sleep d. during the brief transition period between REM sleep and non-REM sleep
c. during both stage 3 and 4 sleep
After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals: a. show normal osmotic thirst but not hypovolemic thirst. b. show normal hypovolemic thirst but not osmotic thirst. c. eat less. d. eat more.
c. eat less.
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to: a. eating the same amount; there are no changes. b. eating less. c. eating more when presented with a normal or sweetened diet. d. becoming less finicky about what they eat.
c. eating more when presented with a normal or sweetened diet.
After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal: a. stops sleeping. b. sleeps a normal amount per day, but lacks REM sleep. c. enters a prolonged state of sleep. d. alternates rapidly between sleep and wakefulness.
c. enters a prolonged state of sleep.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to covert ____ to ____. a. glucose; glycogen b. glucose; insulin c. glycogen; glucose d. insulin; glycogen
c. glycogen; glucose
What insulin levels would we expect to find when an animal is putting on extra fat in preparation for migration or hibernation? a. very low, as in diabetes b. normal c. high d. unstable and rapidly fluctuating
c. high
Which of the following would lead to eating a larger than normal meal? a. increasing leptin levels b. decreasing NPY levels c. increasing NPY levels d. damaging the lateral hypothalamus
c. increasing NPY levels
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones is known as: a. circashift. b. phaselag. c. jetlag. d. zeitgeber.
c. jetlag.
Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the: a. preoptic area. b. ventromedial hypothalamus. c. lateral hypothalamus. d. baroreceptors.
c. lateral hypothalamus.
Increasing tryptophan helps the brain produce ____, which induces sleepiness. a. glucose b. phenylalanine c. melatonin d. lactose
c. melatonin
The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. a. androgen b. melanopsin c. melatonin d. Estrogen
c. melatonin
Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks. a. verbal b. sensory c. memory d. motor
c. memory
An animal with hypovolemic thirst will drink: a. a large volume of pure water. b. only enough to moisten its throat. c. mildly salty water rather than pure water. d. only water with a low pH.
c. mildly salty water rather than pure water.
The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is: a. lateral geniculate nucleus, pons, and occipital cortex. b. occipital cortex, pons, and lateral geniculate nucleus. c. pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex. d. pons, occipital lobe, and lateral geniculate nucleus.
c. pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex.
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of: a. alpha wave sleep. b. stages 1 and 2. c. stages 3 and 4. d. REM sleep.
c. stages 3 and 4.
Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain. a. CCK release, inhibition of the arcuate nucleus b. leptin release, inhibition of the arcuate nucleus c. stomach contractions, excitation of the arcuate nucleus d. stomach distension, excitation of the arcuate nucleus
c. stomach contractions, excitation of the arcuate nucleus
If the duodenum is partly distended and the stomach is not full, rats will: a. continue to eat. b. eat larger meals. c. stop eating. d. drink more.
c. stop eating.
REM sleep has been shown to: a. inhibit sexual arousal. b. interfere with new learning. c. strengthen the formation of new motor skills. d. strengthen memories for new facts.
c. strengthen the formation of new motor skills.
By altering ____, the SCN produces circadian rhythms. a. blood pressure b. action potential velocity c. the production of proteins d. axon myelination
c. the production of proteins
An animal is most likely to eat more frequently and gain weight after damage to the: a. preoptic area. b. areas surrounding the third ventricle. c. ventromedial hypothalamus. d. lateral hypothalamus.
c. ventromedial hypothalamus.
A damaged axon:
can grow back under certain circumstances.
3. The reason individuals who suffer prefrontal cortex damage often make bad decisions is because they:
can't anticipate the unpleasantness of likely outcomes
The heart is to ___ as movement of the body is to ___.
cardiac muscles; striated muscles
Hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior?
care for newborns during the first few days
2. Large-displacement pain fibers:
carry sharp pain information
3. Because of possible parasite exposure, some studies suggest that people who own a _____ are more likely to have children who become schizophrenic.
cat
Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex?
caudate nucleus and putamen
3. Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by:
causing a high percentage of avaiable glucose to be stored as fat
Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by___.
causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat.
Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite:
causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat.
a fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord is called the
central canal
2. A saccade is initiated by impulses from the:
cerebellum
A saccade is initiated by impulses from the___.
cerebellum
Across mammalian species, the most constant structure (in terms of relative size is the:
cerebellum
Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?
cerebellum
The nucleus basalis sends information to the
cerebral cortex
What is contained in the ventricles of the brain?
cerebrospinal fluid
If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity:
certain parts of her hypothalamus would appear anatomically more male than female.
major disadvantage of blood-drain barrier
certain required chemicals must be actively transported
Night terrors are most common in___ during__.
children; NREM sleep
Prior to the 1950's few schizophrenic patients who entered a mental hospital ever left. The discovery most responsible for alleviating that situation was the discovery of:
chlorpromazine.
Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of the following three components:
cognitions, feelings, actions
1. Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals. He did this by:
collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart and measuring that heart rate
Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals by ___.
collecting fruits from a stimulates frog's heart, transferring it to another frogs heart, and measuring that heart rate
An example of a sex-linked trait is
colour vision deficiency
Suppose a given cell in the primary visual cortex has a receptive field shaped like a bar, with no strong inhibitory field at either end of the bar. It can respond to a bar-shaped pattern of light of the correct orientation at any location in its receptive field. What kind of cell is this?
complex
Homeostasis is to ___ as allostasis is to ____.
constant, variable
A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is _____
contains cell bodies and dendrites of neurons
1. If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ______ to each other.
contralateral
If one structure is on the left of the body and another is on the right
contralateral
If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be
contralateral
