Biology 1 EOC 1 Review Questions

ATCAGTGAT A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid. If the DNA sequence shown here goes through transcription and translation, how many amino acids will result from this sequence?

3

Oxygen is a product of photosynthesis. The primary role of this oxygen in cellular respiration is to...

Act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

Which of the following correctly compares the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration produces more than 30 ATP per glucose molecule, while anaerobic produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule and either ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Why does the study of cell membranes lead to better understanding of cell function?

All materials needed for cell functions must pass through the cell membrane.

The sodium - potassium ion pump found in some cell membranes is made of which of the following structural components?

Amino Acids.

Which of the following best compares the structures found in plant cells and animal cells?

Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do.

The diagram below shows the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration and the organelles in which they occur. Which statement describes how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interrelated?

Carbon dioxide and water released by cellular respiration are used in photosynthesis.

To help patients replenish bodily fluids quickly during an illness, doctors need to understand how cells behave in their environment. Doctors have confidence in what they know about how cells behave because...

Cell theory has been tested, refined, and observed to be true over hundreds of years.

Which of the following would be the best way to detect whether someone was infected with a virus, like HIV?

Check for the presence of antibodies in the blood.

What is a primary function of the cell membrane?

Defending against foreign particles.

Which of the following best explains why meiosis results in greater genetic diversity than mitosis?

During meiosis, chromosomes assort themselves independently of each other, which allows for more different possible combinations of chromosomes.

Which of the following best describes how the process of crossing over during meiosis leads to an increase in genetic diversity?

During prophase I, DNA segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes, resulting in different combinations of alleles.

Which statement best compares a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes have few specialized structures.

What are the reactants for cellular respiration?

Glucose and O2.

Which of the following best compares the processes involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place in the mitochondria.

As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed ti a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCI), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCI converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happened to pepsin as it enters the small intestine.

It becomes inactive.

Which of the following correctly explains how crossing over benefits organisms that reproduce sexually?

It increases genetic variation in offspring.

A student is conducting an investigation to determine the effect of temperature on the metabolism of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Yeast and sugar are added to water, the gas produced is captured, and its volume is recorded. Which variables should be held constant during this investigation?

Mass of yeast and mass of sugar.

Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. What do you predict might happen if water had a low specific heat instead?

Organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die.

A population of rodents becomes stranded on a remote island. Eventually, the population reaches the island's carrying capacity. At this point, the birth and death rates are...

Relatively equal.

Scientific law and a scientific theory are similar in that both...

Represent a large amount of scientific investigation and evidence.

Which of the following correctly compares the functions of the vas deferens and the fallopian tubes?

Sperm travels through the vas deferens, and eggs travel through the fallopian tubes.

Suppose a family of black wolves migrates across a land bridge to a region supporting a large population of gray wolves. A few generations later, the population consists entirely of wolves with black and gray markings. Which of the following best describes the mechanism that caused this change in the population of the wolves in the region?

The flow of black wolf genes across the land bridge added to the gray wolf population's gene pool, increasing the frequency of the genes for black fur in the population.

Which of the following explains why people need to get a flu shot each year?

The flu virus is constantly mutating and changing

A doctor examines a patient who has high blood pressure and atherosclerosis in the coronary artery. What medical condition connected to blood flow is most likely to affect this patient in the future?

The patient may suffer a heart attack because of the reduction in blood flow to the heart muscles due to severe plaque build-up in the coronary artery.

Which of the following describes how the amount of energy changes as it flows from one trophic level to the next in the marine food web shown below?

When sea birds consume fish, about 10 percent of the fish's energy is transferred to the sea birds.

Which equation describes what happens in photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

When an organism has more than 10 fingers or toes, the condition is known as polydactylism. Although polydactylism is rare, it is a dominant trait. If two cats that are heterozygous for polydactylism mate and have a litter with a total of 12 kittens, how many of them would you expect to have more than 10 fingers or toes?

9

Which of the brain regions marked on the diagram below is the frontal lobe?

A.

Which of the following best describes the characteristics that differentiate animals from the organisms of other kingdoms?

Animals have complex organ systems and reproduce sexually.

Which of the following best compares the structures of lipids and carbohydrates?

Both consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but carbohydrates have repeating structural units and lipids do not.

In pea plants, the allele for white flowers is recessive to the allele for purple flowers. In a generation of pea plants, 89 plants produced purple flowers and 31 plants produced white flowers. Which of the following is the best conclusion you can make about the parent plants of this generation?

Both parent plants are heterozygous for flower color.

The allele for brown eyes is dominant to the allele for blue eyes. Which of the following best explains how two brown-eyed parents could produce a blue-eyed child?

Each parent must be carrying the recessive allele for blue eyes.

In the cytosol of a cell lactic acid is being formed from pyruvate. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion one can make regarding the processes that are occurring?

Fermentation is taking place as a result of a lack of oxygen.

Illnesses can often lead to fever and dehydration. How might these symptoms affect a person's cardiovascular system?

Fever and dehydration increases body temperature and decreases the amount of fluids, which increase a person's heart rate and respiration.

Which of the following best describes a characteristic that distinguishes Fungi from other kingdoms?

Fungi are multicellular and break down dead plant and animal matter.

The structure of the leaf best supports the process of...

Gas exchange for photosynthesis.

Based on your knowledge of scientific investigations, which stage of scientific investigation did the invention of the microscope significantly advance?

Gathering the data for the investigation.

A variety of organic molecules have been found in meteorites that have landed on Earth, including individual amino acids and lipid molecules. To date, however, no microspheres have been found on these meteorites. Why is it unlikely that microspheres will ever be found on a meteorite even though lipids can form in them?

Groups of lipids will only form into microspheres when they are in liquid water.

Which of the following characteristics defines a cell as a eukaryote?

Having a nucleus.

Based on the illustration above, what do the similarities between human and chimpanzee hands and feet suggest about the two different organisms?

Humans and chimpanzees both developed five digits on their hands and feet, suggesting they have a common ancestor.

The following table compares a human protein with the protein of other organisms. Each numbered column is a different amino acid position in the protein. If an organism's amino acid is the same as the human molecule, then a dash (-) is shown. Otherwise, an abbreviation for the organism's amino acid at that location is given. Based on the information in the table, what conclusion can be made about the relationship of humans to the other organisms?

Humans and pigs are related to a common ancestor.

In which of the following circumstances would it be most likely for large organic molecules to form during a laboratory experiment?

If RNA segments that could act as catalysts formed.

Many times people visit the doctor requesting antibiotics to treat colds and viral infections. How is the doctor justified in offering the patient treatment options that do not include antibiotics for these cases?

If a doctor provides an antibiotic to treat colds and viruses, any bacteria in the patient's body will be killed, but a few will survive. Those few survivors may become resistant to antibiotics needed for real bacterial illnesses.

Early elements of the cell theory followed soon after the development of Hooke's light microscope. What does this relationship suggest about the evolution of the cell theory since Hooke?

Improvements in technology are closely related to changes in the cell theory.

Which of the following best describes a result of the polar nature of water molecules?

Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water.

Which of the following best summarizes why the technological invention of microscopes was important to biology?

It allowed for development of the cell theory.

An unknown plant species has stomata, xylem, and phloem. It reproduces sexually and has male pollen cones and female seed cones. Which of the following is the most logical conclusion about the classification of this plant?

It is a gymnosperm, and belongs to the division Coniferophyta.

Assume a group of scientists has managed to set up an experiment simulating the conditions of early Earth that resulted in a cell with DNA using RNA to produce proteins from amino acids as modern cells do. What conclusion could they draw from this experiment?

It is possible for a cell similar to a modern cell to form under the conditions of the experiment.

The scientific theory of evolution is supported by different types of evidence. The diagrams below show the skeletons of two different animal species. How does comparing the skeletons of these animals provide support for the theory of evolution.

It shows possible common ancestry between organisms.

Which of the following provides the best argument for separating Archaea and Bacteria into their own domains instead of leaving them together in the single kingdom, Monera?

It was discovered that they make their membranes differently and copy their DNA differently.

Due to human encroachment, the range of the Florida panther has been reduced to a very small area in South Florida. Predict the long-term effect of this isolation on the conditions required for natural selection.

It would reduce the panthers' capacity for inherited variation and would leave them vulnerable to disease and genetic abnormalities.

Carbon Dioxide is important in our atmosphere because it is required for photosynthesis and traps some heat, keeping the Earth warm. However, human produced carbon dioxide is a problem because it...

Leads to higher global temperatures.

Some organisms are able to reproduce asexually through mitosis, while cells of organisms that reproduce sexually will undergo meiosis to produce gametes. Which process do you predict would be most beneficial to a species during a drastic change in environmental conditions?

Meiosis; it results in more genetic variation, which would help ensure the species will survive.

Which of the following best compares the processes of mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis involves one division cycle and results in diploid daughter cells, while meiosis consists of two division cycles and results in haploid gametes.

Which of the following correctly compares two of the divisions of the plant kingdom?

Nonvascular plants lack xylem and phloem and reproduce asexually, while angiosperms have xylem and phloem and reproduce sexually.

Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes?

Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.

Why do cells need both tRNA and mRNA?

Only tRNA bends into a shape that can carry specific amino acids

Which of the following correctly traces the energy transfer through the trophic levels in the marine food web shown below?

Phytoplankton krill fish seal.

The activities that take place to meet human needs can often be harmful to ecosystems. By developing sustainable practices, however, we can help protect our environment. Which of the following changes would be most helpful in reaching sustainability?

Planting trees to replace those that are cut down by logging.

Many insects, such as mosquitoes and dragonflies, spend their juvenile stage as aquatic larvae before becoming winged and airborne adults. Most years, these insects are extremely abundant in the Arctic tundra in summer. What might account for this?

Pools of water which make good breeding areas are plentiful in summer as the permafrost melts.

Which of the following best compares the membranes found in different types of cells?

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell membranes, but eukaryotes also have membrane-bound organelles.

Rainbow trout need at least 6.0 mg/L of dissolved oxygen to survive. Biologists are trying to reestablish rainbow trout in a mountain stream but the stream only has 5.5 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Which of the following would be the most useful to encourage the development of the rainbow trout population?

Remove dams along the stream to allow the water to flow faster.

If a company claims that its product has been proven scientifically, which of the following should have taken place if the results are to be considered reliable?

Results should have been peer reviewed and repeated producing the same findings.

Which of the following describes how an abiotic factor can impact the population dynamics in an ecosystem?

Seasonal variations in temperature can cause some of the individuals in a population to die.

How is the scientific theory of evolution supported by the comparison of the skulls and skeletons of modern humans and extinct hominids?

Similarity in skull shapes, hands, and hips between extinct hominids and humans supports a common ancestry.

Normally, the temperature inside the scrotum is slightly lower than normal body temperature. What do you predict would happen if the temperature inside the scrotum were a few degrees higher than normal body temperature instead?

Sperm would not be able to develop properly.

One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?

Synthesis of organic molecules.

In which of the domains would it be easiest to determine the phylogenetic relationships among organisms?

The Eukaryotes are easiest because they tend not to share genetic material with each other except when they are reproducing sexually.

Genes for medically important proteins can be cloned and inserted into bacteria, as shown in the diagram below. Why can bacteria recognize a human gene and then produce a human protein?

The basic components go DNA are the same in humans and bacteria.

Which event happens earliest during pregnancy?

The embryo's cartilage begins to become bone.

Water frogs that live on Greek islands in the Mediterranean were separated from mainland water frogs when salt-water levels rose to form the islands, allowing differences in the isolated populations to develop. Suppose one large group of frogs on the mainland uses a low-pitched call to attract mates while otherwise identical frogs on a nearby island use a high-pitched call. A boat carries a few high-pitched frogs in its cargo to the mainland. Which of the following answer choices best predicts the outcome of this event?

The frogs from the islands introduce new genes to the mainland gene pool, causing a change of pitch in the mainland frog population.

If a plant's leaves developed so that its vascular tissue only contained xylem, how would this affect the rest of the plant's physiological processes?

The glucose produced during photosynthesis in the leaf cells would not be able to reach the rest of the plant, and the cellular respiration in the plant's other cells would not function.

A group of well-separated islands in the Pacific Ocean has a population of hibiscus plants that produce either orange or white flowers. On one of the islands, most of the hibiscus plants were killed a few years ago by a volcanic lava flow. Why is there a greater percentage of orange hibiscus plants on this island than on the other islands?

The limited population size after the lava flow resulted in a limited gene pool, causing genetic drift in future generations of hibiscus plants on this island.

Terrestrial plants have a waxy covering produced by the dermal tissues called the cuticle. If this waxy covering was overproduced so that the stomata became clogged, what would happen to the plant?

The plant would not be able to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide, and the plant's ability to perform photosynthesis would be limited.

Some proteins catalyze biochemical reactions. If a genetic defect prevented a protein catalyst from being produced, which of the following do you predict would happen in the cell?

The reaction the protein catalyzes would proceed very slowly or not at all.

Hemophilia is a sex-linked, recessive trait. Which of the following described the probability of hemophilia in the offspring of a man who does not have hemophilia and a woman who is a heterozygous carrier?

There is a 0% chance that their daughters will ahem hemophilia.

A team of ecologists observed feeding patterns of several population in the desert. The energy pyramid shown below depicts the feeding patterns the ecologists observed. Which of the following BEST explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem?

There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels.

Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of energy available in each tropic level of this food web?

There is less available energy in the seal than there is in the phytoplankton.

Paleontologists have compared modern human skeletons to fossils of hominids from two to five million years ago, before the appearance of modern humans. They found certain features, like the shape of their hips and the way the spine supported the body, was similar to the modern human skeletal structure. Which of the following best describes why the discoveries of the hominid fossils are important for understanding modern human evolution?

They are evidence of transitional species that show how modern humans evolved from ape- like ancestors.

What similarities are there between the ways Archaea and Bacteria react to difficult environmental conditions?

They both form endospores for protection or develop cilia or flagella to swim away.

In which of the following ways are the fungus-like protists similar to the heterotrophic protists?

They both need to gather food from their environment.

If a snake species were introduced to an ecosystem where it had no natural predators, what long-term effect do you predict the snakes would have on the population dynamics of the ecosystem?

They would compete with native snake species for resources, causing a decline in native snake populations and possibly extinction.

The choices that humans make every day affect the environment. Sometimes, our lifestyles can harm the environment rather than protect it. Which of the following would be most helpful in protecting the environment and achieving sustainability?

Using solar power to generate electricity.

An osmosis investigation was conducted using chicken eggs to represent cells with semipermeable membranes. The mass of each egg was measured to determine how much much water diffused into or out of the eggs. The eggs were first soaked in vinegar to dissolve the shell. Each egg was then placed in one of three different solutions for 24 hours. The table below shows the results of the investigation. Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred about cells with semipermeable membranes.

Water enters the cells when placed in environments of high water concentration.

Water is essential for life. It's special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enable it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?

Water exhibits cohesive behavior.

A cell is replicating its DNA. Part of the DNA strand reads A-C-C-G-T-A-C. The new strand built off this section reads T-G-G-A-A-T-G. What effect might this have when the DNA replicates in the future?

When the new strand is used as a template the strand built from it will differ from the original DNA.