Biology 1 Honors FINAL REVIEW Units 1-3
Comparing DNA gene sequences allows us to determine...
- How closely related groups are - How long ago they diverged from each other
Homologous structures
- Same basic structure - Result of inheritance from common ancestor - May have different functions - Found across different organisms
Identify three features of the metabolic machinery of cells that support a common ancestry of life...
- Self replicating DNA - RNA - Proteins
Name the IV, DV, CV, and CG of the experiment: Alex wanted to find out what toothpaste made teeth the cleanest. Everyday she brushed her teeth with a different product and then took a plaque test to see how much plaque was left. She used Crest, Colgate, Close-up, and water
-Independent variable is the tooth paste used -Dependent variable is the result of the plaque test/teeth cleanliness -Constants are she brushed her teeth in the same way for each, she used the same toothbrush, brushed for the same amount of time, etc -Control variable is the water
What are the fourth stages of aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur?
1. Glycolysis- cytoplasm 2. Link Reaction- Matrix (fluid space of the Mitochondria) 3. Krebs cycle- Matrix (fluid space of the Mitochondria) 4. Electron transport chain- Cristae (inner membranes of the Mitochondria) (Every step but Glycolysis occurs in the Mitochondria)
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Absolute dating
A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil by using a known measurement (like the rate that Uranium turns into lead)
Relative dating
A technique used to determine which of two fossils is older by comparing A and B. B is older than C but younger than A. How old something is in comparison to something else.
Constant Variable
A variable that is not changed
ATP Cycle
ATP cycle is essentially that we have ATP with three phosphate groups, but when it is used, the third phosphate group breaks off and releases energy. Then, we have ADP with phosphate, which is just recharged back to ATP.
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
Hydrosphere
All liquid and surface water. Ice is sometimes called the cryosphere
Biotic factors
All living organism and their activities- the living parts of an ecosystem
Biosphere
All living things
Atmosphere
All the gases (air), including water vapor
What can be compared from different organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
As genetic relatedness decreases, the number of amino acid differences increases. For example, Humans and chimps have zero amino acid differences and thus share a recent common ancestor. Humans and frogs have 67 amino acid differences and thus had a common ancestor a long time ago.
How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution?
Because they are found across many organisms with the same basic structure
How does carbon travel from the geosphere to the atmosphere
Burning of fossil fuels
What are the ways carbon moves through the different spheres?
Cellular Respiration: organisms break down food to get energy and breath out carbon dioxide Circulation: carbon dioxide moves within the atmosphere or hydrosphere Combustion: forest fires or humans burn fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), returning carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide Consumption: organisms eat other organisms, transferring the carbon from one organism to another Decomposition: decomposers break down the bodies of dead organisms into their component elements, moving carbon moves from biosphere to the ground Eruption: carbon dioxide is released into atmosphere from ground during volcanic eruption Evaporation: carbon dioxide is absorbed by water and transferred from surface to atmosphere Photosynthesis: autotrophs use carbon from carbon dioxide to make food (carbohydrates) using sunlight Precipitation: carbon dioxide is absorbed by water and falls to Earth surface from atmosphere Sedimentation: burying of dead organisms (when exposed to extreme heat/pressure for a long period of time, they can turn into fossil fuels) Storage: carbon is used to build the bodies of organisms while they are living; carbon is stored in the ground as organic matter in soil; carbon is stored in fossil fuels
How does carbon travel from the biosphere to the atmosphere
Cellular respiration
Why are leaves green?
Chlorophyll molecules mainly absorb light in the blue-violet and red-orange part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Chlorophyll does not absorb much green light, which is reflected to our eyes.
Define the following relationship: The Remora fish swim alongside the shark and take scraps of food that the shark drops during feeding. The shark does not eat the Remora and appears unaffected by its presence.
Commensalism
Label the following organisms with their trophic levels and status (i.e. Primary Consumer, Level 2) Corn------> Mouse-------> Snake----------> Hawk
Corn: Level 1, Producer Mouse: Level 2, Primary Consumer Snake: Level 3, Secondary Consumer Hawk: Level 4, Tertiary Consumer
Density Dependent Factors and Density Independent Factors regulate population size and carrying capacity by...
DDF: Decreasing birth rates and increasing death rates DIF: Increasing death rates
What factors regulate population growth?
Death rates, birth rates, emigration rates and immigration rates (Abiotic and Biotic factors)
How does carbon travel from the biosphere to the geosphere
Decomposition
Dependent or Independent: A mussel population declines as a result of an explosion in its sea star predator
Dependent
Dependent or Independent: A native fish declines after a sport fish species is introduced to the lake
Dependent
Dependent or Independent: Moose population growth is limited due to lack of palatable vegetation
Dependent
Dependent or Independent: Roadrunner population growth is limited by the spread of a disease
Dependent
Lactic acid fermentation
During maximum physical activity, when oxygen is limited, this works to provide ATP for working muscles. In mammalian muscle, metabolism of a respiratory intermediate produces lactate, which provides fuel for working muscle and produces a low yield of ATP.
________ pass through same stages, in same _________, regardless of total time period of development (in vertebrates)
Embryos, sequence
Density Independent Factors
Factors that act independently of population density and affect all individuals more or less equally. (i.e. Drought, flood, earthquakes, fires, volcanic eruptions). they regulate population size by increasing death rates. Usually abiotic factors
Density Dependent Factors
Factors that have a proportionately greater effect at higher population densities. They become much less important when the population density is low. (i.e. competition, predation, disease). They tend to be biotic and they regulate population size by decreasing birth rates and increasing death rates. Usually Biotic factors
Where is carbon stored on earth?
Fossil Fuels, deep ocean, surface ocean, soil, animals, plants, atmosphere
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Gause's that states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
Exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
Mold and compression-impression fossils
Impression of organism in sediment
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
Control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Where does the light independent reaction (Calvin cycle) occur?
In the Stroma (the gel in the organelle, basically)
Where are each of the reactants and products of aerobic cellular respiration used / made?
In the first step, Glycolysis, glucose is used and turned into Pyruvate and ATP is produced. Electrons in this process are carried to the ETC using NADH. In the link reaction, Carbon dioxide is produced. Everything is then moved to the Krebs cycle, where ATP and Carbon Dioxide are produced. Electrons are also carried by NADH and FADH2. Then, with the ETC, ATP and water is produced using oxygen. ETC PRODUCES THE MOST ATP
Dependent or Independent: A flash flood reduces the numbers of a desert lizard population
Independent
Dependent or Independent: A prolonged drought prevents wildflowers from setting seed
Independent
Dependent or Independent: A wildfire destroys a population of red wood trees
Independent
Describe the condition of evolution: Variation
Individuals in a population or group differ in some trait of interest
How can group behavior be helpful for populations?
It can increase protection from predators and reduce energy expenditure during movement (flocking, herding, schooling). Another form of group behavior, migration, can also be very helpful as it can yield better breeding grounds, more resources for food and water, and can offer escape from harsh weather conditions. Cooperative interactions enhance the survival of both individuals and the groups they are a part of because it can help them to stay safe from predators or obtain food. Working together can ensure safety, and it can lead to more resources (i.e. group food gathering yields more food). It can also disorientate predators.
Where are the reactants and products of photosynthesis used / made?
Light energy and water are in the Light Dependent Phase in the granum. Chlorophyll pigments on the Thylakoids capture this light energy. They use this energy to split the water. When it splits this, it keeps the hydrogen, but the oxygen is let go. This is why 6O2 is produced. The said Hydrogen is transferred with the ATP and NADPH, and then we enter the second phase, the Calvin Cycle (LIP). This cycle takes place in the Stroma and is a series of chemical reactions that use hydrogen from the water and carbon and oxygen from CO2 to produce glucose. This also makes a by product of water.
Anaerobic respiration
Many bacteria and archaea (ancient prokaryotes) are anaerobic, using molecules other than oxygen, like nitrate or sulfate, as a terminal electron acceptor of their electron transport chain. These electron acceptors are not as efficent as oxygen (they have a lower reduction potential than oxygen so less energy is released per oxidized molecule) so the ATP yield from the AR is generally low relative to aerobic metabolism.
Trace fossils
Marks made by organism during its lifetime
Define the following relationship: The bacteria in the gut of the termite breakdown and feed on some of the cellulose taken in by the termite. The termite would be unable to digest cellulose without these bacteria and they gain an additional source of nutrition from the surplus digested cellulose.
Mutualism
Abiotic Factors
Non-living factors associated with the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Geosphere.
Name the trophic status of the organisms in this pyramid
Oak tree- Primary Producer, Caterpillars- Primary Consumer, Blue jay- Secondary Consumer, Hawk- Tertiary Consumer
Qualitative Observations are...
Observations that deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food (consumers)
Define the following relationship: The flea feeds on blood from the dog. There is no benefit to the dog and the itching and bites may lead to infection
Parasitism
How does carbon travel from the atmosphere to the biosphere
Photosynthesis
Using ALL OF the listed labs (not in a particular order), prove how each reactant/product of the Photosynthetic equation is actually apart of that equation (i.e. I know sunlight is needed from the Elodea experiment) 1. Man In A Box/Mouse in a jar 2. Elodea/Bromothymol Blue Lab 3. Floating Leaf Disc Lab 4. Presence of Starch in Leaves Lab 5. Isotopes of Oxygen Experiment
Plants take away carbon dioxide when they photosynthesis, and they need light for the photosynthetic product. As you can see in the Elodea experiment, the water turned blue because there was less carbon dioxide. However, when there was no plant or sunlight, the water did not turn blue, indicating that great amounts of carbon dioxide were still there. This means that plants take away carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. For the man in a box experiment/mouse in a jar, the oxygen levels in the box increased when there was a human and plants in it. We know humans produce carbon dioxide through respiration, and from the Elodea experiment, we know that plants reduce carbon dioxide. So, if the oxygen levels are growing, and we know it cannot be from humans, we can infer that plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Additionally, we know plants need light for photosynthesis, because in the floating disk lab, the leaf disks only floated if they were under the light (they only floated because of the oxygen they were producing. They were not floating, or photosynthesizing, without light). These plants are also producing glucose. In the presence of starch in leaves experiment, we could see that there were clearly starches in the leaves when we took out the chlorophyll (because of how it turned black). So, they are using photosynthesis to produce glucose (starches are just clumps of glucose). But what about the water? We know water is needed because of the floating disk and the Elodea experiment (because they only floated in the water and CO2 was only removed in sunlight)
Ammonite fossil
Preserved remains of organism itself
Aerobic respiration
Produces the energy (as ATP) needed for metabolism. The rate of aerobic respiration is limited by the amount of oxygen available. In animals and plants, the oxygen supply is sufficient to maintain aerobic respiration most of the time, Aerobic respiration produces a high yield of ATP per molecule of glucose.
__________ that DNA codes for can also be used to determine relationships
Proteins
What type of pyramid is this?
Pyramid of energy
What are the three different ecological pyramids?
Pyramid of energy, Pyramid of numbers, Pyramid of Biomass
Is this a quantitative or qualitative observation? Patients expressed sadness and seemed glum.
Qualitative
Is this a quantitative or qualitative observation? Mass of an elephant is 1000 kg.
Quantitative
Fossils
Remains of long-dead organisms that have escaped decay
Geosphere
The earth itself
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Fundamental Niche
The full range of environmental conditions under which an organism can exist
What is the difference between a fundamental niche and a realized niche?
The fundamental niche is the full range in which an organism can exist, whereas the realized niche is the range the organism is actually living in
What is carrying capacity?
The number of organisms that an ecosystem can support indefinitely
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Why are ecological pyramids shaped like a pyramid?
The population decrease in size as you go up the pyramid, because less energy is being carried to them. Remember, they only get 10% of the energy of the thing they consume. Since each population loses energy as it goes up in the food chain, the populations become smaller as well.
Alcoholic fermentation
The process of brewing utilizes the anaerobic metabolism of yeasts. Brewer's yeasts preferentially use anaerobic metabolism in the presence of excess sugars. This process produces ethanol and CO2 from the respiratory intermediate pyruvate. It is carried out in vats that prevent entry of O2
You see layered rocks in a mountain side with various fossils inside of them. Where will the youngest fossils be?
The youngest fossils will be on the top, and will get older as you go down
How are the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis connected?
They are opposites of each other- the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration and vice versa.
How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration affect the Earth's atmosphere?
They can create a balance of oxygen and CO2, or an imbalance.
Rock that you find has 25% of uranium remaining. How old is it (use illustration below)
Two billion years old
How do you spot carrying capacity on a graph?
Well, the population will fluctuate around it's carrying capacity. So you can just look at whereabouts the population has remained steady (horizontal), and that is the carrying capacity.
Group behavior
When organisms interact as a group to better their Inclusive fitness (fitness of the whole group)
KNOW THIS IMAGE OF THE CARBON CYCLE IT WILL HELP YOU
YES!!
Photosynthesis moves carbon from the ________ to the _________.
atmosphere to the biosphere
An increase in cellular respiration will _________ the carbon is the biosphere.
decrease
(Ecological) Niche
functional role of an organism in an ecosystem
Combustion of fossil fuels moves carbon from the ________ to the _________.
geosphere to the atmosphere
What is chlorophyll?
green pigment found in chloroplast (in the membranes connecting the grana)
Amino acid differences can determine....
how related organisms are
Quantitative Observations are...
measurements (numerical-math)
Human activity can _____ biogeochemical cycles
negatively affect
Autotrophs
organisms that make their own food (producers)
Logistical growth
population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity
Name the trophic levels
producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers
Shared ____ of ____ reflect common _____...
stages, development, ancestry
Realized Niche
the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives
Where does the light dependent reaction occur?
thylakoid membrane (granum)
