Biology 1 Semester 1 Review

-COOH is the symbol for what functional group?

Carboxyl

This is a rigid layer that lies outside the cell's plasma membrane.

Cell Wall

Plants have ¡3! additional structures that animal cells do not. What are they?

Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole.

Consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope.

Centrioles

These bonds are the attractive forces that hold atoms together

Chemical bonds

What is the name given to DNA when it is in a thread-like stage?

Chromatid

This organism is a collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a connected group

Colonial

Polymers result from this type of chemical reaction.

Condensation

The ____ is a network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscrosses the cytosol

Cytoskeleton

What is the responding variable called?

Dependent variable

Scientists call the major subdivisions of all organisms.

Domains

The process by which cells ingest external fluid

Endocytosis

What is released when the bonds between phosphates are broken in ATP?

Energy

What type of cell is larger?

Eukaryotes

Which domain has the most complex cells?

Eukaryotic

If special proteins are needed to assist molecules across membranes, what type of diffusion would it be?

Facilitated

Un-branched carbon chains that make up most lipids

Fatty

Some ribosomes are ____ floating and some are attached to the _____ ER.

Free, rough.

Individual organisms change over time but these characteristics do not.

Genetic

The _____ is another system of flattened, membranous sacs.

Golgi

The breaking down of polymers by living organisms is called

Hydrolysis

This group makes an alcohol polar.

Hydroxyl

-OH represents what type of functional group?

Hydroxyl group

Large, non-polar organic molecules

Lipids

What material is too large to use the transport system?

Macromolecules & nutrients

The sum total of all chemical reactions that take place within an organism is called

Metabolism

These are organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP.

Mitochondrion

This of a carbohydrate is called a monosaccharide.

Monomer

Very large and complex organic molecules that store and transport important information in the cell

Nucleic acids

This makes up the bulk of the mass of an atom

Nucleus

RNA moves out of the ______ to the _______ by means of pores.

Nucleus, cytoplasm

All compounds can be classified in two broad categories

Organic & inorganic

List the characteristics of life.

Organization and the presence of cells, response to stimulus, homoeostasis, metabolism, growth & development, reproduction, change over time.

The process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

Osmosis

List the three parts of the cell theory

1) All living things are composed of cells, 2) cells are the basic unit of structure 3) Cells come from the reproduction of other cells

The metric system is based on the power

10

A double bond is represented with how many lines?

2

The first orbital or the closest to the nucleus can hold how many electrons?

2

How many elements are important to human life.

30

How many categories of life are there?

6

ATP has a carbon sugar with how many carbons?

A 5 carbon sugar called ribose

This is an organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms.

Alcohol

What are organelles made up of?

Biological molecules

This is a molecule that consists of repeated, linked units.

Polymer

All organisms produce new organisms like themselves in a process called

Reproduction

What is the name of the large polysaccharide plants also produce and use for support

Starch

A physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

Stimulus

What are organelles/ what is their function?

Tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive.

Composed of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol.

Triglyceride

Pores in the cell wall allow ____,_____ and other stuff to enter and exit.

Water & Ions

What type of molecule surrounds the plasma membrane?

Water molecules

List topics that biologists would study.

What foods are healthy, how much someone should exercise, etc

The folds of an enzyme are known as the

active site

Under natural conditions, most elements do not exist

alone

The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an

atom

The number of protons in an atom is called the

atomic number

Amino acids are made mostly of

carbon

A simple sugar consists of oxygen,

carbon and hydrogen

Special proteins that are needed to aid molecules across membranes are called

carrier proteins

The formation of two new cells from an existing cell is called

cell division

The smallest unit that can preform all life's functions is called a

cell.

Tissue is made of

cells

Plan cell walls contain a carbohydrate called

cellulose

The major steroid in animals would be

cholesterol

The difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance is called a

concentration gradient

An inference is another name for a

conclusion

Scientist use this experiment to test hypothesis

controlled

The process by which an organism becomes a mature adult is called

development.

Two amino acids join and form a

dipeptide

When two monosaccharides combine, they are now called a

disaccharide

The branch of biology that studies organisms interacting with each other and with the environment in called..

ecology

The total sum of all organisms and their physical environment would be called an

ecosystem

Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter

elements

Eventually diffusion will cause molecules to reach a state known as

equilibrium

When the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane are the same, it is said to have reached

equilibrium

Scientist often test hypothesis by

experiment

Scientists describe the cell membrane as a

fluid mosaic

A short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait is called a

gene

The ability to maintain a constant internal environment is known as

homeostasis

The one factor that is different from the experimental group is called the

independent variable

The name of the proteins found within the plasma membrane is

integral proteins

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are called

isotopes

Biology is the study of

life

The increase in an object's size defines

magnification

Everything in the universe is made up of

matter

Groups of tissue that perform a particular job in an organism are called

organ

Sub cellular structures are also known as

organelles

Structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system are

organs

Bacterial cell walls contain a substance called

peptoglycan

The result of the arrangement of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane earned it the name

phospholipid bilayer

Amino acids often form very long chains called

polypeptides

All atoms of an element have the same number of

protons

The dependent variable provides this data

quantitative

The ability to see an object more clearly is called

resolution

Science is characterized by an organized approach called the

scientific method

Diffusion across a membrane is also called

simple diffusion

Good hypothesis answer questions and are

testable

When a set of related hypothesis is confirmed, it is then called a

theory

Diversity is another term for

variety of life

The force produced by gravity acting on defines

weight