Biology 101 With A Lab Ch. 15 The Nervous System and Endocrine System

_____ occurs when a microbe acquires a gene that allows it to resist the effects of a drug.

Antibiotic resistance

Which of the following is the best statement about the function of neurons?

Dendrites conduct signals toward the cell body and axons conduct signals away from the cell body.

Why are there so many different kinds of antibiotics?

Different antibiotics combat a different set of diseases.

Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

Display antigens on the surface of antigen presenting cells

In ectotherms, what controls body temperature?

External forces

Which of the following is NOT a part of the inflammatory response?

Formation of membrane attack complexes

Which of the following statements about helper T cells is FALSE?

Helper T cells assist Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in killing infected cells.

Which type of immune cell acts as a clean-up crew that phagocytizes left over debris, bacteria, and dead cells?

Macrophage

Which of the following is TRUE about reflexes?

A reflex reaction is an automatic reaction.

An immune response to a specific pathogen that can be reactivated is the definition of _____.

Acquired immunity

Vaccines are used to _____.

Prevent diseases

Which of the following is a function of neutrophils?

Respond quickly to a site of injury to phagocytize bacteria

Which part of the brain is composed of nerve cells that filter stimuli and runs from the spinal cord through the brainstem and thalamus?

Reticular formation

How are antibiotics different from vaccines?

Antibiotics kill off microorganisms; vaccines alter immune systems.

It is a nice, summer afternoon and you are camping with your friends in the forest. Suddenly, an angry bear appears and your heart rate and breathing rate automatically increase. Which part of your nervous system was activated?

Autonomic nervous system

Which of the following will a natural killer cell attack?

Cancerous cells that do not express MHC 1 molecules on their surface.

I send signals to motor neurons, what am I?

Central Nervous System

What is the first function of the nervous system?

Collect sensory input from the body and external environment.

Rob has a medical problem. The doctors notice that Rob seems to have trouble fighting off infections and they spread in his body faster than other patients. When Rob gets an infection, his body fails to destroy the infected cells before they are able to release other parasites. The doctors then realize that, even though the infected cells are expressing antigens on their surface, the cells responsible for killing off these infected cells aren't doing their job. What is likely wrong with Rob's body?

Rob's CTLs aren't working properly.

How are we able to experience things through our senses of taste and smell?

Sensory neurons called chemoreceptors

Why do complement proteins not mark or destroy the body's own cells?

The body's own cells have several different membrane proteins that disrupt complement complexes

How do the roles of the hippocampus and the hypothalamus differ?

The hippocampus processes long-term memory while the hypothalamus regulates hunger.

What causes antibody and antigen receptor diversity among lymphocytes?

The modular nature and large number of choices for each module of human antibodies and antigen receptors

Sarah was cooking and she accidentally put her hand over a hot saucepan; she took her hand off immediately. What type of sensory neurons were activated?

Thermoreceptors

How do thermoreceptors differ from other sensory neurons?

They sense temperature

Which of the following is true about motor neurons?

They transmit signals to responsive tissues.

Why were milkmaids resistant to smallpox?

They were exposed to cowpox, which immunized them to smallpox.

The oldest parts of the brain are the _____.

brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation and cerebellum

Which of the following functions is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

heart rate

Membrane depolarization is caused by _____.

localized influx of sodium ions into the cell through sodium channels

Sodium-potassium pumps help maintain membrane polarization by _____.

pumping three positively-charged sodium ions out of the cell for every two positively-charged potassium ions they pump into the cell

What is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within an organism commonly called?

Homeostasis

How can parts of the limbic system be remembered?

Hungry Hounds Ate Pavlov

What type of neurons make up the central nervous system?

Interneuron

When a B cell encounters a cell presenting its antigen, what action does the B cell take?

It creates more B cells and antibodies.

Why was the discovery of germ theory so important?

It increased people's life spans by changing medicine, food preparation, and waste disposal.

Which of the following is FALSE about synapses?

Neurotransmitters can bind to receptors on both sides of the synapse and cause ion-specific channels to open.

If you had a neurological disorder affecting your thermoreceptors, what symptom would you experience?

Problems perceiving hot and cold

What component of the body gathers sensory input and delivers it to the brain?

Sensory organs

Which of the following occur during membrane depolarization of a neuron?

Sodium channels in the membrane are opened Sodium enters the neuron The difference in charge across the membrane is reduced (All of the answers are correct).

A(n) _____ is the site where an axon terminates at a target cell.

Synapse

Why are live vaccines potentially more dangerous than inactivated vaccines?

There's always a chance the live vaccine could mutate back into its disease causing form.

How are endotherms able to maintain a stable body temperature that is several degrees warmer than their environment?

They maintain a high metabolic rate by burning lots of calories.

A man is standing outdoor and feels a sudden chill. He notices the hair raising on his arms. Why do the hairs on a people's arms raise?

This is a leftover response from our evolutionary ancestors.

Which of the following statements best describes a live vaccine?

is made using live, infectious viruses

When the dendrite is in its resting state (i.e. the inside of the cell has a net negative charge and the outside of the cell has a net positive charge), its membrane is _____.

polarized

The temporal lobe processes information about _____, the parietal lobe processes information about _____ and the occipital lobe of the brain process information about _____ respectively.

sound, touch, and sight

Which method do humans use to lower their internal body temperature?

sweating

The relative ability to cause disease is known as _____.

virulence

Genes that encode for virulence factors are _____, and _____ are proteins that make pathogens more virulent.

virulence genes; virulence factors

Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?

walk

A U.S. zoo that is home to a group of Western Lowland Gorillas receives a new gorilla from Cameroon. Three weeks later, one of the zoo's chimpanzees that resides in an enclosure next to the gorillas becomes ill and dies two weeks later. The rest of the zoo's chimpanzees are also sick with a virus which cannot be identified. However, none of the gorillas are sick. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

The new gorilla brought a virus that infects gorillas without causing disease, but is virulent to chimpanzees. The virus infected the gorillas and chimpanzees, but only the chimpanzees got sick since the virus is not a pathogen to gorillas.