Biology 102 Final Exam

Bronchi and bronchioles contain flagella that help move mucus and other particles out of the lungs. true/false

false

Small, unicellular organisms get nutrients through osmosis. True/False

false

The ability to taste sweet, salty, sour and bitter is sectioned off to different parts of the tongue. True/False

false

The cornea is a muscular ring that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. True/False

false

The male pelvis is a lighter, wider, shallower, and has a broader angle between the pubic bones than the female pelvis. True/False

false

The pituitary gland has climate control of testicular sexual function. True/False

false

During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is__________ - contracting and relaxing - filling with blood - contracting - relaxing

- relaxing

The total lung capacity is calculated using which of the following formulas? - expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume - residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume - residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume - residual volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Match the functions and locations to the correct photoreceptors. - respond the bright light - strongly photosensitive - primary role is in daytime, color vision - detect dim light - weakly photosensitive - primarily for peripheral and nighttime vision Answer Choices: A. cones B. rods

- respond the bright light (A) - strongly photosensitive (B) - primary role is in daytime, color vision (A) - detect dim light (B) - weakly photosensitive (A) - primarily for peripheral and nighttime vision (B)

When person is exposed to pathogen later, a _____ response will hopefully prevent sickness. - B cell - T cell - Primary - secondary

- secondary

Match the description to the bone term. - sesamoid - complicated shapes - cube-like - longer than wide - spongy bone embedded within parallel layers of thin compact bone - shaft with two ends - bones of limbs - vertebrae and hip bones Answer Choices A. flat bone B. wide bone C. soft bone D. long bone E. short bone F. irregular bone

- sesamoid (E) - complicated shapes (F) - cube-like (E) - longer than wide (D) - spongy bone embedded within parallel layers of thin compact bone (A) - shaft with two ends (D) - bones of limbs (D) - vertebrae and hip bones (F)

The three types of muscular tissues are: - simple, skeletal, cardiac - smooth, skeletal, striated - simple, stratified, striated - smooth, skeletal, cardiac

- smooth, skeletal, cardiac

A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron depolarizes the target neuron to its threshold potential. As a response, _________ channels open. - calcium - chloride - potassium - sodium

- sodium

Which organism is considered a basal animal? - sponge - none of these answers - snake - lobster

- sponge

Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination (i.e. genetic variation) but no increase in population size? - meiotic division - binary fusion - budding - Conjugation

Conjugation

The most fundamental function of a sensory system is the translation of an electrical signal in the nervous system to the sensory signal. True/False

False

Ultimately, species remain separate because they do not share geographical regions? True/False

False

Viroids are known to infect all types of cells (plant and animal) because they lack a protein coat. True/False

False

Viruses have to enter eukaryotic cells by endocytosis or, if enveloped, by fusion with the cell's membrane. Virus DNA is too unstable to enter a cell naked. True/False

False

How did viruses evolve? - They begin as self-replicating molecules - It is still unclear - They "devolved" from free-living cells - Nucleic acid molecules "escaped" from cells

It is still unclear

The rule of parsimony states that the simplest explanation is usually the right one. This rule holds true for choosing cladograms. True or false?

True

The Chondrichthyes have skeletons composed of _________

cartilage

Fungal cell walls are made up of ________.

chitin

Land plants and their close relative green algae have the same _________ a and b molecules and can store excess carbohydrates as __________

chlorophyll, starch

All _______ share 4 specific characteristics at some point during development, though some of these traits might only be present during embryological development.

chordate

When it comes to invertebrate nervous organization, they may have a nerve net or a ladder-like nervous system. Vertebrates are the only organisms complex enough to have a true nervous system. True/False

false

White blood cells (aka leukocytes) make up 3% of our blood. True/False

false

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between which two organisms? - fungus and photosynthetic microorganism - fungus and plants - fungus and birds - none of these answers

fungus and photosynthetic microorganism

In order for organisms to change over generations, there must first be ______ - genetic variation - competition - immigration - environmental pressure

genetic variation

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________. - liverworts and mosses - photosynthesizing prokaryotes - green algae - kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shoreline

green algae

Growth and cell replication is regulated by the ______ hormone.

growth

The term _______ refers to when the subject exhibits excessive breathing and their blood has abnormally low PCO2.

hyperventilation

The ________ integrates the endocrine and nervous systems. Choices: Pituitary gland, thyroid, hypothalamus, peptide, thalamus

hypothalamus

Bioremediation includes ________ - all of these answers - the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants - the use of prokaryotes to fix nitrogen - the use of prokaryotes as natural fertilizers

the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? - two pairs of appendages - a four-chambered heart - the shelled, amniotic egg - the ability to maintain a constant body temperature

the shelled, amniotic egg

Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of ________. - none of these answers - flowers - roots - vascular tissue

vascular tissue

Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell ______. - wall - cytoplasm - chromosome - nucleus

wall

Protists contain only microscopic, single-celled organisms. True/False

False

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed _______. - static equilibrium - balanced equilibrium - physiological chance - homeostasis

- homeostasis

What hormone is produced by beta cells of the pancreas? - T4 - T3 - glucagon - insulin

- insulin

Blood flow that is directed through the lungs and back to the heart is called ________. - gill circulation - pulmonary circulation - pulmocutaneous circulation - unidirectional circulation

- pulmonary circulation

The forearm consists of the... - radius and ulna - humerus and metacarpus - radius and metacarpus - humerus and ulna

- radius and ulna

_______ evolution is when two species diverge from a common ancestor and develop different characteristics.

Divergent

Convergent evolution is the evolution of dissimilar features in distantly related groups. True/False

False

Dormancy allows the "clock to be stopped" during favorable conditions. True/False

False

Gymnosperms are the most recently evolved plants. True/False

False

Match the characteristics features and definitions to the term. - "Second Mouth" - "first mouth" - Radical cleavage - Spiral cleavage - Determinate cleavage - Indeterminate cleavage Answer Choices: A. embryos tomes B. blastostomes C. deuterostomes D. protostome

- "Second Mouth" (C) deuterostomes - "first mouth" (D) protostome - Radical cleavage (C) deuterostomes - Spiral cleavage (D) protostome - Determinate cleavage (D) protostome - Indeterminate cleavage (C) deuterostomes

Choose the best definition(s) for the word "hypothesis". - A suggested explanation that can be tested - statement that can be written as an if /then statement - a question based on observation - a tested explanation that can be tested

- A suggested explanation that can be tested - statement that can be written as an if /then statement

Which part of the immune system is responsible for the success of vaccinations? - Adaptive immune system - none of these - innate immune system - both adaptive and innate

- Adaptive immune system

What factors affect soil quality? - History of the soil - Chemical composition - Presence of living organisms and topography - All of these answers

- All of these answers

Which hormone will facilitate water reabsorption? - Pro-diuretic hormone - Anti-diuretic hormone - all of these - none of these

- Anti-diuretic hormone

Which of the following statements is false? - Blood travels from the lungs. to the heart to body tissues, then back to the heart, then the lungs - PO2 is higher in air than in lungs - In the tissues PO2 drops as blood passes from the arteries to the veins, while PCO2 increases - Blood travels from the lungs to the heart to body tissues, then back to the lungs, then the heart

- Blood travels from the lungs to the heart to body tissues, then back to the lungs, then the heart

Match the type of plant to its dominant lifecycle. - Bryophytes - Ferns - Gymnosperms - Angiosperms Answer Choices: A. Sporangium B. Gametophyte C. Gemmaeophyte D. Sporophyte

- Bryophytes (B) Gametophyte - Ferns (D) Sporophyte - Gymnosperms (D) Sporophyte - Angiosperms (D) Sporophyte

Match the common parts of a flower to weather it is male/female - Carpel - Style - Filament - Ovary - Stigma - Stamen - Anther

- Carpel (Female) - Style (Female) - Filament (Male) - Ovary (Female) - Stigma (Female) - Stamen (Male) - Anther (Male)

Bacteria and archaea differ fundamentally in these areas. - Cell walls - Homeostasis - Plasma membranes - DNA replication - Gene expression

- Cell walls - Plasma membranes - DNA replication - Gene expression

Match the symbionts to it's type of symbiotic relationship. - Dinoflagellate - African sleeping sickness - Mycorrhizae - Lichen - Ringworm Answer Choices: A. predation B. competitive C. parasitic D. commensalistic E. mutualistic

- Dinoflagellate (E) mutualistic - African sleeping sickness (C) parasitic - Mycorrhizae (E) mutualistic - Lichen (E) mutualistic - Ringworm (C) parasitic

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels move toward the top of a tree? - Active transport of ions into the stele - Evaporation of water through stoma - Osmosis in the root - The force of root pressure

- Evaporation of water through stoma

During inhalation, thoracic volume increases through contraction of two muscle sets. Which is the correct set? - External intercostal muscles & diaphragm - Internal intercostal muscles & diaphragm - Internal intercostal muscles & Pluera - External intercostal muscles & Pluera

- External intercostal muscles & diaphragm

The developmental of seeds was an important adaptation. Select all the reasons why. - Facilitates dispersal of the embryo - protect young plant when it is most vulnerable - limit growth of the plant - maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions - provides food for the embryo unit it can produce its own food

- Facilitates dispersal of the embryo - protect young plant when it is most vulnerable - maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions - provides food for the embryo unit it can produce its own food

This is essential to protect your internal organs and to help insulate against cold temperatures. - Vitamin storage - Carbohydrate storage - Protein storage - Fat storage

- Fat storage

Villi are ridges on the surface of the small intense. The is to __________ the absorptive area. - Greatly increase - block - clean - greatly decrease

- Greatly increase

Match a plants response to light with the definition term. - Growth and development of plants in response to light - ability to use light to track time - directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light Answer Choices: A. Photomorphogenesis B. Photoperiodism C. Phototropism

- Growth and development of plants in response to light (A) - ability to use light to track time (B) - directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light (C)

The seedless vascular plants show several features important to living on land. Select them below: - Leaves - Stipe - Vascular tissue - Roots

- Leaves - Vascular tissue - Roots

Which of the following statements about T cells is false? - Helper T cells release cytokines while cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell - MHC II is a receptor found on most body cells, while MHC I is a receptor found on immune cells only - Helper T cells are CD4+, while cytotoxic T cells are CD8+ - the T cell receptor is found on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

- MHC II is a receptor found on most body cells, while MHC I is a receptor found on immune cells only

Darwin's postulated.... - Most characteristics are heritable, passed from parent to offspring - Characteristics of offspring vary, and these variations are heritable - More offspring are produced than can survive; there is competition for resources - Individuals have the capability to evolve their traits when exposed to environmental pressures

- Most characteristics are heritable, passed from parent to offspring - Characteristics of offspring vary, and these variations are heritable - More offspring are produced than can survive; there is competition for resources

In 1986, a nuclear power accident in Chernobly, USSR led to high radiation levels for miles surrounding the plant. The high levels of radiation caused elevated mutation rates in the surviving organisms, and evolutionary biologists have been studying rodent populations in the Chernobyl area ever since. Based on your understanding of evolutionary mechanisms, which of the following most likely occurred in the rodent populations following the accident? - Mutation caused genetic drift & decreased Fitness - Mutations caused the fixation of new alleles - Mutations caused major changes in rodent physiology over time - Mutation led to increases genetic variation

- Mutation led to increases genetic variation

Pollination occurs by various means. Select all the ways that pollination does NOT occur. - Insects - Bats - Birds - Water - Deception - None of the above

- None of the above

Which of these answers below is a key function of the excretory system? - defiltration - circulation - reabsorption - none of these

- reabsorption

Animals are classified according to certain morphological and developmental characteristics. Select the characteristics used. - Origin of mouth and anus - Body plan and cavities - Symmetry - Number of tissue layers

- Origin of mouth and anus - Body plan and cavities - Symmetry - Number of tissue layers

The spinal cord serves what functions? - Provide a communication path between the brain and spinal nerve - center for reflex actions - coordinates the activities of the brain - regulates balance and coordination

- Provide a communication path between the brain and spinal nerve - center for reflex actions

The photoreceptor in vertebrates which has two parts - the trans-membrane protein opsin, and retinal, is called _______. - GO-opsins - Gr-opsins - Rhodopsin - Melanopsin

- Rhodopsin

Which of the following statements about the human eye is false? - The iris adjust the amount of light coming into the eye - Rods detect color, while cones detect only shades of grey - the cornea is a protective layer on the front of the eye - when light enters the retina, it passes the ganglion cells and bipolar cells before reaching photoreceptors at the rear of the eye

- Rods detect color, while cones detect only shades of grey

After speciation has occurred, two separate but closely related species may continue to produce offspring in an area called the hybrid zone. These events may result, depending on reproductive barriers and the relative fitness of the hybrids: - Stability - Diffusion - Fusion - Reinforcement

- Stability - Fusion - Reinforcement

There are 3 populations of T cells. Select the option that is NOT a member of the population. - cytotoxic T cell - T antibody cell - helper T cells - T regulatory cells

- T antibody cell

Maintenance of the pH in blood in done by... - The section of hydrogen ions - the reabsorption of the calcium ions - the secretion of oxygen ions - the reabsorption of the bicarbonate ions

- The section of hydrogen ions - the reabsorption of the bicarbonate ions

Why are open circulatory systems advantageous to some animals? - They use less metabolic energy - They help the animal move faster - They do not need a heart - They help large insects develop

- They use less metabolic energy

Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction? - Asexual reproduction takes advantage of a more diverse gene pool - Cuttings taken from an adult plant show increased resistance to diseases - Grafted plants can more successfully endure drought - When cuttings or buds are taken from an adult plant or plant parts, the resulting plant will grow into an adult faster than a seedling

- When cuttings or buds are taken from an adult plant or plant parts, the resulting plant will grow into an adult faster than a seedling

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is ______ - a shared ancestral character - a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals - an example of analogy rather than homology - a shared derived character

- a shared ancestral character

Match the advantages and disadvantages to the correct type of fertilization. - advantage of protecting the fertilized egg from dehydration - enhances the fertilization of eggs - higher genetic diversity - survival rate is higher - offspring produced must mature rapidly - colonization of new environments Answer Choices: A. internal fertilization B. omivarious fertilization C. viviparous fertilization D. external fertilization

- advantage of protecting the fertilized egg from dehydration (A) - enhances the fertilization of eggs (A) - higher genetic diversity (D) - survival rate is higher (A) - offspring produced must mature rapidly (D) - colonization of new environments (D)

Match the terms to the classification/definitions of joints - allow slight movement - synovial joints - free movement of the joint - joints that are immovable - fibrous joints - cartilaginous joints Answer Choices: A. synarthroses B. symparthroses C. andiarthroses D. giarthroses E. amphiarthroses F. diarthroses

- allow slight movement (E) - synovial joints (F) - free movement of the joint (F) - joints that are immovable (A) - fibrous joints (A) - cartilaginous joints (E)

Match the reproductive method with it's defining term. - animals lay their eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. The eggs are filled with plentiful yolk - the development of the embryo is inside the body of the parent. Young are live-born - animals retain their eggs and release young able to fend for themselves. There is no direct nourishment Answer Choices: A. viviparous B. oviparous c. ovoviviparous

- animals lay their eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. The eggs are filled with plentiful yolk (B) - the development of the embryo is inside the body of the parent. Young are live-born (A) - animals retain their eggs and release young able to fend for themselves. There is no direct nourishment (C)

The majority of oxygen in the blood is transported by _________ - dissolution in the blood - being carried as bicarbonate ions - binding to hemoglobin - binding to blood plasma

- binding to hemoglobin

Which of the following statements about the circulatory are true? - blood in the aorta is oxygenated - blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated - blood in the pulmonary Hartley is deoxygenated

- blood in the aorta is oxygenated - blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated - blood in the pulmonary Hartley is deoxygenated

Complexity and diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify. Match the reason why protists can't be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. - can't be classified as plants because .... - can't be classified as animals because .... - can't be classified as fungi because .... Answer Choices: A. Do not have chitin in their cell wall B. Do not undergo embryonic development C. Gametes and zygotes ate not protected from drying out

- can't be classified as plants because (C) Gametes and zygotes ate not protected from drying out - can't be classified as animals because (B) Do not undergo embryonic development - can't be classified as fungi because (A) Do not have chitin in their cell wall

What is the primary fuel for the body? - carbohydrates - proteins - glycogen - lipids

- carbohydrates

They types of muscles tissue are.... - red muscle - cardiac muscle - abdominal muscle - striated muscle - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle

- cardiac muscle - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle

Evaporation from the mesophyll cells produces a negative water potential gradient. This causes water to move upwards from the roots through the xylem. This theory is known as.... - cohesion-tension theory - water-potential theory - xylem-evaporation theory - stomata-evaporation theory

- cohesion-tension theory

Select all the evolutionary changes that have occurred to optimize the rate of diffusion R. - decreased distance - decrease surface area - increase distance - increase surface area - decrease concentration difference - increase concentration difference

- decreased distance - increase surface area - increase concentration difference

Neurons contain _______, which can receive signals from other neurons - dendrites - Golgi bodies - axons - mitochondria

- dendrites

Which are not major physiological challenges facing all multicellular animals in terms of gas exchange. - disposing of excess bicarbonate ions - obtaining sufficient oxygen - disposing of excess carbon dioxide - obtaining sufficient nitrogen

- disposing of excess bicarbonate ions - obtaining sufficient nitrogen

Select the limits on body size. - drag - pressure - diffusion - skeleton weight - temperature - gravity

- drag - diffusion - skeleton weight - gravity

Mammals are classified together because they typically have these features.... - endothermic - hollow bones - mammary glands - hair

- endothermic - mammary glands - hair

Mammals ad birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit? - endothermy - terrestrial - ectothermy - amniotic egg

- endothermy

Adults require 8 from the diet, children require 9 = ________ - essential amnio acids - essential minerals - essential vitamins - essential proteins

- essential amnio acids

Materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules are called __________ - essential nutrients - linoleic acid - essential proteins - essential things

- essential nutrients

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of _______. - eukaryotic cells - viruses - prokaryotic cells - all cells

- eukaryotic cells

Match the term with its definition. - failure, insufficiency, or delay in the response of the immune system - antibody-mediated immune response occurs within minutes of exposure to a harmless antigen - recognize self antigen as being foreign resulting in tissue/organ damage Answer Choices: A. acquired response B. immunodeficiency C. autoimmunity D. chronic inflammation E. allergies

- failure, insufficiency, or deli in the response of the immune system (B) - antibody-mediated immune response occurs within minutes of exposure to a harmless antigen (E) - recognize self antigen as being foreign resulting in tissue/organ damage (C)

Match the definition to its term. - fluid-filled compartment within the body under pressure - hard encasement on the surface of an organism - hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue - cellular, and does not grow as the organism grows Answer Choices: A. exoskeleton B. Hydrostatic skeleton C. Mesoskeleton D. endoskeleton

- fluid-filled compartment within the body under pressure (B) - hard encasement on the surface of an organism (A) - hard, mineralized structures located within the soft tissue (D) - cellular, and does not grow as the organism grows(A)

Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false? - chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach - food enters the large intestine before the small intestine - the stomach is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter - in the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats

- food enters the large intestine before the small intestine

Match term with definition. - functional unit of the kidney - regulates body fluid concentrations - the process of maintenance of salt and water balance - macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system Answer Choices: A. antigen B. nephron C. osmoregulation D. antibody E. immune system F. loop of Henle G. excretory system

- functional unit of the kidney (B) - regulates body fluid concentrations (G) - the process of maintenance of salt and water balance (C) - macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system (A)

The process for how the variable region of an antibody secreted by one B cell differs from another B cell, or one T cell different from another T cell is called ________. - amino acid therapy - gene therapy - gene rearrangement - amino acid rearrangement

- gene rearrangement

Urine production requires 3 distinct processes _________, __________, & ________. - tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, tubular excretion - glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion - tubular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion - glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, glomerular reabsorption

- glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Match definition with term. - has the ancestry relationship - only shows the relatedness of organisms - it does not have a node - reflect the most basic ancestor of the tree in question Answer Choices: A. denoted tree B. unrooted tree C. stem tree D. rooted tree

- has the ancestry relationship (D) - only shows the relatedness of organisms (B) - it does not have a node (B) - reflect the most basic ancestor of the tree in question (D)

Mature sperm have three distinct pieces, they are - head, acrosome, nucleus - head, mid piece, tail - head, terminal ring, tail - head, mitochondria, nucleus

- head, mid piece, tail

Which form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces sexually? - hermaphroditism - budding - parthenogenesis - fission

- hermaphroditism

Match the definition and symptoms to the correct term. - high metabolic rate - weight loss - irritability - lethargy - low metabolic rate - weight gain - sensitivity to cold - increased heart rate Answer Choices: A. Hyperthyroidism B. Hypothyroidism

- high metabolic rate (A) - weight loss (A) - irritability (A) - lethargy (B) - low metabolic rate (B) - weight gain (B) - sensitivity to cold (B) - increased heart rate (A)

The elbow is an example of which type of joint? - gliding - pivot - saddle - hinge

- hinge

Match the function with the plant tissue - involved with water and ion uptake - synthesize sugars, aka, photosynthesis - support cells - stores energy-rich carbohydrates - gas exchange Answer choices: A. root, stem, and leaves B. roots C. both stems and leaves D. Leaves E. Stems

- involved with water and ion uptake (B) - synthesize sugars, aka, photosynthesis (D) - support cells (E) - stores energy-rich carbohydrates (B) - gas exchange (C)

How would paralysis of the diaphragm alter inspiration? - it would prevent contraction of the intercostal muscles - it would prevent inhalation because the intrapleural pressure would not change - it would decrease the intrapleural pressure and allow more air to enter the lungs - it would slow expiration because the lung would not relax

- it would prevent inhalation because the intrapleural pressure would not change

_______ have the ability of migrating into the tissues. - erythrocytes - leukocytes & erythrocytes - platlets - leukocytes

- leukocytes

Which class of hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes? - amino acid derived hormones - lipid derived hormones - peptide hormones - glycoprotein hormones

- lipid derived hormones

Water tends to move into the region with the ______ water concentration. - centered - lowest - standard - highest

- lowest

One of the main purposes of the excretory system is to... - maintain thermal-homeostasis - maintain water balance - maintain hormonal balance - maintain structural integrity

- maintain water balance

Accompanying the prominence of the sporophyte and the development of vascular tissue, the appearance of true leaves improved photosynthetic efficiency. Select the true leaves that developed. - microphyll - setae - sporophylls - strobili - megaphylls

- microphyll - sporophylls - strobili - megaphylls

Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false? - the inside of the small intestine is called the lumen - the inside of the small instant has many folds, called villi - absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food - microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels

- microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels

Match the term to the definition or example. - moves blood between the heart and lungs - moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body - asthma - emphysema - in simple animals, gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged using this process - keeps the heart musculature oxygenated Answer Choices A. osmosis B. pulmonary circulation C. coronary system D. lymphatic system E. obstructive lung disease F. diffusion G. pumpstatic circulation H. systemic circulation I. restrictive lung disease

- moves blood between the heart and lungs (B) - moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body (H) - asthma (E) - emphysema (E) - in simple animals, gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged using this process (F) - keeps the heart musculature oxygenated (C)

What is the term for the symbiotic association between fungi and many plants? - mycorrhizae - lichen - epiphyte - nitrogen-fixing nodule

- mycorrhizae

Which of the following statements is false? - dendrites carry the signal to the soma - myelin sheath provides an insulating layer to the nucleus - axons carry the signal from the soma to the target - the soma is the cell body of a nerve cell

- myelin sheath provides an insulating layer to the nucleus

Which is the order of airflow during inhalation? - nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli - nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli - nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli - nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

- nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Which of the following statements is false? - Water potential decreases from the roots to the top of the plant - Water enters the plants through root hairs and exits through stoma - negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the phloem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf - negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the xylem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf

- negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the phloem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf

In insects and other terrestrial arthropods, _____ _____ remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation. - vas deferens - proximal tubule - midgut stomach - none of these

- none of these

What are the 3 forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals? - ammonia, uric acid, sulfur - ammonia, sulfate, methionine - sulfuric acid, ammonium, uric acid - none of these

- none of these

Some animals use diffusion instead of a circulatory system. Examples include: - birds and jellyfish - mollusks and jellyfish - flatworms and arthropods - none of these answers

- none of these answers

How many different taste molecules do taste receptors each detect? - ten - five - one - fifteen

- one

All of the following are groups of vertebrae except _______, which is a curvature. - cervical - thoracic - lumbar - pelvic

- pelvic

A newly discovered hormone contains four amino acids linked together. Under which chemical class would this hormone be classified? - Lipid-derived hormone - glycoprotein - amino acid- derived hormone - peptide hormone

- peptide hormone

Selects the nervous system's specific functions> - performing integration - receiving sensory input - generating motor output - protect the body from possibly harmful substances

- performing integration - receiving sensory input - generating motor output

After an action potential, the opening of additional voltage-gated _______ channels and the inactivation of sodium channels, cause the membrane to return to its resting membrane potential. - chloride - calcium - potassium - sodium

- potassium

Functions of circulating blood are... - protection - removal - transportation - regulation

- protection - transportation - regulation

Match the organism to the correct body symmetry - sponge - lobster - sea anemone - sea star - human - wildebeest Answer Choices: A. bilateral B. radical C. dilateral D. asymmetry

- sponge (D) - lobster (A) - sea anemone (B) - sea star (B) - human (A) - wildebeest (A)

Select all the apply. The musculoskeletal system's general function is to.. - maintain homeostasis in the body - support the body - cause and/or control movement - protect the body

- support the body - cause and/or control movement - protect the body

The oxygen dissociation curve demonstrates that... - the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen doesn't shift regardless of environmental conditions - the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen may shift to the left or the right depending on environmental conditions - as the partial pressure of oxygen increases, less oxygen binds hemoglobin - as the partial pressure of oxygen increases, more oxygen binds hemoglobin

- the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen may shift to the left or the right depending on environmental conditions - as the partial pressure of oxygen increases, more oxygen binds hemoglobin

Which of the following statements is false? - The bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus - the collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule - the loop of Henle empties into the distal convoluted tubule - the loop of Henle is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

- the collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule

Which of the following statements is false? - the parasympathetic pathway is responsible for resting the body, while the sympathetic pathway is responsible for preparing for an emergency - The autonomic system is known for regulating the activity of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands - the dilation of bronchi is a parasympathetic response - slowing of the heartbeat is a parasympathetic response

- the dilation of bronchi is a parasympathetic response

Platelets function in..... - the formation of blood clots - the formation of total blood volume - the formation of capillaries - the transportation of oxygen

- the formation of blood clots

Which of the following statements about the nephron is/are true? - the loop of Henle is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules - the loop of Henle empties into the distal convoluted tubule - the collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule - the bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus

- the loop of Henle is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules - the loop of Henle empties into the distal convoluted tubule - the bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus

Loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called ________. - gas exchange - respiration - dehydration - transpiration

- transpiration

Sort which processes belong to which peripheral nervous system. - usually unaware of its actions - controls the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands - controls the skeletal muscles - divided into two divisions - conscious of its activity - gathers info from sensors and conduct decisions to effectors Answer Choices: A. Autonomic system B. Somatic system

- usually unaware of its actions (A) - controls the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (A) - controls the skeletal muscles (B) - divided into two divisions (A) - conscious of its activity (B) - gathers info from sensors and conduct decisions to effectors (B)

In neuron communication, _________ channels regulate the relative concentrations of different ions inside and outside the cell. - always open - voltage-gated - ligand-gated - mechanically-gated

- voltage-gated

On general, extremophiles belong to which domain of life? -Archaea - Eukarya

-Archaea

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele? - 0.49 - 0.09 - 9.0 - 0.9

0.09

In plants, violet flower color (V) is dominant over white (v). If p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 in a population of 500 plants, you expect _______ to have violet flowers, and _________ to have white flowers?

480, 20

Order the steps of viral infection - DNA enters the host cell "naked" or by endocytosis or, if enveloped, by fusion - Receptors on the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or virus envelope glycoproteins - Lysis and apoptosis - Viral genes direct the assembly of the new proteins and genomes

1. Receptors on the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or virus 2. DNA enters the host cell "naked" or by endocytosis or, if enveloped, by fusion envelope glycoproteins 3. Viral genes direct the assembly of the new proteins and genomes 4. Lysis and apoptosis

Soil profiles have 4 distinct layers plus a final bottom layer. Order the profile layers by their composition. - soil base - bedrock - mostly fine material - humas - organic material with inorganic matter

1. humas 2. organic material with inorganic matter 3. mostly fine material 4. soil base 5. bedrock

Visible light lies between ______ nm and _____ nm.

380, 740

Different types of joints allow different types of movement. There are ______ types of synovial joints.

6

How many domains of life are there? - 1 - 3 - 5 - none of these

3

Bioenergetics is defined as the energy from nutrients that is used in the animals' body to fuel anabolic reactions. The energy usage can be split into 3 categories each with a percentage. Basal metabolic rate takes up _______% physical activity takes up _______% and thermogenesis takes up the last ____%.

70, 20, 10

The permian-triassic boundary (the 'great dying') lead to an extinction of ______ % of species. - 80 - 85 - 90 - 95

95%

Invertebrates make up about ____% of all the animals on Earth. - 82 - 87 - 92 - 97

97%

More than ____% of sodium filtered at glomerulus is returned to blood.

99

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? - a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism - a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism - a temporaal reproductive isolating mechanism - a postzygotic isolating mechanism

A behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

How does a flaccid cell differ from a turgid cell? - A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential - A flaccid cell has lower solute potential - A flaccid cell has higher pressure potential - A flaccid cell has higher solute potential

A flaccid cell has lower pressure potential

Vertebrates and tunicates share ________ - Jaws adapted for feeding - A high degree of cephalization - The formation of structures from the neural crest - A notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Selects the reasons seedless vascular plants are important. - they can promote the weathering of rock - they can make the soil more amenable to colonization - they are the base of the food chain in certain environments - they are commonly used as fuel - they can maintain moisture in floral arrangements

All of them

Which of the following statements about plant divisions is false? - All vascular plants produce seeds - All nonvascular embryo-bytes are bryophytes - Seed plants include angiosperms and gymnosperms - Lycophytes and pterophytes are seedless vascular plants

All vascular plants produce seeds

Prokaryotic metabolism allows for the acquisition of carbon. There are two forms of acquisition strategies ________ get the carbon from inorganic CO2 and _______ get the carbon from organic molecules.

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Insects are digested by the plants. The bacteria then absorbs the smaller molecules. True/False

False

Mutations and Horizontal Gene Transfer are not important sources of genetic variation. True/False

False

What is the main method of prokaryotic reproduction? - Binary fission - Sexual reproduction - Both sex and binary fission - None of these answers

Binary fission

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a results." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this students misconception? - Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes - Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits - Only favorable adaptations have survival value - Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes

After identifying homologous information, scientists use ______ to organize these events as a means to determine an evolutionary timeline. It is also known as the process to arrange taxa by homologous characters.

Cladistics

Which of the following statements is false? - Communities exist within populations, which exist within ecosystems - Tissues exist within organs, which exist within organ systems - Organelles exist within cells, which exist within tissues - Communities exist within ecosystems, which exist in the biosphere

Communities exist within populations, which exist within ecosystems

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? - Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable - Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success - Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime

Conditions 1 & 2

Prokaryotes divide by binary fission and do not reproduce sexually. Therefore, genetic variation is not important. True/False

False

Amoeboids use phagolysosomes to.... - Find food - Engulf food - Expluse excess food - Digest food

Digest food

_________ regulate blood glucose levels. A. Insulin B. Glucosis C. Glucagon D. A & B E. A & C F. A & B & C

E. A & C

All protists are ______. - Eukaryotic - Mixotrophic - Unicellular - Symbionts

Eukaryotic

A key danger that hand to be overcome in the movement of plants to terrestrial habitats was the threat of predators. True/False

False

A mass extinction is the devastating and rapid gain of genetic diversity. True/False

False

After speciation occurs, populations are still capable of interbreeding. True/False

False

All bacteria are harmful for humans. True/False

False

All plants need fertilization to produce seeds. True/False

False

Atrioventricular (AV) valves ensure one-way flow out of the ventricles to the vessels. True/False

False

If two species eat a different diet but one of the food sources is eliminated and both species are forced to eat the same foods, what change in the hybrid zone is most likely to occur?

Fusion

Symbiosis refers to the ecological relationship between different species that live in direct contact with each other. Some example(s) of these relationships include... A. Mutualism B. Commensalism C. Parasitism D. A & B E. A & C F B & C G. A & B & C

G. A & B & C

Mutations and _______ are important sources of genetic variation.

HGT (horizontal gene transfer)

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is under active. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have? Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue. - this patient has ________. Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping. - this patient has ________.

Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism

Match inductive and deductive reasoning to their correct definitions and examples. a) Uses specific examples to make a "general" rule b) Takes a general rules and uses it to make a more specific example c) My last year's bio teacher is awesome. My bio teacher this year is awesome. Therefore, all bio teachers are awesome d) Quadrilaterals have four sides therefore, a square is a quadrilateral e) The 1st lipstick I pulled from my bag is red. The 2nd is red. Therefore, all the lipsticks in my bag are red. f) The 1st lipstick I pulled from my bag is red. All lipsticks in my bag are red. Therefore, the 2nd lipstick in my bag will be red too.

Inductive: a, c, e Deductive: b, d, f

In the video called "Flu Attack! How a Virus Invades Your Body", receptors on the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or virus envelope glycoproteins. To help remember the limitations, the virus proteins were called _________ and the receptors on the host cell's surface were called _________ ( Hint: think about the houses and cars. How do these inanimate objects make sure no one random can enter?)

Key, Lock

The gymnosperms area a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" literally meaning "_______ ________"

Naked seed

Which of the following is unique to animals? - Nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement - flagellated gametes - heterotrophy - the structural carbohydrate, chitin

Nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

Almost all sensory signals are routed from the thalamus to final processing regions in the cortex of the brain. The only exception is ______. Options: Gustation, Olfaction, Proprioception, Thermoception, Nociception

Olfaction

Match the protists to it's method of transportation. Paramecium Amoeba Euglena Answer Choices: - cilia - flagellum - pseudopodia

Paramecium --> cilia Amoeba --> pseudopodia Euglena --> flagellum

_______ _________ is an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose (in regard to transport in plants). - Phloem sap - Sugar sap - Xylem sap - none of these

Phloem sap

Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they have been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with _______. - taxonomy - Phylogenies - nested, increasingly inclusive categories of organisms - a hierarchical classification scheme

Phylogenies

_________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. - classification of organisms - systematics - phylogeny - none of these

Phylogeny

________ reproduction is useful if a protist's environment changes because it allows protists to recombine genes and produce new variations of progeny.

Sexual

A mouse population that originally ranges from white to black becoming mostly grey over several generations is an example of what type of natural selection?

Stabilizing

Vaccines _______. - Are only needed once ever - Kill viruses - Stimulate an immune response - Are similar to viroids

Stimulate an immune response

The classification group genus contains more organisms than species. True/False

True

Which statement is true? - The nuclei is an accumulation of prokaryotic DNA - The nuclei is the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes - None of these statements are true - The nuclei is a newly formed bacterial cell

The nuclei is an accumulation of prokaryotic DNA

All animals are heterotrophs; they must consume living or dead organisms since they cannot synthesize their own food and can be carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasites. True/False

True

All reptiles are tetrapods. True/False

True

Angiosperms are the dominant form of plant life on most terrestrial ecosystems, comprising about 90% of all plant species. True/False

True

Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either is to plants. True/False

True

Dentition differs with mode of nutrition. True/ False

True

Evolution has no long-term purpose or direction. True/False

True

Evolution of jaws allowed vertebrates to exploit food sources not available to jawless fish. True/False

True

Foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae are located on different regions of the tongue. True/False

True

Fungi are heterotrophs that feed via absorption. True/False

True

In human pregnancy, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves the ovary. True/False

True

Integuments develop into relatively impermeable seed coats. True/False

True

Lichens can look leaf-like. True/False

True

Natural selection does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population. True/False

True

When the head is tilted, crystals in relation continue to be pulled straight down by gravity, but the new angle of the head causes the gelatin to shift, thereby bending the stereocilia. The bending of the stereocilia stimulates the neurons, and they signal to the brain that the head is tilted, allowing the maintenance of balance. This is an example of the ______ sense. Options: Proprioception, Kinesthesia, Vestibular, Electroreception, Magnetoreception

Vestibular

Which statement is true? - Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope - Viruses are acellular - Viruses replicate outside of the cell - A virion contains DNA and RNA

Viruses are acellular

Mycorrhizae provide plants.... - a greater absorptive surface - carbohydrates - Increased acquisition of mineral nutrients - a root system to colonize

a greater absorptive surface Increased acquisition of mineral nutrients

Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of these toxins? - Diploblastic design - a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult - asexual reproduction - the medusa body form

a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult

What are hyphae used for regarding fungal life? - reproduction - absorption - parasitism - none of these answers

absorption

Liver, pancreas, and the gallbladder are examples of __________ organs.

accessory

A trait that increases the environmental fitness of an organism is called a _________ - action - adaption - advantage - asset

adaptation

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ________. - a large meteor impact - adaptive radiation - evolutionary stasis - mass extinction

adaptive radiation

Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a response in the receptor. Broadly, the sensory receptors are... - photoreceptors - mechanoreceptors - chemoreceptors - pain receptors - thermoreceptors

all of them

The basis of ______ speciation is geographical separation of populations.

allopatric

______ structures have a similar function; ________ have a similar embryonic origin. - analogous / homologous - homeplastic / analogous - analogous / homeplastic - homologous / analogous

analogous / homologous

According to the Hardy - Weinberg principle, allele frequencies .... - are randomized - have no impact on speciation - in constant flux - are stable unless exposed to an evolutionary force

are stable unless exposed to an evolutionary force

Plants faced constraints when making the evolutionary transition from water to land. They. had to develop strategies to.... (select all that apply) - avoid drying out - increase capturing sunlight - disperse reproductive gametes - develop chlorophyll a - none of the above

avoid drying out increase capturing sunlight disperse reproductive gametes

Alternation of generations means that plants produce: - Only diploid multicellular organisms - Only haploid multicellular organisms - both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms - only diploid multicellular organisms with single celled haploid gametes

both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms

A chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population is called a ________ event

bottle neck

Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of _______.

evaporation

A minimal amount of water and solutes in the blood plasma filter through the walls of the capillaries into tissues. True/False

false

Molecular systematics works best when used _______. - as a standalone measure of evolutionary relationships - in conjunction with morphological information - as a verification of phenotype-based relationships - none of these

in conjunction with morphological information

_______ may be attributed to the male (40%), the female (40%), or both (20%). It is the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse

infertility

Both animals are fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by __________. - consuming living, rather than dead, prey - ingesting it - using enzymes to digest their food - prey on animals

ingesting it

Most _______ are necessary for enzymes function - macronutrients - micronutrients - essential nutrients - biomolecules

micronutrients

Flowering plants are divided into two main groups, the _________ and _________. (Hint: The names are derived from the number of cotyledons or seed leaves that the embryonic seeding has within its seed.

monocot, dicot

As with the emergence of the Acoelomorpha phylum, it is common for ______ data to misplace animals in close relation to other species, whereas ______ data often reveals a different and more accurate evolutionary relationship - molecular : morphological - molecular : fossil record - morphological : molecular - fossil record : morphological

morphological : molecular

State whether each of the following processes is regulated by a positive or negative feedback loop. A person feels satiated after eating a large meal. - This is a ________ feedback loop. The blood has plenty of red blood cells. As a result, erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of new red blood cells, is no longer released from the kidney. - This is a _______ feedback loop

negative, negative

What are the properties of life (shared key characteristics) living organisms share: - order, - response to stimuli, - temperature, - growth, - regulation, - energy processing

order, response to stimuli, growth, regulation, energy processing

The change in atmospheric ________ concentrations is one possible factor that contributed to the sharp increase in animal diversity during the Cambrian period.

oxygen

Hemoglobin is essential for transferring ______ in your blood from the lungs to the tissues. But there are other animals that use hemerythrin (which binds _______) instead or hemocyanin (which binds _______) Element Options: magnesium, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, manganese, zinc, iron, lithium, copper, clover, gold, titanium, boron

oxygen, iron, copper

Animals are divided into two major groups, _________ the 'beside' animals and _______ the 'true' animals

parazoa, eumetazoa

Bacterial cell walls contain which compound that helps strengthen the structure? - amino acids - peptidoglycan - RNA - ATP

peptidoglycan

The vascular tissue, ________, transports products of photosynthesis throughout the entire plants.

phloem

For sound waves, wavelength corresponds to _______. Amplitude of the wave corresponds to ______.

pitch, volume

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? - sporopollenin - megaphylls - pollen - lignin present in cell walls

pollen

Mechanical transfer of pollen from anther to stigma is known as _________

pollination

Cnidarians display 2 distinct body plans. They are ______ and ________

polyp, medusa

Dinoflagellates _______. - are all autotrophic - posses two flagella - include species that cause malaria - lack mitochondria

posses two flagella

____________ are unique in that they contain no nucleic acids.

prion

Prezygotic vs postzygotic barriers, Temporal Isolation, Habitat isolation, and Behavioral isolation are all components of the process called ________ isolation

reproductive

The evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates go into the millions and tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to _________. - reproduce - form an embryo and establish a basic body plan - sense, feed, and move - arrange cells into tissues

sense, feed, and move

These organisms feed like fungi, make spores, and have flagellated cells, but they lack a cell wall. - slime mold - lichen - chlorophyta - amoeboid's - ciliates

slime mold

Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? - sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte - the sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid - sporangia produce haploid spores - the sporophytes grows from a gametophyte

sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte

Cuticles protect leaves and stems from desiccation. However, it also prevents intake of CO2 __________ can overcome this problem.

stoma

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago) the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by .... - sexual selection - habitat differentiation - the founder effect - a genetic bottleneck

the founder effect

Which statement is true? - the process of germination is the first step in fungal sexual reproduction, when 2 haploid cells fuse with paired nuclei - the process of karyogamy is the first step in fungal sexual reproduction, when 2 haploid cells fuse with paired nuclei - the process of meiosis is the first step in fungal sexual reproduction, when 2 haploid cells fuse with paired nuclei - the process of plasmogamy is the first step in fungal sexual reproduction, when 2 haploid cells fuse with paired nuclei

the process of plasmogamy is the first step in fungal sexual reproduction, when 2 haploid cells fuse with paired nuclei

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? - they thrive in mostly damp environments - they can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae - they are all wind pollinated - they are heterosporous

they thrive in mostly damp environments

About 1000 new neurons develop in the hippocampus each day. True/False

true

Among the land plant adaptations, plants developed other pigments to prevent photodynamic damage from UVB like sunscreen. True/False

true

Erythrocytes lack nuclei. True/False

true

What evidence do paleobotanist look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? - remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells - loss of structures that produce spores - waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves - sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

The vascular tissue, _________, conducts water and minerals from soil up to the shoot

xylem