Biology 104 Dr. Carr Ole Miss Test 2

Pollen

consists of the pale gametophytes of seed plants; each pollen grain produces sperm.

What is the first leaf structure to arise in the embryo of an angiosperm?

cotyledon

Seedless vascular plants

12,000 species, have xylem and poem but do not produce sends. Have root systems, stems, and leaves

Describe the net reaction in photosynthesis. (i.e. what are the reactants, what are the products?)

Carbon Dioxide Water Light turns into Glucose

Explain the (multiple pieces of ) evidence supporting the evolution of plants from green algae (i.e. that algae are the closest relatives)

Chemical structure Chloroplasts of plants and green algae contain the same photosynthetic pigments Both have cellulose rich cell walls and use starch as a nutrient reserve Similar DNA sequences

What is the primary pigment molecule needed for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll A

Describe the relationship among the chloroplast, stroma, grana, and thylakoids

Chloroplasts are organelles that contain the other structures or substances. Inside the chloroplast, the stroma is a fluid-filled space that surrounds grana, which are stacks of thylakoids.

Examples of micronutrient

Cl Fe B Mn Zn Cu Mo

The type of plant cell that provides (elastic) support without interfering with growth is ______________________.

Collyenchama

What structure provide(s) a waxy coating that minimizes water loss from leaves of the plant?

Cuticle

Understand the adaptations of plants to terrestrial habitats. Once they left an aquatic environment, plants needed different ways to obtain and distribute resources for life on land.

Cuticle was formed to prevent plants from drying out. The vascular tissues of land plants evolved to provide support and transport.

Four types of gymnosperms

Cycads ginko Conifers Gnetophyts

What happens during and after pollination in gymnosperms?

During pollination, a pollen grain is delivered to a female gametophyte. The pollen grain germinates, forming a pollen tube that grows into the ovule, toward the egg cell. During fertilization, a haploid sperm nucleus unites with the haploid egg cell, producing a zygote that will grow into the sporophyte generation.

What are the two groups of angiosperms?

Edicts - have two cotyledons and their pollen grains feature three or more spores. (170,000 species exist.) Monocots- single cotyledon; in addition their pollen grains have just one pore (70,000 Species)

What is the structure of the angiosperm that supplies nutrients to the germinating seedling?

Endosperm

What are the accessory pigments needed-and why are they necessary in photosystems?

Energy capturing pigment molecules other than chlorophyll A Chlorophyll A and carotenoids are accessory pigments

Anth

Female

All life on Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis --- why is photosynthesis essential to life?

Food web would be destroyed

A________________ gametophyte generation or "gamete plant" gives rise to_____________ gametes that come together to produce a _________________ sporophyte generation or "spore plant" which produce ____________________ pores.

Haploid Haploid diploid haploid

Describe the characteristics common to all plants.

Kingdom: Plante Autotrophs Use sunlight as an energy source to assemble Co2 and H2O into sugars Photosynthsis

mega

Large

What is the energy source?

Light

Andro

Male

Liverworts

Marchantiphyta - have flattened leaflike gametophytes. The diverse liverworts may be the bryophytes most closely related to ancestral land plants

Describe alternation of generations

Multicellular diploid stage alternatives with multicellular haploid stage

Describe the characteristics, key adaptations, and diversity of gymnosperms.

Naked seed do not have fruits the sporophytes of most gymnosperms are woody trees or shrubs, although a few species are more vine-like Leaf ranges from tiny reduced scales to needles, flat blades, and large fernlike leaves.

Bryophytes

Needles plants that lack vascular tissue. Lack true leaves and roots Small compact plants that lack the physical support to grow very large. Absorb the minerals and water directly from its surroundings.

Do bryophytes ever grow tall?

No, they do not have the vascular tissue or lignin to grow large

Photosynthesis and the ecosystem

Not only food for the plant but also the energy, raw materials, and oxygen for most heterotrophs.

Phyte

Plant

Explain how light interacts with pigments.

Plant cells contain several pigment molecules that capture light energy. The most abundant is chlorophyll a, a green photosynthetic pigment in plants, algae, and cyanobacterial. Photosynthetic organisms usually also have several types of accessory pigments when are energy-capturing pigment molecules other than chorophyll a. Chlorophyll b and carotenoids are accessory pigments in plants.

What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis?

Plants, Algae, and some micro-organims.

Flowers

Reproductive structures that produce pollen and egg cells.

What is the purpose of flowers?

Reproductive structures that produce pollen and egg cells.

What are the main vegetative parts of plants?

Roots, stems and leaves

The term "gymnosperm" literally means "naked _____________.

Seed

How are seedless vascular plants similar to and different from bryophytes?

Similar: Do not produce seeds Different: true root systems, stems, leaves. Underground stems called rhizomes.

In what ways are the life cycles of angiosperms similar to and different from those of conifers?

Similarities include the conspicuous sporophyte stage and the presence of pollen. However, unlike conifers, the angiosperms produce flowers and fruit. The other major difference is the production of the endosperm, which provides nutrients for the developing embryo.

Seed

A dormant plant embryo packaged together with a food supply inside a tough outer coat that prevents moisture loss.

Fruit

After fertilization, fruit grows that contains the seeds.

Plants as a group of organisms that evolved from multicellular___________________.

Algae

Of the 4 major groups, which is most numerous today?

Angiosperms

Hornworts

Anthocerotophyta are named for their sporophytes, which are shaped and tapered horns

Describe the structure and function of a typical root.

absorb water and minerals and acnhor the plant

Mosses

Bryophyta are the closest living relatives to the vascular plants. The gametophytes resemble shore "stems" with many "leaves." The brown of green sporophyte looks nothing like the gametophyte

In what order did the four major groups arise (i.e. from most ancestral/primitive to more recent /advanced)?

Bryophytes seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Identify the main reactants and products in the light reactions and the carbon reactions. (see fig 5.6)

CO2 and glucose product glucose/simple sugar and ADP and NADP+

What gases enter and exit?

CO2 and oxygen

Where does carbon come from?

atmosphere

Where does oxygen come from?

atmosphrer

How does nitrogen becomes available to plants?

by absorbing either nitrate or ammonium ions through the roots.

Herbaceous plants

soft green woody stems

Were does phosphorus come from?

soil

Where does hydrogen come from?

soil

Where does nitrogen come from?

soil

What features differentiate the four major groups of plants?

reproductive strategies

The type of plant cell that provides rigid support and is dead at maturity is _______________________.

sclerenchyma

Dormant, protected plant embryos with a nutrient supply are also known as a ______________.

seed

Where do the carbon reactions take place?

stroma

If a root enlarged and persisted throughout the life of the plant, would it be a tap root or a fibrous root?

taproot

Water and dissolved minerals move in the________________ sugars and other organic substances move in the ____________________.

xylem Phloem

Autotroph

"Self feeder" meaning it uses inorganic substances such as water and carbon dioxide to produce organics compounds.

Examples of macronutrient

C H O P K N S Ca

How would Earth be different without photosynthesis?

It would not be a living world for long. Photosythetic organisms would die as they depleted their energy reserves faster than they could manufacture more food. Animals that eat them would go hungry, as would the animals that eat them. Food web would be destroyed

What are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants?

chloroplasts.

Micro

Small

Chloroplasts contain the pigment,________________.

Chlorophyll

Explain the interaction of flowers and fruits with animals in angiosperm reproduction

Some have parachutes that promote wind dispersal. others spread only with the help of animals. Some have burrs that cling to the animal fur. Others are sweet and fleshy, attracting animals that eat the fruits and later spit out the seeds or discard them through their dung.

What structure allows for gas exchange?

Stomata

What happens, in general, in each of the 2 main stages of photosynthesis?

The first process is the Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions), requires the direct energy of light to make energy carrier molecules that are used in the second process. The Light Independent Process (or Dark Reactions) occurs when the products of the Light Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds of carbohydrates. The Dark Reactions can usually occur in the dark, if the energy carriers from the light process are present. Recent evidence suggests that a major enzyme of the Dark Reaction is indirectly stimulated by light, thus the term Dark Reaction is somewhat of a misnomer. The Light Reactions occur in the grana and the Dark Reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

Compare and contrast the light and carbon reactions of photosynthesis.

The light reactions provide the energy and electrons for the carbon reactions (in the form of ATP and NADPH). The carbon reactions use the energy and electrons from the light reactions to reduce CO2, forming organic molecules (such as glucose).

Which wavelengths of light are used for photosynthesis?

The ones that are absorbed

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants, algae, and some microbes harness solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. It is a series of chemical reactions that use light energy to assemble CO2 into glucose, the carb that feeds plants.

Name two reasons mosses usually live in moist, shady habitats.

The rhizoids cannot tap distant sources of water when conditions turn dry.

Describe the structures in a leaf that are involved in photosynthesis.

The tissue inside the leave is called mesophyll. Each mesophyll cell contains multiple chloroplasts

What is the relationship between visible light and the electromagnetic spectrum?

The visible light that provides the energy that powers photosynthesis is in the middle range of the electronic magnetic spectrum.

Describe the characteristics, key adaptations, and diversity of seedless vascular plants.

They have true root system, stem, and leaves. Club Mosses Whisk ferns Horsetails True Ferns

Which macronutrients do all plants require?

Water

Where does the plant get the reactants that are needed to carry out photosynthesis?

Water and Sunlight

Pollination

Wind or animals deliver plan directly to female plant parts, eliminating the need for free water in sexual reproduction.

Describe the characteristics, key adaptations, and diversity of bryophytes.

Without vascular tissue and lignin, bryophytes lack the physical support to grown very large. Small compact plants in which each cell wall absorbs minerals and water directly from its surroundings. Materials move from cell to cell within the plant by diffusion and osmosis

Vascular plants have complex water conducting systems of ______________ and _________________.

Xylem Phloem

What structure conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves?

Xyleum

What are the two types of vascular tissue in most plants?

Xyleum and Phleom

angiosperms.

a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.

Two distinct monophyletic groups characterize the seedless vascular plants: club mosses and __________.

ferns

The cones of gymnosperms play the same role as ______ in angiosperms.

flowers

Sporophyte (diploid)

generation developed from zygote that forms when gametes comes together at fertilization

What type of tissue occupies the interior of leaves?

ground tissue

gymnosperms

group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales.

10. Vascular seed plants are divided into 2 major groups: __________________ with seeds that protect their embryos and the _______________________ which produce flowers.

gymnosperms angiosperms

Woody Plants

have stems and roots strengthened with wood

What material hardens and strengthens cell walls and is needed for plants to grow much more than a few tens of centimeters tall?

lignin.

Nonvascular plants comprise three phyla that were derived from different ancestors:__________________ , liverworts, and hornworts.

mosses

How does a leaf exchange gases with the atmosphere?

parenchyma

The type of plant cell that carries out photosynthesis, respiration, gas exchange and other functions

parenchyma

What does the plant use nitrogen for?

plant growth and reproduction.

More _________________ plants exhibit dominant gametophytes and reduced, dependent sporophytes. In contrast, more _______________ plants have dominant sporophytes with reduced, dependent gametophytes.

primitive advanced

Gametophye (Haploid)

produces gametes by mitotic cell division; these sex cells fuse at fertilization, starting the cycle anew.

What are the functions of dermal tissue?

protection

What adaptations make them good at absorbing?

the hair cells

What structures increase the absorptive surface area of a root?

the root hair

Light reactions occur in which organelle of the plant cell?

thylakoid

What is the function of fruits in plants? (i.e. why do plants have fruit?)

to protect and disperse the seeds

macronutrients

used by organisms in large quantites C H O P K N S Ca

micronutrients

used by organisms in small quanities Cl Fe B Mn Zn Cu Mo

How do the products of photosynthesis move from the leaf to other parts of the plant?

veins help carry it out

In their transition to life on land, plants also evolved from the need for _________________ to transfer gametes to mechanisms that involve no dependency of __________________.

water water