Biology 104 Final

flagella; reproduction

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with _____ ; for that reason, those plants require free water for _____

rapid pollen tube growth

A critical innovation in the evolution of the angiosperms is

Bryophyte

Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophytes, and the lack of tracheids, are features of

not accepted by everyone in the general public

Darwin's theory of evolution is

Isotopic Dating

Determining the age of a rock or mineral through its radioactive elements and decay products (previously and somewhat inaccurately called radiometric or radioactive dating).

stems

During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first?

Pigs, cattle, corn

Economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include

Intermediate; Transitional

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred. Select all that apply.

Intermediate; transitional

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred. Select all that apply.

streamlined; friction

Fast swimming marine predators such as dolphins, sharks, and tuna, have a ________ body shape that minimizes ______ in the water.

Ground Finches

Feed on seeds size of bill relates to size of seed they eat so they have crushing beaks

stems; leaves

Flowers are essentially modified ____ bearing modified ____

horizontal gene transfer

In the ancient angiosperm Amborella trichopoda, mitochondrial genes have been incorporated from other plant species through the process of

Has consistently lead to a strong, predictable evolutionary response

In the laboratory setting, selection for a trait in fruit flies

cyanobacteria

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing

Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have.

How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies?

He released marked dark and light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival.

How did Bernard Kettlewell test Tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths?

The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae

How does the primary mycelium in Basidiomycota differ from that of the secondary mycelium?

Today the fossil record is far more complete.

How has the fossil record changed since Darwin?

Vestigial Structures

Human coccyx

Green algae Cyanobacteria

Identify the photosynthetic organisms that could be part of a lichen.

obligate

If a symbiosis is essential for survival, it is described as a(n) ____ symbiosis

facultative

If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as a(n) ____ symbiosis

pollen tube

If the stigma of an angiosperm flower is receptive to pollination, a _____ emerges from the pollen grain and grows toward the micropyle.

Relative Dating

In Darwin's day, rocks were dated by their position in respect to one another; rocks in lower strata are generally older because young rocks form on top of older rocks.

Artificial; Natural

In ___ selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation, while in ____ selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass their genes on.

sponge; tissue

In all animals except ___ , cells differentiate into specialized ____ which are groups of cells that take on particular functions in the animal's body.

gravity self-pollination animals wind water

In angiosperms, pollination can occur through the action of

pericarp

In angiosperms, the ovary wall is called the ____ and is composed of three layers.

Industrial Melanism

In certain areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called

photosynthetic and free-living.

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is

a larger portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants.

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies

sexual and asexual means.

Liverworts reproduce through

lycophylls; euphylls

Of the two types of leaves, those with a single vein supporting relatively small leaves are called ___ while those with branching veins that likely arose when branching stems became webbed with leaf tissue are ____

Equidae

One of the best studied examples of evolutionary change is that of the ___ family. This family includes zebras and donkeys among other animals.

Beak; Feeding

One of the most important features of Galapagos finches is that the shape of their ___ is related to their ___ habits

Pangea, Pangaea, or continents

One possible explanation for the rapid diversification of angiosperms suggests that the breakup of ____ led to climate change, subsequently leading to opportunities for angiosperms to expand into newly formed ecosystems.

multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have

"Vampire" Finches

Sharp beaks

Synthesizing essential organic molecules

Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of which of the following?

It causes those animals to dehydrate.

Some species, for example, frogs, are very sensitive to saltwater and therefore have almost no chance of island colonization. Why is saltwater so harmful to these animals?

Plants and animals

Some zygomycetes are parasites of which of the following?

Increased; Almost 100%

Starting in 1850 when Europe become industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations ____ until they made up ____ of some population

Homologous; Vestigial

Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called ____ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.

Convergent; Homologous

Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit _____ evolution; in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from a common ancestral trait are _______ structures.

water loss management

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more

conidia

The asexual spores produced by ascomycetes are called

primary; secondary

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the ____ mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the ____ mycelium.

Bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the nontracheophytes, called the

spores

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid

well-documented by the fossil record.

The evolution of members of the horse family is

Homologous; Vestigial

The forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of ____ structures, while the human appendix is an example of a ____ structure.

monophyletic

All animals descend from a common ancestor and are therefore

flowers; fruits

Although both gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds, gymnosperms do not produce

ovules; fruit

Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms because, at pollination, their ____ are enclosed within diploid tissues, the carpel. The carpel eventually develops into a ____

seed

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, pterophytes, and ___ plants

pollination

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma is called

Homologous structures are functional, while vestigial structures have no function.

Which of the following best distinguishes vestigial from homologous structures?

Multicellular sporophytes Multicellular gametophytes Diploid embryos

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

For many types of placental mammals found throughout the world, there is a strikingly similar marsupial mammal in Australia.

Which of the following statements about marsupials in Australia is true?

Hyphae produce conidia, which grow into genetically identical hyphae.

Which of the following statements correctly describes asexual reproduction in ascomycetes?

Natural Selection

Which one is considered by scientists to be primarily responsible for evolution?

They may have one, two, or more nuclei.

Which statement about fungal cells is true?

Because natural selection can only work on the variation present in a population.

Why is it that some organisms do not appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment?

Fungi are phylogenetically related to animals

Why is treating fungal diseases in animals particularly difficult?

megasporangium

Within the ovule of seed plants, meiosis occurs in the

spores

fungal ____ can reach plants and cause infection via the wind, water, soil, and/or animal vectors.

horsetails

the _____ are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems.

a cuticle on exposed surfaces.

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is

Natural Selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

homosporous

A plant is said to be ____ if all of its spores are similar in appearance.

embryo

A primary purpose of seed production is to disperse the _____ to new locations.

Equal; Survived

Bernard Kettlewell tested Tutt's hypothesis on peppered moths by releasing ____ numbers of dark and light individuals into two sets of woods, and then recapturing and counting the dark and light individuals that ____ in each of the woods.

Higher levels of UV light on land Less water availability in a terrestrial environment

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

hormones water sucrose minerals

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.

It is a vehicle for transporting the embryo to new sites

Choose the most appropriate description for a mature seed.

xylem and phloem

Choose the two types of vascular tissue.

zoospores

Chytridiomycota are distinguished from other fungi because they possess flagellated _____ , released from a specialized structure called a chytridion.

Intermediate

Fossils that contain characteristics of two separate groups of organisms are called ____ fossils.

spores

Fungal reproductive cells are called

Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following?

endophytes

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as fungal

vessel

Gnetophytes are the only gymnosperms with efficient conducting cells, called ___ in their xylem

Both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

It is often more difficult to treat human diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria due to which of the following?

Embryonic Development

Languo

zygomycota

Microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi in the Phylum

It is not followed by cell division.

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that of other organisms in which way?

Sequences; independently

Molecular analysis of lactase DNA _____ in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have _____ evolved in Africa and Europe to produce the same result.

produce structures that look like leaves and stems

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes

Ascomycota

Most lichen is composed of cyanobacteria and/or green algae and fungi from the Phylum

Medium Ground Finch

Peter and Rosemary Grant studied natural selection in Galápagos finches for more than 40 years; which species was the focus of their research?

homosporous

Plants that produce one spore type are called ______.

gametophyte

Pollen grains are tiny male ____ that carry sperm.

Very rare

Prior to 1850, the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was:

protect; embryo

Seeds are very resistant structures, that can ____ and nourish the young ____

The presence of stomata for gas exchange The presence of specialized water transporting tissues The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

A heavy rainfall Passage through an animal digestive tract Exposure to fire

Select all examples of conditions that can stimulate seed germination in angiosperms:

Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals.

Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals.

The gametophyte is more conspicuous than the sporophyte. The gametophyte is photosynthetic.

Select all features common to bryophytes.

They require free water for fertilization They form antheridia and archegonia

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.

They produce seeds. They are dioecious. They have flagellated sperm.

Select all features of ginkgophytes:

They have jointed stems. Their stems are hollow. They are homosporous.

Select all features of horsetails.

They may be leafy or lobed. Gametophytes have rhizoids.

Select all features of liverworts.

rhizoids do not absorb as well as a vascular plant root they use rhizoids to anchor to themselves

Select all features of true mosses

Rhizoids Sporangia

Select all structures produced by mosses.

They produce zoospores. They have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

Select all true statements about blastoclads.

Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their sporophytes have stomata.

Select all true statements about hornworts.

Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues. In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant.

Select all true statements about lycophytes.

They are anaerobic. They produce zoospores with multiple flagella

Select all true statements about neocallimastigomycetes.

They provide nourishment for the embryo. They protect young plants. They can become dormant under unfavorable conditions.

Select all true statements about seeds:

They do not undergo sexual reproduction. They form arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Select all true statements about the Glomeromycota.

Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Select the four traditional fungal phyla.

Seed plants Pterophytes Lycophytes

Select the three clades of vascular plants.

Haploid spores within an ascus

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves the production of which of the followng?

other land plants

The incidence of horizontal gene transfer plants is likely enhanced by associations with

Natural Selection

The observation that the relative frequencies of melanic to light peppered moths changes with the color of tree bark provides support for

integuments

The outer layers of the ovule are called ____ . They develop into the seed coat.

protist

The parasitic fungi, microsporidia were thought to be ___ because of the absence of mitochondria.

ovary wall

The pericarp is composed of three layers of

Industrial Melanism

The phenomenon, where dark forms of moths become more prevalent than light forms in industrialized areas, is known as

Bryophytes

The plant group with the little cell specialization is the

how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success)

The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is

protect against insects and fungi

The purpose of resin in pines is to

ascus

The sac that contains sexual spores in ascomycetes is called which of the following?

whisk ferns

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

all major groups of vertebrates

Today, fossils have been found that link

Meiosis

Traditionally, fungi were divided into four phyla based primarily on which characteristic?

False

True or false: Even though humans have used artificial selection for centuries, only animals have been significantly modified by our efforts.

True

True or false: Natural selection does not always produce perfectly working adaptations, because it can only work on the genetic variation present in a population.

produce vascular tissue

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes

vessels in their xylem

Unlike other gymnosperm phyla, the gnetophytes produce

corn, dogs, pigeons, cats

Varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection?

Homology

Vertebrate forelimbs

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

What are mycorrhizae?

roots

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

Direct

What type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?

The spindle apparatus forms within the nucleus.

When a fungus undergoes mitosis, which of the following occurs?

Diploid embryos The ability to photosynthesize Multicellular haploid and diploid generations

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients. Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. They are more closely related to animals than to plants.

Which of the following are features of fungi?

Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like

Which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members (for example the sunflower family)?

Warbler Finches

eat insects from leaves and branches so they have smaller more narrow beaks