biology 113 chapter three

plasmids are composed of:

DNA.

in a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the:

nucleoid.

which organelle contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus.

a nuclear pore is best described as a(n):

opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus.

the small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called:

organelles.

the semi-fluid medium within a cell is called the:

cytoplasm.

in a bacterial cell, ribosomes are located in the:

cytoplasm: bacterial cells lack a nucleus.

the internal framework of the cell, which consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments is collectively referred to as the:

cytoskeleton.

as cell size increases, surface area-to-volume ratio:

decreases.

tay-sachs is often referred to as a lysosomal storage disorder because it prevents the function on lysosomal ______________.

enzymes.

which cells have a membrane bound nucleus?

eukaryotes only.

cytoskeletal filaments that are larger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules are called:

intermediate filaments.

the organelle that contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called the _________________.

nucleus.

list, in order, the BEST sequence of organelles/structures which can be used to synthesize and secret a particular protein from a cell.

rough ER, golgi, secretory vesicle.

which of the following is larger? vesicle or vacuole.

vacuole.

when ribosomes in a cell's cytoplasm are attached to an organelle, that organelle now studded with ribosomes is then called what kind of endoplasmic reticulum?

a rough endoplasmic reticulum.

mitochondria uses carbohydrates to produce:

ATP.

the molecule produced by cellular respiration that is used to fuel energy dependent cellular reactions is:

ATP.

one micrometer is equal to how many nanometers?

1,000.

which molecule is used to fuel all energy dependent cellular processes?

ATP.

formerly called mircofilaments, _____________________ filaments are long, very thin flexible fibers that account for the formation of pseudopods (false feet) used by some cells in order to move in an amoeboid fashion.

actin.

cells in which two domains lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

archaea and bacteria.

which type(s) of cells may possess a cell wall?

archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.

based on evolutionary relationships, which is the more likely ancestor to eukaryotic cells?

archaeans.

which of the following have undergone adaptation to the most extreme habitats on Earth?

archaeans.

which is larger, a virus or a bacterium?

bacterium.

in the plasma membrane of a prokaryote, the phospholipids are arranged in a:

bilayer.

structures that are found in plant walls:

cell wall, mitochondria, central vacuole, plasma membrane, and chloroplast.

the formula carbohydrate + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy, represents which cellular reaction?

cellular respiration.

the material that is common to the cell walls of plants and algae is called:

cellulose.

the main microtubule organizing center for a eukaryotic cell that lies near the nucleus is called the:

centrosome.

which of these materals are found in the cell walls of fungi?

chitin.

structures that are found in plant cells.

chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall, mitochondrion, and plasma membrane.

according to endosymbiotic theory, organelles specific to plants called __________________, probably evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors.

chloroplasts.

the process of photosynthesis occurs within organelles called:

chloroplasts.

chromatin, which consists of DNA and associated proteins, undergoes coiling and condenses during cell division to form ____________________.

chromosomes.

a microscope that uses a set of glass lenses to focus light rays passing through a specimen to produce an image viewable to the human eyes is called a(n):

compound light microscope.

transmission and scanning are types of:

electron microscopes.

the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the:

endomembrane system.

a cell that has numerous mitochondria is most likely a cell that needs a large amount of:

energy.

humans, oak trees, and protists are all composed of which type of cell?

eukaryotic cells.

true or false: ribosomes may occur slightly in the cytoplasm or in groups called Golgi bodies.

false.

true or false: all cells in a multicellular organism tend to have a similar number of mitochondria.

false: cells vary greatly in the number of mitochondria that they have, cells with greater energy needs to have more mitochondria.

true or false: peptidoglycan is a structural component of the cell walls of bacteria, archaeans, and eukaryotes.

false: peptidoglycan is uniquely found in bacteria.

some bacteria have long, thin appendages that rotate like propellers, allowing the bacterial cell to move in fluid. these appendages are called:

flagella.

what are components of the endomembrane system?

golgi apparatus, endo plasmic retiuclum, vesicles, and the nuclear envelope.

what organelle receives proteins and lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and than repackages them for export in secretory vesicles?

golgi apparatus.

functions of the lysosome include:

intracellular digestion and autodigestion.

the smooth ER synthesizes primarily ________ molecules while the rough ER is involved with the production of __________ molecules.

lipid. protein.

a vesicle that contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes is called a:

lysosome

a protistan engulfs a food particle. which organelle plays a role in breaking down this food particle?

lysosome.

which organelle is formed in the golgi apparatus?

lysosome.

________________________ are the organelles that function in intracellular digestion.

lysosomes.

the inner fluid-filled space of a mitochondrion is called the:

matrix.

what is the function of the centriole?

microtubule assembly and disassembly.

both cilia and flagella are composed of what type of cytoskeleton component?

microtubules.

in a eukaryotic cell, within which organelle does cellular respiration occur?

mitochondria.

whcih organelle is often referred to as the "power plant of the cell"?

mitochondrion.

from which parent(s) are mitochondria genes inherited?

mother.

the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the?

nuclear envelope.

a darkly staining region that may appear within the nuclues on an electron micrograph is called a(n):

nucleolus.

the semi-fluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called:

nucleoplasm.

what relates to the role of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell?

organelle movement, cilia and flagella, and cell shape.

the nucleoplasm has a different composition than the cytoplasm as indicated by differences in:

pH.

vesicles that function in the metabolism of fatty acids and contian an enzyme to break down the hydrogen peroxide birpoduct of this metabolism, are called:

perioxisomes.

liver and kidney cells filter and destroy many toxins. as a result, they contain high numbers of which types of organelles?

peroxisomes.

cyanobacteria have internal membranes called thylakoids, which are involved in what biochemical process?

photosynthesis.

which cellular process occurs within chloroplasts?

photosynthesis.

structures that are found in animal cells.

plasma membrane, nucluoli, mitochondria, and centrioles.

one side of the golgi apparatus is directed toward the endoplasmic reticulum, while the other faces the:

plasma membrane.

the main cellular structure that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell is the:

plasma membrane.

a group of ribosomes that are attached to a single mRNA are called:

polyribosomes.

which of these live in a broader range of habitats? (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

prokaryotes.

bacterial ribosomes are generally a good target for antibiotic drugs because:

prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes.

what is the main function of the bacterial cell wall?

protection.

in a cell, proteins are made at structures called:

ribosomes.

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with:

ribosomes.

who was the first scientist to use the term "cell"?

robert hooke.

the action known as ____________________, or exocytosis, involves the releases of materials from the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

secretion.

which of these has a greater surface-area-to-volume ratio?

sixty-four 1 cm cubes.

on average, all cells are approximately the same size whether they are found in elephants or in beetles. what is the best explanation for why cells are so small?

small size allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the surrounding environment.

the fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the:

stroma

which of the following are functions of intermediate filaments?

support the plasma membrane, support the nuclear envelope, and formation of cell to cell junctions.

what would be the result if a cell was unable for form a spindle apparatus?

the cell would be unable to separate its chromosomes during cell division.

which organelle is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus?

the ribosome.

which cell has a greater surface-area-to-volume ratio?

the smaller cell.

which of the following are true about cilia?

they all beat together in a coordinated manner and they are shorter than flagella.

what is the function of chlorophyll?

to capture solar energy.

true or false: the golgi apparatus produces both secretory vesicles and lysosomes.

true.

true or false: vacuoles may function in storage or elimination of water from a cell and intracellular digestion.

true.

which protein forms microtubules in the cell?

tubulin.